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Neodymium

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Neodym

Neodymium bụ kemịkalụ; ọ nwere akara Nd na nọmba atọm 60. Ọ bụ onye nke anọ n'ime usoro lanthanide ma a na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ọla ndị dị ụkọ. Ọ bụ ígwè siri ike, nke a na-agbatịtụ, ọlaọcha nke na-emebi ngwa ngwa na ikuku na mmiri. Mgbe oxidized, neodymium na-emeghachi omume ngwa ngwa, na-emepụta pink, purple / blue, na yellow compounds na +2, +3 na +4 oxidation states. A na-ewere ya n'ozuzu ya dị ka nke nwere otu n'ime ihe ndị dị mgbagwoju anya.[1] Neodymium chọpụtara na 1885 site n'aka onye Austria na-emepụta kemịkal Carl Auer von Welsbach, onye chọpụtakwara praseodymium. Neodymium dị n'ọtụtụ na mineral monazite na bastnäsite. A naghị ahụ Neodymium n'ụzọ okike n'ụdị ígwè ma ọ bụ na-agwakọtaghị ya na lanthanides ndị ọzọ, a na-emekarị ka ọ dị mma maka iji ya eme ihe n'ozuzu. Neodymium bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị - ihe dị ka cobalt, nickel, ma ọ bụ ọla kọpa - ma na-ekesa ya n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ime mkpo ụwa. A na-egwupụta ọtụtụ neodymium azụmahịa n'ụwa na China, dịka ọ dị na ọtụtụ ọla ndị ọzọ dị ụkọ.

A na-eji ngwakọta Neodymium eme ihe na mbụ dị ka ihe na-acha odo odo na 1927 ma nọgide na-abụ ihe mgbakwunye a ma ama. Agba nke neodymium compounds sitere na Nd3+ ion ma na-abụkarị na-acha uhie uhie. Agba a na-agbanwe na ụdị ọkụ n'ihi mmekọrịta nke bands na-amịkọrọ ìhè nke neodymium na ìhè gburugburu ebe obibi nke bara ọgaranya na bands na'ahụ anya nke mercury, trivalent europium ma ọ bụ Terbium. A na-eji ugogbe anya ndị e ji neodymium mee ihe na lasers nke na-ewepụta infrared na wavelengths n'etiti 1046 na 1062 nanometers. A na-eji lasers ndị a eme ihe na ngwa ike dị elu, dị ka inertial confinement fusion. A na-ejikwa Neodymium na kristal ndị ọzọ dị iche iche, dị ka yttrium aluminum garnet na Nd:YAG laser.

A na-eji alloys neodymium eme ihe iji mee ka Magnet neodymium dị elu, nke bụ Magnet na-adịgide adịgide.[2] A na-eji magnet ndị a eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ngwaahịa dị ka microphones, ụdaolu ọkachamara, ekweisi ntị, ihe ntụrụndụ DC eletrik dị elu, na draịvụ diski ike nke kọmputa, ebe a chọrọ obere magnet (ma ọ bụ olu) ma ọ bụ ebe magnetik siri ike. A na-eji nnukwu magnets neodymium mee ihe na motors eletrik nwere oke ike na ịdị arọ (dịka, na Ụgbọala hybrid) na generators (dịka ụgbọelu na ndị na-emepụta eletrik).

Ihe onwunwe

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Neodymium ọla nwere ihe ọla na-egbuke egbuke, nke na-acha ọlaọcha. Neodymium na-adikarị n'ụdị allotropic abụọ, ya na mgbanwe site na hexagonal abụọ gaa na body-centered cubic structure nke etiti ahụ na-eme ihe dị ka 863 °C.[3] Neodymium, dịka ọtụtụ lanthanides, bụ paramagnetic na okpomọkụ ụlọ. Ọ na-aghọ antiferromagnet mgbe ojuru oyi na okpụrụ 20 K (−253.2 °C).[4] Below this transition N'okpuru okpomọkụ mgbanwe a, ọ na e gosipụta na usoro na usoro nke magnetik dị mgbagwoju anya[5][6] Nke nwere oge ntụrụndụ ogologo na omume spin glass.[7] Neodymium bụ metal dị ụkọ nke dị na mischmetal ochie na mkpokọta ihe dịka 18%. Iji mepụta neodymium magnets, a na-agwakọta ya na iron, nke bụ ferromagnet.

