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Ndepụta Aarne-Thompson-Uther

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Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index (ATU Index) bụ isi nke ụdị akụkọ ọdịnala eji eme ihe na mbufụt.  isi ATU bụ ntụgharị nke usoro nke mgbasa nawanye site n'aka otu ndị ọkà Egypt mba ụwa: Nke onye Finland na-akọ akụkọ bụ Antti Aarne (1910), [1] onye America na-akọ bụ Stith Thompson (1928, [2] 1961 [3]), ma de egwuregwu ma maama ya site n'onye Germany na-J (1928, [2] 1961 [3]).  isi ATU bụ ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa maka ndị na-akọ omenala, nke a na-eji na Thompson (1932) Motif-Index of Folk-Literature.[1]

Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga

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Ndị bu ya ụzọ

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Onye ọdịdị Austria bụ Johann Georg von Hahn chepụtara njirimara mbụ nke ihe dị ka 40 dị ka mmeghe nke akwụkwọ ya nke okpukpe ọdịnala ndị Griik na ndị Albania, nke e agbasa na 1864.[2][3]

Reverend Sabine Baring-Gould, na 1866, ndepụta ndepụta von Hahn ma akara ya na ụdị 52, nke ọ chọpụtara "Chee siri ike".[1]    Onye na-akọ ochie J. Jacobs ụdị ndepụta ahụ ruo ụdị 70 ma bipụta ya dị ka "Agbakwunyere C" na Burne & Gomme's Handbook of Folk-Lore.[4][3]  

Tupu akara nke mbụ mbụ mbụ nke Antti Aarne, Astrid Lunding usoro nhazi nke Svend Grundtvig.  isiokwu a nwere ụdị 134, nke ka dabere na akụkọ akụkọ Danish ma e jiri ya nchịkọta mba ụwa nke ndị ọzọ na-akọ akụkọ dị n'oge ahụ, dị ka Brothers Grimm na Emmanuel Cosquin.[5] 

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Antti Aarne bụ nwa akwụkwọ Julius Krohn na nwa ya nwoke Kaarle Krohn.  Aarne usoro ihe mere eme na ala nke omenala ọdịnala, ma polis mbụ nke ihe Sịka ụdị asụsụ Aarne-Thompson maka usoro omenala, nke mbụ e edi na 1910 dị ka Verzeichnis der Märchentypen ("Ndepụta nke Ụdị Akụkọ Ọdịbendị").  [1] Usoro a na-akpata na ihe ndị na-eme na echiche na-ekwu a na-ekwughachi ugboro ugboro nke a esemokwu dị ka ihe owuwu nke omenala;  oke ya bụ Europe.[6]

Onye America na-akọ mgbe ochie Stith Thompson dezi isi usoro nkewa nke Aarne na 1928, na-agbasawanye oke ya, ọ na-a na-akọ ya site na German gaa na Bekee.[1]  N'ime nke a, o ozi "usoro AT" (nke a na-akpọkwa "usoro AaTh") nke ike na-eji ya eme ihe ruo na ọkara nke abụọ nke mbụ afụ ahụ.  Mbipụta ọzọ nke Thompson dezi isi na 1961. [2] Dị ka onye America na-akọ omenala omenala D.L.  Ashliman si kwuo,   E mezi isi ma ụzọ ọnụọgụ abụọ AT na 2004 site na akara nke The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography site n'aka onye German folklorist H.-J.  Uther.  Uther kwuru na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mbụ bụ ndị na-edoghị anya ma na-edekarị nke ọma, na ọtụtụ "ụdị na-adịghị mma" bụ n'ezie ochie ma edi ebe niile, nakwa na "m mind na omenala a na-ekwu okwu" na-emekarị ka "eme ka "eme ndị okenye, ndị e dere ede".  Iji dozie adịghị ike ndị a, Uther ụzọ usoro nkewa Aarne-Thompson-Uther (ATU) ma tinye ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ sitere n'ebe ihe na ndị na-eme Europe yana "ụdị ndị dị obere" na ndepụta a nke.  O mekwara ka nchịkọta ahụ pụtara ìhè na ọdịdị mba ụwa, na-ahụ ihe atụ ndị àmà ha na-ejedebe n'otu ụdị ọdịdị.[6][7]

