Ndepụta nke ihe kpatara ọnwụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ

Ihe na-esonụ bụ ndepụta nke ihe na-akpata ọnwụ mmadụ n'ụwa nile maka afọ dị iche iche nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ ha jikọtara ọnụ haziri. Ụfọdụ ihe ndị e depụtara na-agụnye ọnwụ gụnyekwara n'ime ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'okpuru, na ụfọdụ ihe kpatara ya, ya mere, pasentị nwere ike chịkọta ihe dịka 100%. Ihe ndị a depụtara bụ ihe na-akpata ahụike ozugbo, mana enwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara ọnwụ n'ụzọ dị iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ise siga na-ebutekarị ọrịa akpa ume ma ọ bụ ọrịa cancer, na ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya nwere ike ịkpata ọdịda imeju ma ọ bụ ihe mberede ụgbọ ala. Maka ọnụ ọgụgụ na ihe kacha akpata mgbochi, hụ ihe ndị nwere ike igbochi ọnwụ.

N'afọ 2002, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ iri ise na asaa nwụrụ. N'afọ 2005, dị ka World Health Organization (WHO) si kwuo site na iji International Classification of Diseases (ICD), ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 58 nwụrụ. ^[1] N'afọ 2010, dị ka Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation si kwuo, nde mmadụ 52.8 nwụrụ. ^[2] N'afọ 2016, WHO dekọrọ ọnwụ nde mmadụ 56.7 nke isi ihe kpatara ọnwụ dị ka Ọrịa obi na akwara na-akpata ihe karịrị ọnwụ nde mmadụ 17 (ihe dị ka 31% nke ngụkọta) dịka egosiri na chaatị dị n'akụkụ.^[3] N'afọ 2021, e nwere ihe dịka. 68 nde mmadụ nwụrụ n'ụwa niile, dị ka akụkọ WHO si kwuo.^[4] á

Site n'oge

Afọ ole a na-anwụ, kwa 100,000, site na ihe kpatara ya, na 2017, na mgbanwe pasent 2007-2017.

Tebụl Nchịkọta

Tebụl mbụ a na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu nke ụdị na ihe kpatara ya. Isi ihe kpatara ya bụ Ọrịa obi na 31.59% nke ọnwụ niile.

↑ WHO (2005). Cancer. Archived from the original on May 18, 2020.
↑ (December 2012) "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet 380 (9859): 2095–2128. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. PMID 23245604.
↑ The top 10 causes of death. www.who.int.
↑ The top 10 causes of death (en). www.who.int. Retrieved on 2024-08-12.

Page Templeeti:Static row numbers/styles.css has no content. Page Templeeti:Row hover highlight/styles.css has no content.