Nhazi eletrọn

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Neodymium bụ onye nke anọ n'ime usoro lanthanide. Na tebụl oge, ọ na-apụta n'etiti lanthanides praseodymium n'aka ekpe ya na ihe na-emepụta radiation promethium n'akụkụ aka nri ya, na n'elu actinide 2" href="./Uranium" id="mwqg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Uranium">uranium. A na-ahazi electrons 60 ya na 4" href="./Electron_configuration" id="mwqw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Electron configuration">nhazi [Xe]4f46s2, nke electrons 6f na 6s bụ Valencia. Dị ka ọtụtụ ọla ndị ọzọ na usoro lanthanide, neodymium na-ejikarị electrons atọ dị ka valence electrons, dịka mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, electrons 4f fọdụrụ na-ejikọta nke ọma: nke a bụ n'ihi na 4f orbitals na-abanye n'ime isi nke electrons na nucleus, 5d na 6s sochiri, nke a na-abawanye na ụgwọ ion dị elu. Neodymium ka nwere ike ịhapụ electron nke anọ n'ihi na ọ na-abịa n'oge na lanthanides, ebe ụgwọ nuklia ka dị ala na ike 4f subshell dị elu iji kwe ka ewepụ valence electrons ndị ọzọ.[19]

Neodymium nwere ebe ịgbaze nke <spall about="#mwt114" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"convert","href":"./Template:Convert"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"1024"},"2":{"wt":"C"},"3":{"wt":"F"},"abbr":{"wt":"on"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwtg" typeof="mw:Transclusion">1,024 na ebe ọ na-esi nke 3,074 . Dị ka lanthanides ndị ọzọ, ọ na-enwekarị Ọnọdụ oxidation +3, mana ọ pụkwara ịmepụta na +2 na +4 ọnọdụ oxidation, na ọbụna, n'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, +0. Neodymium metal na-agbaze ngwa ngwa n'ọnọdụ gburugburu, na-emepụta oyi oxide dị ka nchara ígwè nke nwere ike ịgbasa ma kpughee metal ka ọ na-agbaji; ihe nlele dị sentimita nke neodymium na-agbacha kpamkpam n'ihe dị ka otu afọ.[3] Nd3+ na-agbaze na mmiri. Dị ka onye agbata obi ya praseodymium, ọ na-ere ọkụ ngwa ngwa na ihe dị ka 150 °C iji mepụta neodymium (III) oxide; oxide ahụ wee pụọ, na-ekpughe nnukwu ígwè ahụ na oxidation ọzọ: [3] Neodymium bụ ihe electropositive, ọ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na mmiri oyi, ma ọ bụ ngwa ngwa na mmiri ọkụ, iji mepụta neodymium (III) hydroxide:

Isotopes nke neodymium ( (60) )  
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Isi isotopes Mgbukpọ
Isotope Egwuregwu ịgba egwú ọkara ndụ (t1/2) (t/2) ejiji pro-duct
140 njikọ 3.37 d.  β+<sup>+</sup> <sup>140</sup>
142 27.2% stable
143 12.2% stable
144 23.8% 2.29<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.<sup>15</sup>;">× y  α <sup>140</sup>
145 8.3% stable
146 17.2% stable
147 njikọ 10.98 d.  β<sup>−</sup> <sup>147</sup>
148 5.80% stable
150 5.60% 9.3× y  β-β-− <sup>150</sup>
Standard atomic weight Ar° (Nd) A (Nd)
  • 144.242±.003
  • 144.24±0.01 (nke e kewara ka ọ dị mkpirikpi)  