Ndepụta ATU

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Nkọwa nke Ụdị akụkọ

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ụdị bụ akụkọ ọdịnala nke nwere ịdị adị onwe ya. Enwere ike ịkọ ya dị ka akụkọ zuru ezu ma ọ dabere na ihe ọ pụtara na akụkọ ọ bụla ọzọ. Enwere ike ịkọ ya n'ezie na akụkọ ọzọ, mana eziokwu ahụ bụ na enwere ike ịkọ ya naanị ya na-agba akaebe na ọ nwere onwe ya. Ọ nwere ike ịnwe naanị otu ihe ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ. - Thompson (1977), peeji nke 415of many. — Templeeti:Harvp

Usoro

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The Aarne-Thompson Akụkọ Ụdị Index na-ekewa n'ime ngalaba nwere nọmba AT maka mgbasa ozi mgbasa.  Aha ndị e nyere bụ ndị a na-, mana ojiji ibu iche;  ụdị ike otu ụdị ụdị saịtị ahụ na isi ya ma ọ bụ otu n'ime ụdị ọdịnala dị iche iche nke ụdị ahụ, nke ụdị ike iche iche, eji mgbe ejiri na mba nadị iche iche.  Aha ahụ ịbụ kpọmkwem maka omenala ọ ALA.  ihe atụ, The Cat as Helper (545B) gụ isiokwu ebe nkọwa na-enyere dike aka.  A na-ihe ochie ndị nwere ikike chiri anya n'ime ụdị.  misalin, ụdị 400-424 niile niile ndị na-alụ alụ ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ ndị inyom dị ka onye isi, dịka ọmụmaatụ The Quest for a Lost Bride (400) ma ọ bụ Animal Bride (402).  A na-ụdị dị iche iche n'ime ụdị ụdị saịtị na mgbakwunye nke akwụkwọ ozi na nọmba AT, dị ka ihe atụ: 510, Persecuted Heroine (nke a ese Cinderella na Peau d'Âne ["Cinderella na Donkey Skin"), nwere ụdị dị iche iche iche 510A, Cinderella, na 510B, Catskin "Akpọ na Anya"  Akpụkpọ anụ")).   

Dị ka ihe atụ, ntinye maka 510A na ndepụta ATU (nke nwere ntụaka na-agafe na ihe ndị dị na Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk Literature na oghere square, na ụdị dị iche iche na parentheses) na-agụ:   Ntinye ahụ mechiri, dị ka ndị ọzọ dị na katalọgụ ahụ, na ndepụta dị ogologo nke akwụkwọ edemede nke abụọ na akụkọ ahụ, na ụdị ya.[6](pp284–286)

Nzaghachi nkatọ

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N'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1997 "The motif-index and the tale type index: A critique", onye America na-akọ akụkọ ọdịnala Alan Dundes akwụkwọ na ndepụta Aarne-Thompson bụ ụfọdụ n'ime "ngwá ọrụ ọrụ baa uru na arsenal nke ndị na-akọ akụkọ maka football".[1]  Otú ọ dị, a katọrọ ha ike iwu ha, ebe ha na-etinye aka, na ihe ha na-ụzọ.

Ihe owuwu

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V. Propp nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Russian Formalist nke afọ 1920 katọrọ ụdị ahụ maka ileghara ọrụ nke ihe ndị a na-ekewa ha anya.  , Propp kwusiri ike na iji chọpụta "macro-level" ndị na ndị nwere ike ọ na-ahapụ ọnụ, ebe ndị nwere ike dị ike nwere ike okpuru n'okpuru otu ụdị n'ihi na ndepụta ga-abụ ụfọdụ osisi dị ka ihe dị mkpa.[1][a]  naanị anụ anụ anụ wolf - ọ na-ewelite ihe n'ihi na anụmanụ nwere ihe, na ihe mere ihe na-enwe anụ;  n'ezie ndị nwere ike iche ụdị ma ọ bụrụ na onye ọrụ ugbo ghọgburu anụ ụfọdụ bea ọzọ ekwensu.[8]

N'afọ 2009, n'ịkọwa ihe kpaliri ọrụ ya, [9] Uther gosipụtara ọtụtụ nkatọ nke ndepụta mbụ. Ọ na-ekwu na ilekwasị anya na ọdịnala a na-ekwu mgbe ụfọdụ na-eleghara nsụgharị ochie nke akụkọ anya, ọbụlagodi mgbe ihe ndekọ edere ede dị, nakwa na ụfọdụ gụnyere ụdị akụkọ ọdịnala nwere mkpa a na-enyo enyo.