Age-standardised Death Rate (per 100,000) in 2017
Cause	Rate	% total	% change 2007–2017
All causes	737.7	100%	−14.2
I. Communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional disorders	143.8	19.49%	−31.8
Respiratory infections and tuberculosis	50.5	6.85%	−24.5
Tuberculosis	14.9	2.02%	−31.4
Drug-susceptible tuberculosis	13.2	1.79%	−31.9
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis without extensive drug resistance	1.6	0.22%	−28.6
Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis	0.2	0.03%	−7.7
Lower respiratory infections	35.4	4.80%	−21.1
Upper respiratory infections	0.1	0.01%	−42.1
Otitis media	0.0	0.00%	−50.4
Enteric infections	24.4	3.31%	−29.9
Diarrhoeal diseases	21.6	2.93%	−30.2
Typhoid and paratyphoid	1.9	0.26%	−27.8
(Typhoid fever)	1.6	0.22%	−29.1
(Paratyphoid fever)	0.3	0.04%	−18.9
iNTS	0.8	0.11%	−24.8
Other intestinal infectious diseases	0.0	0.00%	−44.7
Sexually transmitted infections	13.9	1.88%	−53.6
HIV/AIDS	12.1	1.64%	−56.5
HIV/AIDS – Drug-susceptible Tuberculosis	2.5	0.34%	−61.1
HIV/AIDS – Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis without extensive drug resistance	0.3	0.04%	−58.1
HIV/AIDS – Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis	0.0	0.00%	−20.3
HIV/AIDS resulting in other diseases	9.3	1.26%	−55.1
Sexually transmitted infections excluding HIV	1.8	0.24%	−14.4
Syphilis	1.7	0.23%	−14.3
Chlamydial infection	0.0	0.00%	−15.2
Gonococcal infection	0.0	0.00%	−14.9
Other sexually transmitted infections	0.0	0.00%	−15.9
Neglected tropical diseases and malaria	10.1	1.37%	−36.1
Malaria	8.7	1.18%	−37.3
Chagas disease	0.1	0.01%	−21.1
Leishmaniasis	0.1	0.01%	−67.8
(Visceral leishmaniasis)	0.1	0.01%	−67.8
African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)	0.0	0.00%	−82.8
Schistosomiasis	0.1	0.01%	−28.5
Cysticercosis	0.0	0.00%	−27.3
Cystic echinococcosis	0.0	0.00%	−41.9
Dengue	0.5	0.07%	40.7
Yellow fever	0.1	0.01%	−23.3
Rabies	0.2	0.03%	−54.8
Intestinal nematode infections	0.0	0.00%	−47.2
(Ascariasis)	0.0	0.00%	−47.2
Ebola virus disease	0.0	0.00%	−98.4
Zika virus disease	0.0	0.00%	–
Other neglected tropical diseases	0.2	0.03%	−3.7
Other infectious diseases	11.6	1.57%	−33.8
Meningitis	4.0	0.54%	−27.8
Pneumococcal meningitis	0.6	0.08%	−22.4
H influenzae type B meningitis	1.1	0.15%	−40.6
Meningococcal infection	0.4	0.05%	−37.1
Other meningitis	2.0	0.27%	−17.3
Encephalitis	1.2	0.16%	−14.3
Diphtheria	0.1	0.01%	−28.6
Whooping cough (pertussis)	1.4	0.19%	−27.1
Tetanus	0.5	0.07%	−59.6
Measles	1.4	0.19%	−59.3
Varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles)	0.2	0.03%	−29.2
Acute hepatitis	1.6	0.22%	−24.5
Acute hepatitis A	0.3	0.04%	−38.7
Acute hepatitis B	1.1	0.15%	−19.6
Acute hepatitis C	0.0	0.00%	−32.1
Acute hepatitis E	0.2	0.03%	−25.8
Other unspecified infectious diseases	1.1	0.15%	−13.4
Maternal and neonatal disorders	29.5	4.00%	−26.6
Maternal disorders	2.5	0.34%	−30.7
Maternal haemorrhage	0.5	0.07%	−56.4
Maternal sepsis and other pregnancy related infections	0.3	0.04%	−33.5
Maternal hypertensive disorders	0.4	0.05%	−13.0
Maternal obstructed labour and uterine rupture	0.2	0.03%	−25.2
Maternal abortive outcome	0.2	0.03%	−15.7
Ectopic pregnancy	0.1	0.01%	−19.2
Indirect maternal deaths	0.4	0.05%	−12.5
Late maternal deaths	0.0	0.00%	−9.5
Maternal deaths aggravated by HIV/AIDS	0.0	0.00%	−32.1
Other maternal disorders	0.3	0.04%	−16.5
Neonatal disorders	27.1	3.67%	−26.2
Neonatal preterm birth	9.9	1.34%	−28.1
Neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma	8.1	1.10%	−26.5
Neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections	3.1	0.42%	−14.4
Hemolytic disease and other neonatal jaundice	0.7	0.09%	−39.3
Other neonatal disorders	5.3	0.72%	−25.7
Nutritional deficiencies	3.8	0.52%	−33.6
Protein-energy malnutrition	3.3	0.45%	−34.6
Other nutritional deficiencies	0.5	0.07%	−25.8
II. Non-communicable diseases	536.1	72.67%	−7.9
Cardiovascular diseases	233.1	31.60%	−10.3
Rheumatic heart disease	3.7	0.50%	−21.3
Ischaemic heart disease	116.9	15.85%	−9.7
Stroke	80.5	10.91%	−13.6
Ischaemic stroke	36.6	4.96%	−11.8
Intracerebral hemorrhage	38.2	5.18%	−15.7
Subarachnoid hemorrhage	5.7	0.77%	−9.4
Hypertensive heart disease	12.3	1.67%	7.5
Non-rheumatic valvular heart disease	2.0	0.27%	−5.3
Non-rheumatic calcific aortic valve disease	1.4	0.19%	−1.0
Non-rheumatic degenerative mitral valve disease	0.5	0.07%	−14.0
Other non-rheumatic valve diseases	0.1	0.01%	−17.8
Cardiomyopathy and myocarditis	4.8	0.65%	−16.6
Myocarditis	0.6	0.08%	−13.3
Alcoholic cardiomyopathy	1.1	0.15%	−40.5
Other cardiomyopathy	3.1	0.42%	−3.6
Atrial fibrillation and flutter	4.0	0.54%	2.6
Aortic aneurysm	2.2	0.30%	−8.5
Peripheral vascular disease	1.0	0.14%	10.5
Endocarditis	1.1	0.15%	1.0
Other cardiovascular and circulatory diseases	4.7	0.64%	−7.9
Neoplasms	121.2	16.43%	−4.4
Lip and oral cavity cancer	2.4	0.33%	4.0
Nasopharynx cancer	0.9	0.12%	−3.0
Other pharynx cancer	1.4	0.19%	7.9
Oesophageal cancer	5.5	0.75%	−14.5
Stomach cancer	11.0	1.49%	−17.1
Colon and rectum cancer	11.5	1.56%	−4.3
Liver cancer	10.2	1.38%	−2.5
(Liver cancer due to hepatitis B)	4.0	0.54%	−6.2
(Liver cancer due to hepatitis C)	3.0	0.41%	−2.1
(Liver cancer due to alcohol use)	1.6	0.22%	0.6
(Liver cancer due to NASH)	0.8	0.11%	7.6
(Liver cancer due to other causes)	0.8	0.11%	−0.9
Gallbladder and biliary tract cancer	2.2	0.30%	−6.7
Pancreatic cancer	5.6	0.76%	4.8
Larynx cancer	1.6	0.22%	−7.7
Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer	23.7	3.21%	−2.0
Malignant skin melanoma	0.8	0.11%	−5.1
Non-melanoma skin cancer	0.8	0.11%	2.7
(Non-melanoma skin cancer (squamous-cell carcinoma))	0.8	0.11%	2.7
Breast cancer	7.6	1.03%	−2.6
Cervical cancer	3.2	0.43%	−7.2
Uterine cancer	1.1	0.15%	−10.4
Ovarian cancer	2.2	0.30%	−1.0
Prostate cancer	5.5	0.75%	−2.5
Testicular cancer	0.1	0.01%	−9.4
Kidney cancer	1.8	0.24%	−1.3
Bladder cancer	2.6	0.35%	−5.4
Brain and nervous system cancer	3.1	0.42%	3.8
Thyroid cancer	0.5	0.07%	−1.2
Mesothelioma	0.4	0.05%	−3.4
Hodgkin lymphoma	0.4	0.05%	−16.8
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma	3.2	0.43%	0.1
Multiple myeloma	1.4	0.19%	−0.4
Leukaemia	4.5	0.61%	−9.6
Acute lymphoid leukaemia	0.7	0.09%	−1.5
Chronic lymphoid leukaemia	0.5	0.07%	−10.3
Acute myeloid leukaemia	1.3	0.18%	−1.0
Chronic myeloid leukaemia	0.3	0.04%	−19.9
Other leukaemia	1.8	0.24%	−15.6
Other malignant cancers	4.6	0.62%	0.1
Other neoplasms	1.3	0.18%	7.4
Myelodysplastic, myeloproliferative and other hematopoietic neoplasms	1.3	0.18%	7.1
Other benign and in situ neoplasms	0.1	0.01%	15.5
Chronic respiratory diseases	51.4	6.97%	−14.2
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	42.2	5.72%	−13.6
Pneumoconiosis	0.3	0.04%	−16.7
(Silicosis)	0.1	0.01%	−15.5
(Asbestosis)	0.0	0.00%	−8.3
(Coal workers pneumoconiosis)	0.0	0.00%	−26.6
(Other pneumoconiosis)	0.0	0.00%	−17.5
Asthma	6.3	0.85%	−23.9
Interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis	1.9	0.26%	11.4
Other chronic respiratory diseases	0.7	0.09%	−3.2
Digestive diseases	30.3	4.11%	−10.7
Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases	16.5	2.24%	−9.7
Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to hepatitis B	4.8	0.65%	−14.3
Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to hepatitis C	4.2	0.57%	−8.4
Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to alcohol use	4.1	0.56%	−8.8
Cirrhosis due to NASH	1.5	0.20%	−1.4
Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to other causes	1.9	0.26%	−8.6
Upper digestive system diseases	3.8	0.52%	−21.6
Peptic ulcer disease	3.1	0.42%	−23.5
Gastritis and duodenitis	0.7	0.09%	−11.7
Appendicitis	0.6	0.08%	−17.0
Paralytic ileus and intestinal obstruction	3.2	0.43%	−5.8
Inguinal, femoral, and abdominal hernia	0.6	0.08%	−8.9
Inflammatory bowel disease	0.5	0.07%	−10.5
Vascular intestinal disorders	1.3	0.18%	−10.2
Gallbladder and biliary diseases	1.5	0.20%	−5.0
Pancreatitis	1.3	0.18%	−5.7
Other digestive diseases	1.2	0.16%	−7.1
Neurological disorders	43.1	5.84%	0.1
Alzheimer's disease and other dementias	35.4	4.80%	0.6
Parkinson's disease	4.6	0.62%	0.8
Epilepsy	1.7	0.23%	−10.7
Multiple sclerosis	0.3	0.04%	−3.9
Motor neuron disease	0.4	0.05%	1.2
Other neurological disorders	0.7	0.09%	2.0
Mental disorders	0.0	0.00%	7.5
Eating disorders	0.0	0.00%	7.5
Anorexia nervosa	0.0	0.00%	5.5
Bulimia nervosa	0.0	0.00%	13.5
Substance use disorders	4.3	0.58%	2.0
Alcohol use disorders	2.3	0.31%	−16.5
Drug use disorders	2.1	0.28%	34.1
Opioid use disorders	1.4	0.19%	49.4
Cocaine use disorders	0.1	0.01%	19.6
Amphetamine use disorders	0.1	0.01%	8.7
Other drug use disorders	0.6	0.08%	11.3
Diabetes and kidney diseases	33.6	4.55%	1.3
Diabetes mellitus	17.5	2.37%	1.2
Diabetes mellitus type 1	4.3	0.58%	−11.0
Diabetes mellitus type 2	13.2	1.79%	5.9
Chronic kidney disease	15.9	2.16%	1.5
Chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus type 1	0.9	0.12%	−1.2
Chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus type 2	4.5	0.61%	4.2
Chronic kidney disease due to hypertension	4.6	0.62%	3.2
Chronic kidney disease due to glomerulonephritis	2.4	0.33%	−1.3
Chronic kidney disease due to other and unspecified causes	3.4	0.46%	−1.4
Acute glomerulonephritis	0.1	0.01%	−9.5
Skin and subcutaneous diseases	1.3	0.18%	8.1
Bacterial skin diseases	1.0	0.14%	12.7
(Cellulitis)	0.2	0.03%	19.6
(Pyoderma)	0.8	0.11%	10.5
Decubitus ulcer	0.3	0.04%	−5.1
Other skin and subcutaneous diseases	0.1	0.01%	3.3
Musculoskeletal disorders	1.6	0.22%	−0.1
Rheumatoid arthritis	0.6	0.08%	−5.9
Other musculoskeletal disorders	1.0	0.14%	3.9
Other non-communicable diseases	16.3	2.21%	−11.2
Congenital anomalies	8.7	1.18%	−18.2
Neural tube defects	0.9	0.12%	−16.5
Congenital heart anomalies	3.9	0.53%	−21.8
Orofacial clefts	0.1	0.01%	−41.9
Down syndrome	0.4	0.05%	−5.2
Other chromosomal abnormalities	0.3	0.04%	0.3
Congenital musculoskeletal and limb anomalies	0.2	0.03%	−12.8
Urogenital congenital anomalies	0.2	0.03%	−8.5
Digestive congenital anomalies	0.8	0.11%	−19.3
Other congenital anomalies	2.1	0.28%	−15.9
Urinary diseases and male infertility	3.6	0.49%	5.7
Urinary tract infections	2.7	0.37%	10.9
Urolithiasis (Kidney stone disease)	0.2	0.03%	−1.2
Other urinary diseases	0.7	0.09%	−9.9
Gynecological diseases	0.1	0.01%	−2.6
Uterine fibroids	0.0	0.00%	8.1
Polycystic ovarian syndrome	0.0	0.00%	1.0
Endometriosis	0.0	0.00%	−3.2
Genital prolapse	0.0	0.00%	−24.1
Other gynecological diseases	0.1	0.01%	−3.6
Hemoglobinopathies and hemolytic anaemias	1.4	0.19%	−11.3
Thalassemias	0.1	0.01%	−27.9
Sickle cell disorders	0.5	0.07%	−3.1
G6PD deficiency	0.2	0.03%	−7.1
Other hemoglobinopathies and hemolytic anaemias	0.6	0.08%	−16.1
Endocrine, metabolic, blood, and immune disorders	1.9	0.26%	0.8
Sudden infant death syndrome	0.6	0.08%	−20.2
III. Injuries	57.9	7.85%	−13.7
Transport injuries	17.0	2.30%	−17.0
Road injuries	15.8	2.14%	−17.1
Pedestrian road injuries	6.2	0.84%	−21.4
Cyclist road injuries	0.9	0.12%	−8.8
Motorcyclist road injuries	2.9	0.39%	−12.4
Motor vehicle road injuries	5.8	0.79%	−15.6
Other road injuries	0.1	0.01%	−19.4
Other transport injuries	1.2	0.16%	−15.5
Unintentional injuries	23.8	3.23%	−15.3
Falls	9.2	1.25%	−2.8
Drowning	4.0	0.54%	−27.3
Fire, heat, and hot substances	1.6	0.22%	−22.9
Poisonings	0.9	0.12%	−20.8
(Poisoning by carbon monoxide)	0.5	0.07%	−26.6
(Poisoning by other means)	0.5	0.07%	−14.4
Exposure to mechanical forces	1.8	0.24%	−20.3
(Unintentional firearm injuries)	0.3	0.04%	−16.4
(Other exposure to mechanical forces)	1.5	0.20%	−21.0
Adverse effects of medical treatment	1.6	0.22%	−6.2
Animal contact	1.1	0.15%	−16.0
(Venomous animal contact)	0.9	0.12%	−16.0
(Non-venomous animal contact)	0.1	0.01%	−16.1
Foreign body	1.7	0.23%	−14.1
(Pulmonary aspiration and foreign body in airway)	1.6	0.22%	−13.9
(Foreign body in other body part)	0.1	0.01%	−15.8
Environmental heat and cold exposure	0.7	0.09%	−29.4
Exposure to forces of nature	0.1	0.01%	−45.8
Other unintentional injuries	1.2	0.16%	−25.8
Self-harm and interpersonal violence	17.1	2.32%	−7.6
Self-harm	10.0	1.36%	−14.8
Self-harm by firearm	0.8	0.11%	−10.3
Self-harm by other specified means	9.2	1.25%	−15.2
Interpersonal violence	5.2	0.70%	−11.1
Assault by firearm	2.2	0.30%	−3.6
Assault by sharp object	1.2	0.16%	−22.3
Assault by other means	1.8	0.24%	−11.5
Conflict and terrorism	1.7	0.23%	98.4
Executions and police conflict	0.2	0.03%	172.4

Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ site na ihe kpatara ya. Pasentị nke ọnwụ niile
Ụdị	Ihe kpatara ya	Pasentị	Pasentị
I. Nsogbu na-efe efe, nke nne, nke nwa ọhụrụ, na nke na-edozi ahụ	Ọrịa iku ume na ụkwara nta	6.85	19.49%
	Ọrịa na-efe efe	3.31
	Ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site na mmekọahụ	1.88
	Ọrịa ndị na-efe n'ebe okpomọkụ na ịba	1.37
	Ọrịa ndị ọzọ na-efe efeỌrịa na-efe efe	1.57
	Nsogbu Nne na nwa ọhụrụNsogbu nwa ọhụrụ	4.00
	Enweghị nri na-edozi ahụ	0.52
Nke Abụọ. Ọrịa ndị na-adịghị ebute ọrịa	Ọrịa obi	31.59	72.67%
	Neoplasms	16.43
	Ọrịa iku ume na-adịghị ala ala	6.97
	Ọrịa ndị na-agbari nri	4.11
	Nsogbu akwara	5.84
	Iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe	0.58
	Ọrịa shuga na ọrịa akụrụ	4.55
	Ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ	0.18
	Ọrịa Ọkpụkpụ Ọkpụkpụ	0.22
	Ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ekwurịta okwu	2.22
Nke Atọ. Mmerụ ahụ	Mmerụ ahụ n'ụgbọ njem	2.30	7.85%
	Mmerụ ahụ a na-atụghị anya ya	3.23
	Mmerụ onwe onye na ime ihe ike	2.32
Ngụkọta		100%	100%

Ndị mepere emepe vs. akụ na ụba na-emepe emepe

Ihe kachasị akpata ọnwụ, dị ka akụkọ World Health Organization maka afọ kalenda 2001 si kwuo: ^[2]

Ihe kpatara ọnwụ na Mba ndị na-emepe emepe	Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ	Ihe na-akpata ọnwụ na Mba ndị mepere emepe	Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ
Ọrịa HIV na AIDS	2,678,000	Ọrịa obi nke Ischaemia	3,512,000
Ọrịa iku ume	2,643,000	Ọrịa ụbụrụ	3,346,000
Ọrịa obi nke Ischaemia	2,484,000	Ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke na-egbochi akpa ume	1,829,000
Ọsịsa	1,793,000	Ọrịa iku ume	1,180,000
Ọrịa ụbụrụ	1,381,000	Ọrịa kansa akpa ume	938,000
Ọrịa ụmụaka	1,217,000	Ihe mberede okporo ụzọ	669,000
Ịba	1,103,000	Ọrịa kansa afọ	657,000
Ọrịa ụkwara nta	1,021,000	Ọrịa ọbara mgbali elu	635,000
Ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke na-egbochi akpa ume	748,000	Ọrịa ụkwara nta	571,000
Nri	674,000	Igbu onwe onye	499,000

Tebụl a na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu na nke a kapịrị ọnụ nke ihe kpatara afọ 2017. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nwere oke njehie nke ihe dị ka 5% na nkezi.

Page 'Years of potential life lost' not found

Page 'Aging-associated diseases' not found

Ihe ndị na-akpata ya

Enwere ike ịhazi ihe ndị na-akpata ọnwụ n'ime ihe ndị na na-akpatara ọnwụ ma ọ bụ isi ihe na-akpali ọnwụ, ọnọdụ ndị na-eduga n'ihe kpatara ọnwụ, ihe ndị ọzọ kpatara ya, na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa nke nwere ike inye aka na nsonaazụ ọnwụ.^[3]

Dị ka WHO si kwuo, ihe kpatara ya bụ "ọrịa ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ nke malitere ụgbọ okporo ígwè nke ihe omume ndị na-egbu egbu na-eduga n'ọnwụ, ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ nke ihe mberede ma ọ bụ ime ihe ike nke kpatara mmerụ ahụ na-egbu mmadụ".[s][ies]^[4]

Enwere ike ịchọpụta nsogbu na-edozi ahụ dị ka ihe kpatara ndụ dị mkpirikpi.^[5] 70% nke ọnwụ ụmụaka (afọ 0-4) na-akọ na ọ bụ n'ihi ọrịa afọ ọsịsa, ọrịa iku ume siri ike, ịba na ọrịa na-adịghị emerụ ahụ. Otú ọ dị, 56% nke ọnwụ ụmụaka ndị a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmetụta nke nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ dị ka ihe kpatara ya.^[6] Mmetụta nke nsogbu na-edozi ahụ gụnyere mmụba nke ibute ọrịa, mmebi nke uru ahụ, nkwarụ ọkpụkpụ na igbu oge mmepe akwara. ^[7]^[8] Dị ka Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa si kwuo, a na-akpọ ụkọ nri na-edozi ahụ dị ka ihe kachasị enye aka n'ọnwụ ụmụaka na ọnwụ nde 36 na 2005 metụtara ụkọ nri. ^[9]^[10]

E wezụga adịghị edozi ahụ na ụkọ micronutrient, adịghị edozi nri na-edozi ahụ gụnyekwara oke ibu, ^[11] nke na-ebute ọtụtụ ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala, gụnyere ụdị ọrịa kansa 13, ọrịa obi, na ụdị ọrịa shuga 2. ^[12] ^[13] ^[14] ^[15] ^[16] ^[17]^[18] Dị ka WHO si kwuo, ịbụ "ibubiga ibu ókè na oke ibu so n'ihe ndị na-akpata ọnwụ na nkwarụ na Europe", na atụmatụ na-atụ aro na ha na-akpatara ihe karịrị nde mmadụ 1.2 kwa afọ, nke kwekọrọ na ihe karịrị 13% nke ngụkọta ọnwụ na mpaghara ahụ.^[18] Ụdị Iwu ahụike dị iche iche nwere ike igbochi omume ahụ ma belata oke ibu.^[19]