Neodymium na-agbaze ngwa ngwa na dilute sulfuric acid iji mepụta ihe ngwọta nwere lilac Nd (III) ion. Ndị a dị ka [Nd (OH2) 9]3+ complexes: [8]

Ihe ndị mejupụtara

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Isotopes nke neodymium ( (60) )  
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Isi isotopes Mgbukpọ
Isotope Egwuregwu ịgba egwú ọkara ndụ (t1/2) (t/2) ejiji pro-duct
140 njikọ 3.37 d.  β+<sup>+</sup> <sup>140</sup>
142 27.2% stable
143 12.2% stable
144 23.8% 2.29<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.<sup>15</sup>;">× y  α <sup>140</sup>
145 8.3% stable
146 17.2% stable
147 njikọ 10.98 d.  β<sup>−</sup> <sup>147</sup>
148 5.80% stable
150 5.60% 9.3× y  β-β-− <sup>150</sup>
Standard atomic weight Ar° (Nd) A (Nd)
  • 144.242±.003
  • 144.24±0.01 (nke e kewara ka ọ dị mkpirikpi)  
Isotopes nke neodymium ( (60) )  
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Isi isotopes Mgbukpọ
Isotope Egwuregwu ịgba egwú ọkara ndụ (t1/2) (t/2) ejiji pro-duct
140 njikọ 3.37 d.  β+<sup>+</sup> <sup>140</sup>
142 27.2% stable
143 12.2% stable
144 23.8% 2.29<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.<sup>15</sup>;">× y  α <sup>140</sup>
145 8.3% stable
146 17.2% stable
147 njikọ 10.98 d.  β<sup>−</sup> <sup>147</sup>
148 5.80% stable
150 5.60% 9.3× y  β-β-− <sup>150</sup>
Standard atomic weight Ar° (Nd) A (Nd)
  • 144.242±.003
  • 144.24±0.01 (nke e kewara ka ọ dị mkpirikpi)  
Neodymium (III) sulfate
  • halides: NdF<sub id="mwAQQ">3</sub>; NdCl<sub id="mwAQY">2</sub>; NdCl<sub id="mwAQg">3</sub>; NdBr<sub id="mwAQo">3</sub>; NdI<sub id="mwAQw">2</sub>; NdI<sub id="mwAQ4">3</sub>
  • oxides: &nbsp;
  • hydroxide: &nbsp;
  • carbonate: Nd<sub id="mwARk">2</sub> (CO<sub id="mwARo">3</sub>) <sub id="mwARs">3</sub>
  • sulfate: &nbsp;
  • acetate: Nd (CH3COO) 3Nd (CH<sub id="mwASI">3</sub>) <sub id="mwASM">3</sub>
  • Magnet neodymium (Nd2)  

Ihe ndị mejupụtara organoneodymium

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Organoneodymium compounds bụ compounds nwere njikọ neodymium-carbon. Ngwakọta ndị a yiri nke lanthanides ndị ọzọ, nke a na-akọwa site na enweghị ike ịgafe π backbonding. N'ihi ya, a na-ejikarị ha eme ihe na cyclopentadienides ionic (isostructural na nke lanthanum) na alkyls na aryls dị mfe, ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere ike ịbụ polymer.[23]

Isotopes

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Isotopes nke neodymium ( (60) )  
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Isi isotopes Mgbukpọ
Isotope Egwuregwu ịgba egwú ọkara ndụ (t1/2) (t/2) ejiji pro-duct
140 njikọ 3.37 d.  β+<sup>+</sup> <sup>140</sup>
142 27.2% stable
143 12.2% stable
144 23.8% 2.29<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.<sup>15</sup>;">× y  α <sup>140</sup>
145 8.3% stable
146 17.2% stable
147 njikọ 10.98 d.  β<sup>−</sup> <sup>147</sup>
148 5.80% stable
150 5.60% 9.3× y  β-β-− <sup>150</sup>
Standard atomic weight Ar° (Nd) A (Nd)
  • 144.242±.003
  • 144.24±0.01 (nke e kewara ka ọ dị mkpirikpi)  