N'ihe gbasara nhazi nke ụdị, ụfọdụ ndị na-akọ akụkọ ọdịnala na ndị na-atụnyere akụkọ ekwetala ụdị akụkọ pụrụ iche nke, n'ihi njirimara nke ha, ga-erite ụdị nke ha.[b] Ọ bụ ezie na edeghị akụkọ ndị dị otú ahụ na usoro akụkọ ọdịnala mba ụwa, ha nwere ike ịdị na usoro nhazi mpaghara ma ọ bụ nke mba.[10]

Mkap ala

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Na nkatọ nke afọ 2009, Uther ngwa na nkesa ndị dị iche iche (nke Eastern na Southern Europe yana ọtụtụ ụdị omenala nke mpaghara ndị ọzọ na-ahụ anya ya).  [1] N'otu aka ahụ, Thompson kwuru na a ga-akpọ ụdị ụdị ahụ Thedị nke Folk-Tales nke Europe, West Asia, na ala ndị a edoziri.  Otú ọ dị, Dundes na-ekwu na n'agbanyeghị asụsụ nke ụdị ndepụta ihe (ike, typos, redundancy, censorship, wdg.;[2] (p198)

"ha na-anọchite anya isi ihe maka usoro ntụnyere na folkloristics, usoro nke n'agbanyeghị ndị na-ekwu okwu n'oge a ... na-aga n'ihu ịbụ akara nke folkloristics mba ụwa".[1] (p200)

A katọrọ ndepụta folktype nke ATU maka itinye uche ya na Europe na North Africa, na-egosi nnọchiteanya Eurasia [11] na North America. [12][c] Ndepụta ahụ yiri ka ọ na-eleghara ma ọ bụ na-anọchite anya mpaghara ndị ọzọ anya. Ihe atụ nke Central Asia gụnyere: Yuri Berezkin 's The captive Khan and the clever-in-law (and variants); The traveling girl and her helpful brothers; na Woman's magic horse, as named by researcher Veronica Muskheli of the University of Washington.[13][14]

Isiokwu ndị a na-ewepu

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Onye edemede Pete Jordi Wood na-azọrọ na a kpachapụrụ anya wepụ isiokwu ndị metụtara ndina ụdị onwe na ndepụta ụdị.[15] N'otu aka ahụ, onye na-akọ akụkọ ọdịnala Joseph P. Goodwin na-ekwu na Thompson hapụrụ "ọtụtụ ihe gbasara mmekọahụ na 'ihe rụrụ arụ'", nakwa na - ka ọ na-erule 1995 - "a ka na-ewepụ isiokwu ndị dị ka ndina ụdị onwe n'ụdị na ndepụta nke ihe kpatara ya. " N'otu edemede nke afọ 2002, Alan Dundes katọkwara Thompson na-emeso ihe gbasara akụkọ ọdịnala, nke o weere dị ka "ịdị aghụghọ gabigara ókè" na ụdị nyocha. [16][17][18]

Nkesa site na mmalite

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ọnụ ọgụgụ nke onye na-akọ omenala S. Graça da Silva na onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ mmadụ J.J.  Tehrani na 2016, na-akpa àgwà oge mpụta maka "Tales of Magic" (ATU 300-ATU 749), dabere na ihe ihe phylogenetic.[1]     Ha tara na anɔ n'ime ha bụ ndị Proto-Indo-European stratum nke ndị na-amụ.[d]

  • ATU 328 Nwa okorobịa ahụ na-ezu ohi akụ Ogre (= Jack na Beanstalk na Iri na Atọ)
  • ATU 330 Smith na Ekwensu (KHM 81a)  
  • ATU 402 The Animal Bride (= The Three Feathers, KHMTempleeti:Efn 63 na The Poor Miller's Boy and the Cat [de], KHM 106)
  • ATU 554 Anụmanụ Ekele (= Agwọ ọcha, KHM 17 na Queen Bee, KHM 62)  

A chọtara akụkọ anwansi iri ọzọ dị ugbu a n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke asụsụ Indo-European, nke gụnyere ezinụlọ asụsụ ndị isi Europe sitere na PIE (ya bụ Balto-Slavic, German, Italic na Celtic):