Nri, ọ bụghị naanị n'ihe gbasara oke ibu kamakwa n'ihe oriri, nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na ihe ndị dị n'okpuru ya, na nyocha na-atụ aro na nwoke dị afọ 20 na Europe nke gbanwere na "nri kacha mma" nwere ike inweta nkezi nke ~ 13.7 afọ ndụ na nwanyị dị afọ 60 na US na-agbanwe na "nwụ nri kacha mma" enwere ike inweta nkebi nke ~ 8.0 afọ ndụ. Ọ chọpụtara na a ga-enweta uru kachasị ukwuu site na iri ọtụtụ legumes, ọka zuru oke, na mkpụrụ osisi, na obere anụ na anụ a na-edozi. O nwekwara enweghị ihe ọṅụṅụ shuga (site na "ihe oriri ọdịda anyanwụ" nke 500 g / ụbọchị ruo 0 g / ụbọchị).^[20]^[21]

Mmetọ

Nnyocha kwubiri na mmetọ kpatara ọnwụ nde mmadụ 9 na 2019 (otu n'ime ọnwụ isii, 3⁄4 site na mmetụ ikuku). O kwubiri na enwere ike ịchọpụta obere ọganihu megide mmetọ.^[22]^[23]

Mmetọ ikuku

N'ozuzu, mmetọ ikuku na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka ca. Nde mmadụ 7 n'ụwa niile kwa afọ, ọ bụkwa ihe ize ndụ kachasị n'ụwa, dị ka WHO (2012) na IEA si kwuo (2016).^[24]^[25]^[26]

IEA na-ekwu na ọtụtụ n'ime ihe na-akpata na ọgwụgwọ nwere ike ịchọta na ụlọ ọrụ ike ma na-atụ aro ihe ngwọta dị ka ịla ezumike nká na-emetọ ọkụ ọkụ na-emetọ coal na iji guzobe ụkpụrụ siri ike maka ụgbọ ala. Na Septemba 2020 European Environment Agency kọrọ na ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka mmetọ ikuku na oke okpomọkụ nyere aka na gburugburu 13% nke ọnwụ mmadụ niile na mba EU na 2012 (~ 630,000).[2] Nnyocha ọmụmụ 2021 na-eji ụdị mkpebi dị elu yana ọrụ nzaghachi ntinye uche emelitere na-achọpụta na nde 10.2 n'ụwa niile nwụrụ na 2012 na nde 8.7 na 2018 - ma ọ bụ nke ise [na-akparịta ụka] - bụ n'ihi mmetọ ikuku sitere na ọkụ ọkụ fossil na-ebute, yana mmetụta dị elu karịa nke mbụ.

Nnyocha nke afọ 2020 na-egosi na ọnụọgụ ndụ zuru ụwa ọnụ (LLE) site na mmetọ ikuku na 2015 bụ afọ 2.9, karịa, dịka ọmụmaatụ, afọ 0.3 site na ụdị ime ihe ike niile, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewere akụkụ dị ukwuu nke LLE dị ka ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere.^[27]

Ojiji nke ọgwụ mgbochi akwara

Dị ka WHO si kwuo, n'ụwa niile, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 0.5 nwụrụ n'ihi iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe, ihe karịrị 70% n'ime ha nwere njikọ na opioids, na oke ọgwụ bụ ihe kpatara ihe karịrị 30% nke ọnwụ ndị ahụ.^[28]

Ojiji dị iche iche nke opioids dị iche iche na-akpata ọtụtụ ọnwụ n'ụwa niile, nke a na-akpọ ọrịa opioid. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 75% nke ọnwụ 91,799 nke ọgwụ ọjọọ na 2020 na United States metụtara opioid.^[29]

Ọ bụghị ọgwụ niile na-emetụta usoro akwara na ihe ize ndụ maka inye aka na ọnwụ dị ka ihe dị mkpa ma ọ bụ maka ojiji ndị ahụ. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, enwere ike dochie ọgwụ ndị nwere ike imerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ na-emerụ ahụ maọbụ wepụ ya site n'enyemaka nke ọgwụ ndị ọzọ - dị ka NAC na modafinil n'ihe gbasara ịdabere na cocaine ^[30] - nke a na-adịghị ele ojiji ya anya dị ka ihe kpatara ọnwụ. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ha - gụnyere caffeine - nwere ike inye aka melite ahụike n'ozuzu dịka, n'onwe ya na n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè, ahụike anụ ahụ na ahụike uche ma ọ bụ n'ofe ma ọ bụ na mpaghara ụfọdụ nke nchịkwa maara ihe.

Ịṅụ sịga bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọnwụ a na-egbochi na United States. Ọ bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọtụtụ ọrịa kansa, ọrịa obi, ọrịa strok, na ọrịa iku ume.^[31]

Ịṅụ sịga na-ezo aka na ịṅụ sịga nke ngwaahịa ụtaba. E-siga na-ewetakwa nnukwu ihe ize ndụ maka ahụike.^[32] Mmetụta ahụike nke ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ na-ese siga dị ka ahịhịa dị iche iche na ojiji Ihe nzacha icheku ọkụ ^[33] na-enyocha nke ọma, na nyocha dị ugbu a na-atụ aro naanị uru ole na ole karịa ịṅụ sịga.^[34] Ụfọdụ ndị na-ese siga nwere ike irite uru site na ịgbanwee na vaporizer dị ka ihe Mbelata mmerụ ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na ha ahapụghị, nke nwekwara obere ihe akaebe siri ike. ^[35]^[36]^[37] Ugboro ole a na-eji ya eme ihe bụ isi ihe na ọkwa nke ihe ize ndụ ^[32] ma ọ bụ na-adịgide adịgide na oke mmetụta ahụike.

Nnyocha chọpụtara na ịṅụ sịga na ịṅụ anwụrụ ọkụ bụ ihe kpatara ọnwụ zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka mmetọ, nke na nyocha ahụ bụ isi ihe kpatara ya.^[22]

N'ụwa niile, iji mmanya na-aba n'anya bụ ihe ize ndụ nke asaa maka ọnwụ na DALY na 2016. Nnyocha chọpụtara na "ihe ize ndụ nke ọnwụ niile, na nke ọrịa kansa kpọmkwem, na-arị elu na ọkwa na-arịwanye elu nke oriri, na ọkwa oriri nke na-ebelata ọnwụ ahụike bụ efu".^[38]

Okpomọkụ na-adịghị mma

Nnyocha chọpụtara na 9.4% nke ọnwụ zuru ụwa ọnụ n'etiti afọ 2000 na 2019 - ~ nde 5 kwa afọ - nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi oke okpomọkụ na ndị metụtara oyi na-eme ka òkè ka ukwuu ma na-ebelata na ndị metụtara okpomọkụ mejupụtara ~ 0.91% ma na-abawanye. Mmetụta nke nkụchi obi, nkwụsị obi na ọrịa strok na-abawanye n'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ.^[39]^[40]

Igbochi nje

Na nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kọrọ, dabere na ndekọ ahụike, na Igbochi ọgwụ nje nwere ike inye aka na ~ 4.95 nde (3.62-6.57) ọnwụ na 2019, na nde 1.3 kpọmkwem - nke ikpeazụ bụ ihe karịrị ọnwụ karịa site na ihe atụ AIDS ma ọ bụ ịba ụba, ^[41] ^[42] n'agbanyeghị na a na-eme atụmatụ ịrị elu nke ukwuu.^[43]

Ọrịa ndị na-efe efe, ahụike n'ozuzu, ihe ndị metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọrịa na-efefe

Ọrịa ndị na-adị n'otu oge nwere ike ma ọ bụghị na ha na-enye aka n'ọnwụ ^[44] na ogo dị iche iche n'ụzọ dị iche iche.

N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, comorbidities nwere ike ịbụ isi ihe kpatara usoro dị mgbagwoju anya, na ọtụtụ comorbidity nwere ike ịdị otu ugboro.^[45]

Pandemics^[46]^[47] and infectious diseases or epidemics can be major underlying causes of deaths. In a small study of 26 decedents, the pandemized COVID-19 and infection-related disease were "major contributors" to patients' death.^[3] Such deaths are sometimes evaluated via excess deaths per capita – the COVID-19 pandemic deaths between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2021, are estimated to be ~18.2 million. Research could help distinguish the proportions directly caused by COVID-19 from those caused by indirect consequences of the pandemic.^[48]^[49]

Nsogbu ahụike uche na nsogbu ndị metụtara ya dịka ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ^[50] na / ma ọ bụ ojiji dị iche iche nke ọgwụ usoro akwara nwere ike inye aka na ihe ndị dị ka igbu onwe ^[51] ^[52] ma ọ bụ ọnwụ metụtara omume dị ize ndụ.