Neodymium na-apụt n't-linkid="1184" href="./Natural_abundance" id="mwAWg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Natural abundance">ụba okike (60) nwere isotopes ise - 142, 143, 145, 146 na 148, ebe 142 bụ nke kachasị ukwuu (27.2% nke oke okike) - na radioisotopes abụọ nwere ọkara ndụ dị ogologo, 144 (alpha decay na ọkara ndụ (t1/2) nke 2.29Nd×1015 afọ) na 150 (double beta decay, t1/2 ≈ 9.3×1018 afọ). N'ozuzu, achọpụtala 35 radioisotopes nke neodymium ka ọ na-erule afọ 2022, ebe radioisotops kachasị kwụsie ike bụ ndị na-apụta n'okike: 144Nd na 150Nd. All nke fọdụrụ radioactive isotopes nwere ọkara ndụ nke dị mkpụmkpụ karịa ụbọchị iri na abụọ, na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a nwere ọkara oge nke dị mkpirikpi karịa 70 sekọnd; isotope aka kacha kwụsie ike bụ 147 na ọkara ndụ ya nke ụbọchị 10.98. 

Neodymium nwekwara 15 a maara met isot, nke kachasị kwụsie ike bụ 139m (t1/2 = 5.5 awa), 135m (t1/2 = 5.5 nkeji) na 133m1 (t 1/2 ~ 70 sekọnd). Ụzọ mbu nke ire ure tupu isotope kachasị mma, 142, bụ Njide electron na ire ure positron, na ụzọ mbu nke mbu mgbe beta na-ewepu ire ure. Ngwaahịa ndị bụ isi na-emebi tupu 142 bụ isotopes praseodymium, na ngwaahịa ndị bụ isi mgbe 142 gasịrị bụ isotops promethium.[9] Anọ n'ime ise na-akwụsi ike isotopes bụ naanị na-akwụsịghị ike, nke pụtara na a na-atụ anya na ha ga-enwe mmebi nke radiation, ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere ọkara ndụ ogologo iji were ya dị ka nke kwụsiri ike maka ebumnuche bara uru.[10] Tụkwasị na nke a, a na-ebu amụma na ụfọdụ isotopes nke samarium ga-emebi na isotopes of neodymium.[10]  

A na-eji isot neodymium eme ihe na ọrụ sayensị dị iche iche. A na-eji 142 emepụta isotopes dị mkpirikpi nke thulium na ytterbium. A tụwo aro 146 maka mmepụta nke 147, nke bụ isi iyi nke ike radiation. E jirila ọtụtụ isotopes neodymium mee ihe maka mmepụta nke isotopes promethium ndị ọzọ. Mmebi site na 147 (t1/2 = 1.06×1011 y) gaa na 143 na-enye ohere maka oge samarium-neodymium.[11] A na-ejikwa 150 mee ihe iji mụọ mbibi beta okpukpu abụọ.[12] 