  • Bear's Son Tale na Jean de l'Ours, nyocha nke ụdị akụkọ 301 na 650A
  • Anụmanụ dị ka Nwoke Nwoke, nyocha nke ATU 425 na ụdị ndị yiri ya
  • Onye hụrụ Nnụnụ n'anya, nyocha nke akụkọ 432
  • The Spinning-Woman by the Spring, nchịkọta nke ụdị 480
  • Onye nwụrụ anwụ (akụkọ ọdịnala), nyocha nke ụdị 505-508
  • Nwunye a kwutọrọ, nkọwa zuru ezu nke ụdị ATU 705-712
  • The Three Golden Children, nyocha nke ụdị ATU 707
  • Akụkọ mgbagwoju anya, nyocha nke ụdị 851, 851A na 927

Ihe Nlereanya

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  • ATU 565 "ihe igwe anwansi":
    • Ihe Mere Oké Osimiri Dị N'Oké Osimiri
      • Ọ bụ ihe yiri nke ochie Norse poem GrottasöngrỌgba
    • Sweet Porridge, ọtụtụ ụdị
    • Strega nke itoolu
    • Nne Mmiri, akụkọ ifo ndị China

Hụkwa

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  • Ọdịdị (akụkọ ọdịnala)
  • Ihe Nkọwa nke Akwụkwọ Ọmụma
  • Ndepụta Abụ Ọchịchị

Ihe edeturu

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Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Dundes (1997). "The motif-index and the tale type index: A critique". Journal of Folklore Research 34 (3): 195–202. 
  2. ↑ von Hahn (1864). Griechische und Albanesische Märchen (in de). Leipzig, DE: W. Englemann, 43–61. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Jacobs (1916). European Folk and Fairy Tales. New York, NY / London, UK: G.P. Putnam's sons, 215–216. 
  4. ↑ Jacobs (1914). "Appendix C", in Burne: The Handbook of Folklore. London, UK: Folk-lore Society / Sidgwich & Jackson, 344–355. 
  5. ↑ Lunding (1910). The System of Tales in the Folklore Collection of Copenhagen, Folklore Fellows' Communications. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Uther (2004). The types of international folktales: A classification and bibliography, based on the system of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson, Folklore Fellows' Communications. Helsinki, FI: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, 284–286. 
  7. ↑ (2008) in Haase: The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales. Greenwood Publishing Group. 
  8. ↑ Propp (1971). in Wagner: Morphology of the Folktale, Scott, Laurence (Translator), 2nd, University of Texas Press, 5–6. ISBN 0292783760. 
  9. ↑ Uther (6 July 2009). Classifying folktales: The third revision of the Aarne–Thompson tale type index, Folklore Fellows' Communications. 
  10. ↑ Goldberg (1996). "'The Blind Girl', a misplaced folktale". Western Folklore 55 (3): 187–212. DOI:10.2307/1500481. 
  11. ↑ Horálek (1974). "Folk Poetry: History And Typology", in Arthur S. Abramson: Linguistics and Adjacent Arts and Sciences: Part 2. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 741–808 [775]. DOI:10.1515/9783110821659-004. ISBN 978-3-11-082165-9. “Negative or skeptical views of the possibility of classifying folklore material on a typological basis find support in the fact that the classification systems successfully applied to European folklore material have not proved valid for material from other continents.” 
  12. ↑ Thuillard (2018). "A large-scale study of world myths". Trames 22 (4): A1–A44. DOI:10.3176/tr.2018.4.06. 
  13. ↑ Berezkin (June 2016). "The captive Khan and the clever daughter-in-law". Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 64: 33–56. DOI:10.7592/FEJF2016.64.khan. 
  14. ↑ Berezkin (2019). "The travelling girl and her helpful siblings: An unnoticed boreal tale and the ATU index". Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 75: 71–90. DOI:10.7592/FEJF2019.75.berezkin. 
  15. ↑ Wareham. "Why this charming gay fairytale has been lost for 200 years", Forbes, 21 August 2020. Retrieved on 2020-08-22.
  16. ↑ Goodwin (1995). "If ignorance is bliss, 'tis folly to be wise: What we don't know can hurt us". Journal of Folklore Research 32 (2): 155–164. 
  17. ↑ Dundes (2002). "Projective Inversion in the Ancient Egyptian "Tale of Two Brothers"". Journal of American Folklore 115 (457): 378–394 [380]. DOI:10.1353/jaf.2002.0031. 
  18. ↑ (2007) "From Etic to Emic units in the structural study of folktales", in Bronner: Meaning of Folklore: The analytical essays of Alan Dundes. University Press of Colorado. DOI:10.2307/j.ctt4cgrzn.9.  DOI accessed 26 Aug. 2023.
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