Ịdị naanị gị ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta mmekọrịta na-ezughị ezu bụkwa isi ihe dị n'okpuru, nke nwere ike iji tụnyere ịṅụ sịga ma, dịka otu nyocha meta nke ọmụmụ 148, "karịrị ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ a ma ama maka ọnwụ (dịka, oke ibu, enweghị ọrụ anụ ahụ) ".^[53] Mmerụ ahụ na ime ihe ike bụ "ihe kachasị akpata ọnwụ n'etiti ụmụaka, ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, na ndị okenye na-eto eto na US" na ihe ize ndụ ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere "obodo na-emebi emebi, ezinụlọ, ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ onwe onye" nke na-eme ka ohere ime ihe ike dịkwuo elu. Ụdị usoro mgbochi nwere ike ịgụnye nkwado nke "mmepe ahụike nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, ezinụlọ, ụlọ akwụkwọ, na obodo, na iwulite ikike maka mmekọrịta na mmekọrịta dị mma".[ing]^[54]

Ihe ndị na-eme ka ndụ dị ndụ ^[55] - gụnyere enweghị ọrụ, ^[56] na ịṅụ sịga na ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè, ^[57] iri nri dị mma ^[58] - na / ma ọ bụ ahụike n'ozuzu - gụnyere ahụike karịa nri dị mma na ibu na-adịghị - nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara ọnwụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na nnwale nke ndị okenye US, ~ 9.9% ọnwụ nke ndị okenye dị afọ 40 ruo 69 na ~ 7.8% ndị okenye dị ndụ 70 ma ọ bụ karịa ka a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ọkwa na-ezughị ezu nke mmega ahụ.^[59]

Dị ka omenala si dị, a naghị ele ịka nká anya dị ka ihe na-akpata ọnwụ. Ekwenyere na enwere ihe kpatara ya mgbe niile, ọ na-abụkarị otu n'ime ọtụtụ ọrịa metụtara afọ. A na-eme atụmatụ na, dị ka ihe kpatara ya, usoro ịka nká na-eme ka 2/3 nke ọnwụ niile dị n'ụwa (ihe dị ka 100,000 mmadụ kwa ụbọchị na 2007). Na mba ndị mepere emepe nke ukwuu, ọnụ ọgụgụ a nwere ike iru pasent 90.^[60] A na-arịọ arịrịọ maka inye ịka nká ọnọdụ nke ọrịa na ịgwọ ya ozugbo (dị ka site na mgbanwe nri na senolytics). ^[61] ^[62]^[63]^[64]^[65]

↑ (December 2022) "Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019" (in English). Lancet 400 (10369): 2221–2248. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02185-7. PMID 36423648.
↑ Cause of Death. UC Atlas of Global Inequality. University of California, Santa Cruz (February 18, 2004). Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved on 2014-06-09.
1 2 (February 2021) "Causes of death and comorbidities in hospitalized patients with COVID-19". Scientific Reports 11 (1). DOI:10.1038/s41598-021-82862-5. PMID 33608563.
↑ Cause of death (en). www.who.int. Retrieved on July 7, 2022.
↑ Mortality In Second And Third Degree Malnutrition. Tropej.oxfordjournals.org (June 3, 2014). Archived from the original on 2016-01-31. Retrieved on 2014-06-09.
↑ (January 24, 2014) "The effects of malnutrition on child mortality in developing countries". Bulletin of the World Health Organization 73 (4): 443–448. PMID 7554015.
↑ (June 1974) "Some effects of malnutrition on the immune response in man". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 27 (6): 638–646. DOI:10.1093/ajcn/27.6.638. PMID 4208451.
↑ (October 2009) "Protein energy malnutrition". Pediatric Clinics of North America 56 (5): 1055–1068. DOI:10.1016/j.pcl.2009.07.001. PMID 19931063.
↑ Stay informed today. "Malnutrition: The starvelings", The Economist, January 24, 2008. Retrieved on 2014-06-09.
↑ (2007) L'Empire de la honte (in fr). Librairie générale française. ISBN 978-2-253-12115-2. OCLC 470722796.
↑ Fact sheets - Malnutrition (en). www.who.int. Retrieved on July 7, 2022.
↑ (2017) "The Metabolic Phenotype in Obesity: Fat Mass, Body Fat Distribution, and Adipose Tissue Function". Obesity Facts 10 (3): 207–215. DOI:10.1159/000471488. PMID 28564650.
↑ (March 2019) "Obesity and cancer risk: Emerging biological mechanisms and perspectives". Metabolism 92: 121–135. DOI:10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.001. PMID 30445141.
↑ (March 2021) "Physical activity, obesity and sedentary behavior in cancer etiology: epidemiologic evidence and biologic mechanisms". Molecular Oncology 15 (3): 790–800. DOI:10.1002/1878-0261.12772. PMID 32741068.
↑ (November 2021) "Obesity, Diabetes, and Increased Cancer Progression" (in English). Diabetes & Metabolism Journal 45 (6): 799–812. DOI:10.4093/dmj.2021.0077. PMID 34847640.
↑ (September 2020) "Central fatness and risk of all cause mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 72 prospective cohort studies". BMJ 370. DOI:10.1136/bmj.m3324. PMID 32967840.
↑ (May 2021) "Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association". Circulation 143 (21): e984–e1010. DOI:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000973. PMID 33882682.
1 2 "WHO warns of worsening obesity 'epidemic' in Europe", UN News, May 3, 2022. Retrieved on July 6, 2022. (in en)
↑ (August 2017) "The rising prevalence of obesity: part B-public health policy solutions". International Journal of Surgery. Oncology 2 (7). DOI:10.1097/ij9.0000000000000019. PMID 29177229.
↑ (February 2022) "Estimating impact of food choices on life expectancy: A modeling study". PLOS Medicine 19 (2). DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003889. PMID 35134067. Lay summary: "Changing your diet could add up to a decade to life expectancy, study finds", Public Library of Science. Retrieved on March 16, 2022. (in en)
↑ (April 2022) "Nutrition, longevity and disease: From molecular mechanisms to interventions" (in English). Cell 185 (9): 1455–1470. DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.002. PMID 35487190.
1 2 "Pollution killing 9 million people a year, Africa hardest hit – study", Reuters, May 18, 2022. Retrieved on June 23, 2022. (in en)
↑ (June 2022) "Pollution and health: a progress update". The Lancet. Planetary Health 6 (6): e535–e547. DOI:10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0. PMID 35594895.
↑ 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution. WHO (March 25, 2014). Archived from the original on March 26, 2014. Retrieved on March 25, 2014.
↑ Energy and Air Pollution. Iea.org. Archived from the original on October 11, 2019. Retrieved on March 12, 2019.
↑ "Study Links 6.5 Million Deaths Each Year to Air Pollution", The New York Times, June 26, 2016. Retrieved on June 27, 2016.
↑ (September 2020) "Loss of life expectancy from air pollution compared to other risk factors: a worldwide perspective". Cardiovascular Research 116 (11): 1910–1917. DOI:10.1093/cvr/cvaa025. PMID 32123898.
↑ Opioid overdose (en). www.who.int. Retrieved on July 10, 2022.
↑ Understanding the Opioid Overdose Epidemic | CDC's Response to the Opioid Overdose Epidemic | CDC (en-us). www.cdc.gov (June 1, 2022). Retrieved on July 10, 2022.
↑ (May 1, 2011) "Pharmacological treatments for cocaine dependence: is there something new?". Current Pharmaceutical Design 17 (14): 1359–1368. DOI:10.2174/138161211796150873. PMID 21524259.
↑ (April 2019) "Smoking-attributable mortality by cause of death in the United States: An indirect approach". SSM – Population Health 7. DOI:10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100349. PMID 30723766.
1 2 Tobacco: E-cigarettes (en). www.who.int. Retrieved on July 10, 2022.
↑ (April 2008) "Could charcoal filtration of cigarette smoke reduce smoking-induced disease? A review of the literature". Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 50 (3): 359–365. DOI:10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.01.001. PMID 18289753.
↑ (September 2006) "Influence of smoking charcoal filter tipped cigarettes on various biomarkers of exposure". Inhalation Toxicology 18 (10): 821–829. DOI:10.1080/08958370600747945. PMID 16774872.
↑ (November 2015) "Mull it over: cannabis vaporizers and harm reduction". Addiction 110 (11): 1709–1710. DOI:10.1111/add.13139. PMID 26471154.
↑ (February 2018) "Routes of administration for cannabis use - basic prevalence and related health outcomes: A scoping review and synthesis". The International Journal on Drug Policy 52: 87–96. DOI:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.11.008. PMID 29277082.
↑ (November 2018) "Peering Through the Haze of Smoked vs Vaporized Cannabis-To Vape or Not to Vape?". JAMA Network Open 1 (7): e184838. DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.4838. PMID 30646385.
↑ (September 2018) "Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016" (in English). Lancet 392 (10152): 1015–1035. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2. PMID 30146330.
↑ "Extreme temperatures kill 5 million people a year with heat-related deaths rising, study finds", The Guardian, July 7, 2021. Retrieved on August 14, 2021. (in en)
↑ (July 2021) "Global, regional, and national burden of mortality associated with non-optimal ambient temperatures from 2000 to 2019: a three-stage modelling study" (in English). The Lancet. Planetary Health 5 (7): e415–e425. DOI:10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00081-4. PMID 34245712.
↑ "Antibiotic resistance killed more people than malaria or AIDS in 2019", New Scientist. Retrieved on February 12, 2022.
↑ (February 2022) "Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis" (in English). Lancet 399 (10325): 629–655. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0. PMID 35065702.
↑ "'Superbugs' a far greater risk than Covid in Pacific, scientist warns", The Guardian, September 10, 2020. Retrieved on 2020-09-14. (in en-GB)
↑ (July 2004) "Medical Certification of Cause of Death". Medical Journal, Armed Forces India 60 (3): 261–272. DOI:10.1016/S0377-1237(04)80060-1. PMID 27407646.
↑ (December 2006) "Mortality in COPD: Role of comorbidities". The European Respiratory Journal 28 (6): 1245–1257. DOI:10.1183/09031936.00133805. PMID 17138679.
↑ (April 2021) "Place and Underlying Cause of Death During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Retrospective Cohort Study of 3.5 Million Deaths in England and Wales, 2014 to 2020". Mayo Clinic Proceedings 96 (4): 952–963. DOI:10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.02.007. PMID 33714592.
↑ (January 2021) "Cardiovascular Deaths During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States". Journal of the American College of Cardiology 77 (2): 159–169. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.10.055. PMID 33446309.
↑ (March 2022) "COVID's true death toll: much higher than official records". Nature 603 (7902). DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-00708-0. PMID 35277684.
↑ (April 2022) "Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020-21" (in English). Lancet 399 (10334): 1513–1536. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3. PMID 35279232.
↑ (August 2022) "Suicide and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan". Journal of Public Health 44 (3): 541–548. DOI:10.1093/pubmed/fdab113. PMID 33855451.
↑ (October 2007) "Suicide-associated comorbidity among US males and females: a multiple cause-of-death analysis". Injury Prevention 13 (5): 311–315. DOI:10.1136/ip.2007.015230. PMID 17916887.
↑ (January 2008) "Youth suicide prevention". CMAJ 178 (3): 282–285. DOI:10.1503/cmaj.071315. PMID 18227445.
↑ (July 2010) "Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review". PLOS Medicine 7 (7). DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316. PMID 20668659.
↑ (September 2016) "Communities are not all created equal: Strategies to prevent violence affecting youth in the United States". Journal of Public Health Policy 37 (Suppl 1): 81–94. DOI:10.1057/s41271-016-0005-4. PMID 27638244.
↑ Lifestyle Risk Factors | Tracking | NCEH | CDC (en-us). www.cdc.gov (August 31, 2021). Retrieved on July 8, 2022.
↑ (March 2018) "Percentage of Deaths Associated With Inadequate Physical Activity in the United States" (in en-us). Preventing Chronic Disease 15: E38. DOI:10.5888/pcd18.170354. PMID 29602315.
↑ (April 2009) "The preventable causes of death in the United States: comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors". PLOS Medicine 6 (4). DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000058. PMID 19399161.
↑ (July 2012) "Healthy lifestyle behaviors and all-cause mortality among adults in the United States". Preventive Medicine 55 (1): 23–27. DOI:10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.04.016. PMID 22564893.
↑ (March 2018) "Percentage of Deaths Associated With Inadequate Physical Activity in the United States" (in en-us). Preventing Chronic Disease 15: E38. DOI:10.5888/pcd18.170354. PMID 29602315.
↑ (2007) "Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations". Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology 1 (1, Article 5). DOI:10.2202/1941-6008.1011. Retrieved on August 7, 2011.
↑ (October 4, 2015) "Classifying aging as a disease in the context of ICD-11". Frontiers in Genetics 6. DOI:10.3389/fgene.2015.00326. PMID 26583032.
↑ (October 2017) "Recognizing Degenerative Aging as a Treatable Medical Condition: Methodology and Policy". Aging and Disease 8 (5): 583–589. DOI:10.14336/AD.2017.0130. PMID 28966803.
↑ The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology (August 2018). "Opening the door to treating ageing as a disease". The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology 6 (8). DOI:10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30214-6. PMID 30053981.
↑ (November 2019) "To help aging populations, classify organismal senescence". Science 366 (6465): 576–578. DOI:10.1126/science.aay7319. PMID 31672885.
↑ (July 2020) "Aging Fits the Disease Criteria of the International Classification of Diseases". Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 189. DOI:10.1016/j.mad.2020.111230. PMID 32251691.

Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba na iwu

^{Ihe na-esonụ bụ ndepụta nke ihe na-akpata ọnwụ mmadụ n'ụwa niile maka afọ dị iche iche nke a haziri site na ọnụọgụ ọnwụ ha. Ihe ụfọdụ na-akpata ya gụnyere ọnwụ ndị a gụnyere na ihe ndị ọzọ na-akpali akpali, a na-ewepụkwa ihe ụfọdụ kpatara ya, yabụ pasentị nwere ike ịba naanị ihe dịka 100%. Ihe ndị e depụtara bụ ihe ndị na-akpata ahụike ozugbo, mana enwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara ọnwụ n'ụzọ dị iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịṅụ sịga na-akpatakarị ọrịa akpa ume ma ọ bụ ọrịa kansa, na nsogbu ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya nwere ike ịkpata nkụchi imeju ma ọ bụ ihe mberede ụgbọala. Maka ọnụ ọgụgụ banyere ihe ndị a na-egbochi, lee ihe ndị a ga-egbochi ọnwụ.}

Enwere ike inyocha ihe ndị dị n'okpuru ihe kpatara (ma ọ bụ isi ihe na-enye aka) ọnwụ ma nwee ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe "a na-egbochi" na ihe ndị ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Global Burden of Disease Studies dị iche iche na-enyocha ihe ndị dị otú ahụ ma na-atụle mmepe ndị na-adịbeghị anya - otu nyocha dị otú ahụ nyochara Ọganihu (na-abụghị) na ọrịa kansa na ihe kpatara ya n'ime afọ iri nke 2010-19, na-egosi na 2019, ~ 44% nke ọnwụ ọrịa kansa niile - ma ọ bụ ~ 4.5 M ma ọ bụ $ 105 nde ndị nwere nkwarụ - bụ afọ ndụ - bụ n'ihi ihe ndị a maara nke ọma, nke a na-eduga site na ịṅụ sịga, iji mmanya na BMI dị elu.^[1]

Ihe ndekọ ahụike eletrọniki, ^[2] ^[3] ^[4] asambodo ọnwụ ^[5] ^[6] ^[7] ^[8] yana nyocha post-mortem (dị ka post-mortaem computed tomography na ọrịa ndị ọzọ) ^[9] nwere ike ma na-ejikarị ya eme ihe iji nyochaa ihe kpatara ọnwụ dịka maka ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ, [5] [6] nke metụtara nyocha ọganihu.^[10]^[11]^[12] Mmeziwanye na akụkọ a, ebe dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọrịa ụfọdụ na-akọkarị akụkọ na-ezighị ezi ma ọ bụ nkwupụta kpatara ọnwụ (COD) ezighi ezi, nwere ike imeziwanye ahụike ọha na eze.^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17] Otu ihe kpatara nke a bụ na site na "echiche ahụike ọha na eze, igbochi ọrịa mbụ a ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ ga-ebute uru ahụike kachasị ukwuu".^[12]

Site na mba

United States

Site n'afọ ndụ (U.S.)

Ndị na-ebute ọnwụ na United States, dị ka pasent nke ọnwụ na ọgbọ ọ bụla.^[19] Ọnwụ nwa oge (<1 afọ) anaghị adaba na nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a.

Site n'ebe obibi (U.S.)