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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N'afọ 1751, onye Sweden na-amụ banyere ihe ndị dị n'ime ala bụ Axel Fredrik Cronstedt chọpụtara ihe ndị dị arọ site na ebe a na-egwupụta ihe na Bastnäs, nke e mechara kpọwa cerite. Afọ iri atọ ka e mesịrị, Wilhelm Hisinger dị afọ iri na ise, onye otu ezinụlọ nwere ebe a na-egwupụta ihe, zigara Carl Scheele ihe nlele, onye na-achọtaghị ihe ọhụrụ ọ bụla n'ime ya. N'afọ 1803, mgbe Hisinger ghọsịrị onye na-ahụ maka ígwè, ya na Jöns Jacob Berzelius laghachiri na mineral ma wepụta oxide ọhụrụ, nke ha kpọrọ ceria n'aha obere mbara ala Ceres, nke a chọpụtara afọ abụọ tupu mgbe ahụ.[29] Martin Heinrich Klaproth kewapụrụ Ceria n'otu oge na n'onwe ya na Germany.[30] N'agbata afọ 1839 na 1843, onye dọkịta na-awa ahụ na onye na-emepụta ọgwụ na Sweden bụ Carl Gustaf Mosander gosipụtara na ceria bụ ngwakọta nke oxides, onye bi n'otu ụlọ ahụ dị ka Berzelius; ọ kewara oxides abụọ ọzọ, nke ọ kpọrọ lanthana na didymia. [13] [14][15] O mebiri akụkụ nke cerium nitrate site n'ịkpọ ya n'ikuku wee gwọọ oxide na-esi na ya apụta na nitric acid. A na-akpọ ọla ndị mepụtara oxides ndị a lanthanum na didymium. Didymium mechara gosipụta na ọ bụghị otu ihe mgbe Carl Auer von Welsbach kewara ya n'ime ihe abụọ, praseodymium na neodymium, na Vienna n'afọ 1885. [16][17] Von Welsbach gosipụtara nkewa site na nyocha spectroscopic, mana ngwaahịa ndị ahụ dị obere. A chọpụtara neodymium dị ọcha n'afọ 1925. Aha neodymium sitere na okwu Grik neos (νέος), ọhụrụ, na didymos (διδύμος), ejima.[3][18][19]

Double nitrate crystallization bụ ụzọ e si eme ka neodymium dị ọcha ruo n'afọ 1950. Lindsay Chemical Division bụ nke mbụ na-azụ ahịa nnu Mgbanwe ion nke neodymium. Malite na 1950s, a na-enweta ịdị ọcha dị elu (>99%) neodymium site na usoro mgbanwe ion site na monazite, mineral jupụtara na ihe ndị dị ụkọ.[3] A na-enweta ọla ahụ site na electrolysis nke nnu Halyde ya. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-ewepụta ọtụtụ neodymium site na bastnäsite ma mee ka ọ dị ọcha site na iwepụta solvent. A na-eji mkpocha mgbanwe ion eme ihe maka ịdị ọcha kachasị elu (nke a na-ahụkarị >99.99%). Kemgbe ahụ, teknụzụ iko emeela ka ọ dịkwuo mma n'ihi ịdị ọcha nke neodymium oxide dị n'ahịa na ọganihu nke teknụzụ enyo n'ozuzu. Ụzọ mbụ nke ikewa lanthanides dabere na fractional crystallization, nke na-enyeghị ohere maka ikewapụ neodymium dị elu ruo mgbe e mepụtara usoro mgbanwe ion a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị.

Ebe ọ pụtara na mmepụta

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Ebe a na-adịghị ahụkebe

A naghị ahụkarị Neodymium n'okike dị ka ihe nweere onwe ya, kama ọ na-apụta na ore dị ka monazite na bastnäsite (nke bụ ìgwè mineral kama otu mineral) nke nwere obere ihe niile dị n'ala. Neodymium anaghị adịkarị na mineral ndị a, ma e wezụga monazite- (Nd) na kozoite- (Nd). [20] Ebe ndị a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala dị na China, United States, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka, na Australia.