Na nkezi nke ọnwụ 123.6 kwa 100,000 site na 2003 ruo 2010 ọrụ kachasị ize ndụ na United States bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ewu Ụlọ elu cell.^[20]

Hụkwa

Edensibia

Njikọ mpụga

1 2 3 (August 2022) "The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019" (in English). Lancet 400 (10352): 563–591. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6. PMID 35988567.
↑ (June 2021) "Validating reported cause of death using integrated electronic health records from a nation-wide database". Journal of Public Health 43 (2): 341–347. DOI:10.1093/pubmed/fdz146. PMID 31774532.
↑ (July 2020) "Causes of Death and Cardiovascular Comorbidities in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease". Journal of the American Heart Association 9 (14). DOI:10.1161/JAHA.119.016400. PMID 32654582.
↑ (February 2022) "Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis" (in English). Lancet 399 (10325): 629–655. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0. PMID 35065702.
↑ (June 2015) "Principles and Pitfalls: a Guide to Death Certification". Clinical Medicine & Research 13 (2): 74–82. DOI:10.3121/cmr.2015.1276. PMID 26185270.
↑ (July 2004) "Medical Certification of Cause of Death". Medical Journal, Armed Forces India 60 (3): 261–272. DOI:10.1016/S0377-1237(04)80060-1. PMID 27407646.
↑ Underlying Cause of Death, 1999-2020 Request. wonder.cdc.gov. Retrieved on July 7, 2022.
↑ Underlying and Multiple Cause of Death Codes. Retrieved on July 7, 2022.
↑ (July 2020) "Added value of post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) to clinical findings for cause of death determination in adult "natural deaths"". International Journal of Legal Medicine 134 (4): 1457–1463. DOI:10.1007/s00414-019-02219-6. PMID 31853676.
↑ ICD - ICD-10 - International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (en-us). www.cdc.gov (December 29, 2021). Retrieved on July 7, 2022.
↑ "When the Death Certificate Omits the True Cause of Death", The New York Times, February 14, 2022. Retrieved on July 7, 2022.
1 2 Guidance for doctors completing medical certificates of cause of death in England and Wales (accessible version) (en). GOV.UK. Retrieved on July 7, 2022.
↑ Death certificates may not adequately report dementia as cause of death (en). National Institute on Aging (October 15, 2020). Archived from the original on October 17, 2020. Retrieved on July 7, 2022.
↑ (November 2017) "Death Certification Errors and the Effect on Mortality Statistics". Public Health Reports 132 (6): 669–675. DOI:10.1177/0033354917736514. PMID 29091542.
↑ (August 2021) "Common errors in reporting cause-of-death statement on death certificates: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 82. DOI:10.1016/j.jflm.2021.102220. PMID 34325081.
↑ Reporting Cause of Death: Quick Reference. Retrieved on July 7, 2022.
↑ "Certified causes of death inaccurate in fifth of cases, study suggests", The Guardian, December 2, 2012. Retrieved on July 8, 2022. (in en)
↑ Leading causes of death by age group: 2018, Both sexes, All ages, All races. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (2018).
1 2 3 (September 2002) "Deaths: final data for 2000". National Vital Statistics Reports 50 (15): 1–119. PMID 12382630.
↑ Methodology: How We Calculated the Tower Industry Death Rate (May 21, 2012).
↑ National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2006. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved on 2014-06-09.

[1] WHO (2005). Cancer. Archived from the original on May 18, 2020.

[2] (December 2012) "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet 380 (9859): 2095–2128. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. PMID 23245604.

[3] The top 10 causes of death. www.who.int.

[4] The top 10 causes of death (en). www.who.int. Retrieved on 2024-08-12.

[Ikuta_2022-5] (December 2022) "Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019" (in English). Lancet 400 (10369): 2221–2248. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02185-7. PMID 36423648.

[6] Cause of Death. UC Atlas of Global Inequality. University of California, Santa Cruz (February 18, 2004). Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved on 2014-06-09.

[10.1038/s41598-021-82862-5-7] 1 2 (February 2021) "Causes of death and comorbidities in hospitalized patients with COVID-19". Scientific Reports 11 (1). DOI:10.1038/s41598-021-82862-5. PMID 33608563.

[8] Cause of death (en). www.who.int. Retrieved on July 7, 2022.

[9] Mortality In Second And Third Degree Malnutrition. Tropej.oxfordjournals.org (June 3, 2014). Archived from the original on 2016-01-31. Retrieved on 2014-06-09.

[10] (January 24, 2014) "The effects of malnutrition on child mortality in developing countries". Bulletin of the World Health Organization 73 (4): 443–448. PMID 7554015.

[11] (June 1974) "Some effects of malnutrition on the immune response in man". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 27 (6): 638–646. DOI:10.1093/ajcn/27.6.638. PMID 4208451.

[12] (October 2009) "Protein energy malnutrition". Pediatric Clinics of North America 56 (5): 1055–1068. DOI:10.1016/j.pcl.2009.07.001. PMID 19931063.

[13] Stay informed today. "Malnutrition: The starvelings", The Economist, January 24, 2008. Retrieved on 2014-06-09.

[14] (2007) L'Empire de la honte (in fr). Librairie générale française. ISBN 978-2-253-12115-2. OCLC 470722796.

[15] Fact sheets - Malnutrition (en). www.who.int. Retrieved on July 7, 2022.

[16] (2017) "The Metabolic Phenotype in Obesity: Fat Mass, Body Fat Distribution, and Adipose Tissue Function". Obesity Facts 10 (3): 207–215. DOI:10.1159/000471488. PMID 28564650.

[17] (March 2019) "Obesity and cancer risk: Emerging biological mechanisms and perspectives". Metabolism 92: 121–135. DOI:10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.001. PMID 30445141.

[18] (March 2021) "Physical activity, obesity and sedentary behavior in cancer etiology: epidemiologic evidence and biologic mechanisms". Molecular Oncology 15 (3): 790–800. DOI:10.1002/1878-0261.12772. PMID 32741068.

[19] (November 2021) "Obesity, Diabetes, and Increased Cancer Progression" (in English). Diabetes & Metabolism Journal 45 (6): 799–812. DOI:10.4093/dmj.2021.0077. PMID 34847640.

[20] (September 2020) "Central fatness and risk of all cause mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 72 prospective cohort studies". BMJ 370. DOI:10.1136/bmj.m3324. PMID 32967840.

[21] (May 2021) "Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association". Circulation 143 (21): e984–e1010. DOI:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000973. PMID 33882682.

[un-obesity-22] 1 2 "WHO warns of worsening obesity 'epidemic' in Europe", UN News, May 3, 2022. Retrieved on July 6, 2022. (in en)

[23] (August 2017) "The rising prevalence of obesity: part B-public health policy solutions". International Journal of Surgery. Oncology 2 (7). DOI:10.1097/ij9.0000000000000019. PMID 29177229.

[10.1371/journal.pmed.1003889-24] (February 2022) "Estimating impact of food choices on life expectancy: A modeling study". PLOS Medicine 19 (2). DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003889. PMID 35134067. Lay summary: "Changing your diet could add up to a decade to life expectancy, study finds", Public Library of Science. Retrieved on March 16, 2022. (in en)

[10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.002-25] (April 2022) "Nutrition, longevity and disease: From molecular mechanisms to interventions" (in English). Cell 185 (9): 1455–1470. DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.002. PMID 35487190.

[10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0-26] 1 2 "Pollution killing 9 million people a year, Africa hardest hit – study", Reuters, May 18, 2022. Retrieved on June 23, 2022. (in en)

[27] (June 2022) "Pollution and health: a progress update". The Lancet. Planetary Health 6 (6): e535–e547. DOI:10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0. PMID 35594895.

[WHO2014-28] 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution. WHO (March 25, 2014). Archived from the original on March 26, 2014. Retrieved on March 25, 2014.

[29] Energy and Air Pollution. Iea.org. Archived from the original on October 11, 2019. Retrieved on March 12, 2019.

[iea-nyt-30] "Study Links 6.5 Million Deaths Each Year to Air Pollution", The New York Times, June 26, 2016. Retrieved on June 27, 2016.

[Lelieveld_2020-31] (September 2020) "Loss of life expectancy from air pollution compared to other risk factors: a worldwide perspective". Cardiovascular Research 116 (11): 1910–1917. DOI:10.1093/cvr/cvaa025. PMID 32123898.

[32] Opioid overdose (en). www.who.int. Retrieved on July 10, 2022.

[33] Understanding the Opioid Overdose Epidemic | CDC's Response to the Opioid Overdose Epidemic | CDC (en-us). www.cdc.gov (June 1, 2022). Retrieved on July 10, 2022.

[34] (May 1, 2011) "Pharmacological treatments for cocaine dependence: is there something new?". Current Pharmaceutical Design 17 (14): 1359–1368. DOI:10.2174/138161211796150873. PMID 21524259.

[35] (April 2019) "Smoking-attributable mortality by cause of death in the United States: An indirect approach". SSM – Population Health 7. DOI:10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100349. PMID 30723766.

[whoecig-36] 1 2 Tobacco: E-cigarettes (en). www.who.int. Retrieved on July 10, 2022.

[37] (April 2008) "Could charcoal filtration of cigarette smoke reduce smoking-induced disease? A review of the literature". Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 50 (3): 359–365. DOI:10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.01.001. PMID 18289753.

[38] (September 2006) "Influence of smoking charcoal filter tipped cigarettes on various biomarkers of exposure". Inhalation Toxicology 18 (10): 821–829. DOI:10.1080/08958370600747945. PMID 16774872.

[39] (November 2015) "Mull it over: cannabis vaporizers and harm reduction". Addiction 110 (11): 1709–1710. DOI:10.1111/add.13139. PMID 26471154.

[40] (February 2018) "Routes of administration for cannabis use - basic prevalence and related health outcomes: A scoping review and synthesis". The International Journal on Drug Policy 52: 87–96. DOI:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.11.008. PMID 29277082.

[41] (November 2018) "Peering Through the Haze of Smoked vs Vaporized Cannabis-To Vape or Not to Vape?". JAMA Network Open 1 (7): e184838. DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.4838. PMID 30646385.

[42] (September 2018) "Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016" (in English). Lancet 392 (10152): 1015–1035. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2. PMID 30146330.

[43] "Extreme temperatures kill 5 million people a year with heat-related deaths rising, study finds", The Guardian, July 7, 2021. Retrieved on August 14, 2021. (in en)

[44] (July 2021) "Global, regional, and national burden of mortality associated with non-optimal ambient temperatures from 2000 to 2019: a three-stage modelling study" (in English). The Lancet. Planetary Health 5 (7): e415–e425. DOI:10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00081-4. PMID 34245712.

[45] "Antibiotic resistance killed more people than malaria or AIDS in 2019", New Scientist. Retrieved on February 12, 2022.

[10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0-46] (February 2022) "Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis" (in English). Lancet 399 (10325): 629–655. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0. PMID 35065702.

[47] "'Superbugs' a far greater risk than Covid in Pacific, scientist warns", The Guardian, September 10, 2020. Retrieved on 2020-09-14. (in en-GB)

[10.1016/S0377-1237(04)80060-1-48] (July 2004) "Medical Certification of Cause of Death". Medical Journal, Armed Forces India 60 (3): 261–272. DOI:10.1016/S0377-1237(04)80060-1. PMID 27407646.

[49] (December 2006) "Mortality in COPD: Role of comorbidities". The European Respiratory Journal 28 (6): 1245–1257. DOI:10.1183/09031936.00133805. PMID 17138679.

[50] (April 2021) "Place and Underlying Cause of Death During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Retrospective Cohort Study of 3.5 Million Deaths in England and Wales, 2014 to 2020". Mayo Clinic Proceedings 96 (4): 952–963. DOI:10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.02.007. PMID 33714592.

[51] (January 2021) "Cardiovascular Deaths During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States". Journal of the American College of Cardiology 77 (2): 159–169. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.10.055. PMID 33446309.

[52] (March 2022) "COVID's true death toll: much higher than official records". Nature 603 (7902). DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-00708-0. PMID 35277684.

[53] (April 2022) "Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020-21" (in English). Lancet 399 (10334): 1513–1536. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3. PMID 35279232.

[54] (August 2022) "Suicide and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan". Journal of Public Health 44 (3): 541–548. DOI:10.1093/pubmed/fdab113. PMID 33855451.

[55] (October 2007) "Suicide-associated comorbidity among US males and females: a multiple cause-of-death analysis". Injury Prevention 13 (5): 311–315. DOI:10.1136/ip.2007.015230. PMID 17916887.

[56] (January 2008) "Youth suicide prevention". CMAJ 178 (3): 282–285. DOI:10.1503/cmaj.071315. PMID 18227445.

[57] (July 2010) "Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review". PLOS Medicine 7 (7). DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316. PMID 20668659.

[58] (September 2016) "Communities are not all created equal: Strategies to prevent violence affecting youth in the United States". Journal of Public Health Policy 37 (Suppl 1): 81–94. DOI:10.1057/s41271-016-0005-4. PMID 27638244.

[59] Lifestyle Risk Factors | Tracking | NCEH | CDC (en-us). www.cdc.gov (August 31, 2021). Retrieved on July 8, 2022.

[60] (March 2018) "Percentage of Deaths Associated With Inadequate Physical Activity in the United States" (in en-us). Preventing Chronic Disease 15: E38. DOI:10.5888/pcd18.170354. PMID 29602315.

[61] (April 2009) "The preventable causes of death in the United States: comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors". PLOS Medicine 6 (4). DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000058. PMID 19399161.

[62] (July 2012) "Healthy lifestyle behaviors and all-cause mortality among adults in the United States". Preventive Medicine 55 (1): 23–27. DOI:10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.04.016. PMID 22564893.

[63] (March 2018) "Percentage of Deaths Associated With Inadequate Physical Activity in the United States" (in en-us). Preventing Chronic Disease 15: E38. DOI:10.5888/pcd18.170354. PMID 29602315.

[64] (2007) "Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations". Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology 1 (1, Article 5). DOI:10.2202/1941-6008.1011. Retrieved on August 7, 2011.

[65] (October 4, 2015) "Classifying aging as a disease in the context of ICD-11". Frontiers in Genetics 6. DOI:10.3389/fgene.2015.00326. PMID 26583032.

[66] (October 2017) "Recognizing Degenerative Aging as a Treatable Medical Condition: Methodology and Policy". Aging and Disease 8 (5): 583–589. DOI:10.14336/AD.2017.0130. PMID 28966803.

[67] The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology (August 2018). "Opening the door to treating ageing as a disease". The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology 6 (8). DOI:10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30214-6. PMID 30053981.

[68] (November 2019) "To help aging populations, classify organismal senescence". Science 366 (6465): 576–578. DOI:10.1126/science.aay7319. PMID 31672885.

[69] (July 2020) "Aging Fits the Disease Criteria of the International Classification of Diseases". Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 189. DOI:10.1016/j.mad.2020.111230. PMID 32251691.

[10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6-70] 1 2 3 (August 2022) "The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019" (in English). Lancet 400 (10352): 563–591. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6. PMID 35988567.

[71] (June 2021) "Validating reported cause of death using integrated electronic health records from a nation-wide database". Journal of Public Health 43 (2): 341–347. DOI:10.1093/pubmed/fdz146. PMID 31774532.

[72] (July 2020) "Causes of Death and Cardiovascular Comorbidities in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease". Journal of the American Heart Association 9 (14). DOI:10.1161/JAHA.119.016400. PMID 32654582.

[10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0-73] (February 2022) "Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis" (in English). Lancet 399 (10325): 629–655. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0. PMID 35065702.

[74] (June 2015) "Principles and Pitfalls: a Guide to Death Certification". Clinical Medicine & Research 13 (2): 74–82. DOI:10.3121/cmr.2015.1276. PMID 26185270.

[10.1016/S0377-1237(04)80060-1-75] (July 2004) "Medical Certification of Cause of Death". Medical Journal, Armed Forces India 60 (3): 261–272. DOI:10.1016/S0377-1237(04)80060-1. PMID 27407646.

[76] Underlying Cause of Death, 1999-2020 Request. wonder.cdc.gov. Retrieved on July 7, 2022.

[77] Underlying and Multiple Cause of Death Codes. Retrieved on July 7, 2022.

[78] (July 2020) "Added value of post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) to clinical findings for cause of death determination in adult "natural deaths"". International Journal of Legal Medicine 134 (4): 1457–1463. DOI:10.1007/s00414-019-02219-6. PMID 31853676.

[79] ICD - ICD-10 - International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (en-us). www.cdc.gov (December 29, 2021). Retrieved on July 7, 2022.

[80] "When the Death Certificate Omits the True Cause of Death", The New York Times, February 14, 2022. Retrieved on July 7, 2022.

[govguid-81] 1 2 Guidance for doctors completing medical certificates of cause of death in England and Wales (accessible version) (en). GOV.UK. Retrieved on July 7, 2022.

[82] Death certificates may not adequately report dementia as cause of death (en). National Institute on Aging (October 15, 2020). Archived from the original on October 17, 2020. Retrieved on July 7, 2022.

[83] (November 2017) "Death Certification Errors and the Effect on Mortality Statistics". Public Health Reports 132 (6): 669–675. DOI:10.1177/0033354917736514. PMID 29091542.

[84] (August 2021) "Common errors in reporting cause-of-death statement on death certificates: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 82. DOI:10.1016/j.jflm.2021.102220. PMID 34325081.

[85] Reporting Cause of Death: Quick Reference. Retrieved on July 7, 2022.

[86] "Certified causes of death inaccurate in fifth of cases, study suggests", The Guardian, December 2, 2012. Retrieved on July 8, 2022. (in en)

[cdc2018-87] Leading causes of death by age group: 2018, Both sexes, All ages, All races. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (2018).

[cdc2002-88] 1 2 3 (September 2002) "Deaths: final data for 2000". National Vital Statistics Reports 50 (15): 1–119. PMID 12382630.

[89] Methodology: How We Calculated the Tower Industry Death Rate (May 21, 2012).

[bls2006-90] National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2006. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved on 2014-06-09.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]