Nd3+ ion nwere nha yiri nke nha lanthanides mbụ n'ime otu cerium group (ndị sitere na lanthanum ruo samarium naeuropium). N'ihi nke a, a na-ahụkarị ya ka ọ na eso nyere na ime mineral ndị bụ, phosphate, silicate na carbonate, dịka monazite (MIIIPO4) na bastnäsite (MIIICO3F), ebe mkpụrụedemede M na-anochite anya rare-earth ma e wezụga scandium na radioactive promethium (karịsịa Ce, La, na Y, yana obere Pr na Nd).[41] Bastnäsite anaghị enwekarị thorium na lanthanides ndị dị arụ, usoro iweputa lanthanides ndị dị mfe na ya adịghịkwa mgbagwoju anya ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke monazite. Mgbe agbasasịrị ma gwerie nkume ore ahụ, a na-ebu uzo jiri acid sulfuric dị ọku ma sie ike, nke a na-eweputa carbon dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, na silicon tetrafluoride. A na- akpọrọ ihe ahụ pụtara na ya nkụ ma jiri mmiri saa ya, nke na-eme ka ion lanthanide ndị mbụ gụnyere lanthanum nogide na ngwakọta mmiri ahụ.[41] [<span title="Source discusses treatment of both ores with HCl etc to produce LnCl3 but not treatment with sulfuric acid. (May 2024)">failed verification</span>]

Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke usoro anyanwụ[42]
Ọnụ ọgụgụ atọm
 Ihe ndị dị na ya Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche
42 Molybdenum 2.771
47 Ọlaọcha 0.590
50 Tin 4.699
58 Cerium 1.205
59 Praseodymium 0.205
60 Neodymium 1
74 Tungsten 0.054
90 Thorium 0.054
92 Uranium 0.022

Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Neodymium n'ime Usoro anyanwụ bụ 0.083 ppb (akụkụ kwa ijeri). [42] [b] Ọnụ ọgụgụ a bụ ihe dịka ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke platinum, mana okpukpu abụọ na ọkara karịa mercury, na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu ise karịa ọlaedo.[42] A naghị ahụkarị lanthanides na mbara igwe, ha dịkwa ọtụtụ n'ime mkpo ụwa. [42]

A na-ekewa Neodymium dị ka lithophile n'okpuru nhazi Goldschmidt, nke pụtara na a na-ahụkarị ya na oxygen. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ nke ọla ndị dị ụkọ, neodymium abụghị ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ya n'ime mkpo ụwa bụ ihe dịka 41 mg / kg. Ọ dị ka lanthanum n'ụba. 

Mmepụta ụwa nke neodymium bụ ihe dị ka tọn 7,000 na 2004. [18] Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2015, ihe ka ukwuu na mmepụta na ebe nchekwa nke ala ndị dị ụkọ dị na China.[21] Enweghị ntụkwasị obi nke ọnụahịa na nnweta emeela ka ụlọ ọrụ (karịsịa ndị Japan) mepụta magnet na-adịgide adịgide na motors eletrik ndị metụtara ya na obere ọla ala.[22][23]

Neodymium is typically 10–18% of the rare-earth content of commercial deposits of the light rare-earth-element minerals bastnäsite and monazite.[3] With neodymium compounds being the most strongly colored for the trivalent lanthanides, it can occasionally dominate the coloration of rare-earth minerals when competing chromophores are absent. It usually gives a pink coloration. Outstanding examples of this include monazite crystals from the tin deposits in Llallagua, Bolivia; ancylite from Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada; or lanthanite from Lower Saucon Township, Pennsylvania. As with neodymium glasses, such minerals change their colors under the differing lighting conditions. The absorption bands of neodymium interact with the visible emission spectrum of mercury vapor, with the unfiltered shortwave UV light causing neodymium-containing minerals to reflect a distinctive green color. This can be observed with monazite-containing sands or bastnäsite-containing ore.[24]

Mkpa maka ihe onwunwe mineral, dị ka ihe ndị dị ụkọ (gụnyere neodymium) na ihe ndị ọzọ dị oke egwu, anọwo na-abawanye ngwa ngwa n'ihi mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mmepe ụlọ ọrụ. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ihe achọrọ maka ọha mmadụ nwere obere carbon emeela ka a chọọ teknụzụ na-echekwa ike dịka batrị, motors dị elu, isi mmalite ike na-agbanwe agbanwe, na sel mmanụ. N'etiti teknụzụ ndị a, a na-ejikarị magnet na-adịgide adịgide emepụta motors dị elu, na magnet neodymium-iron-boron (nd2 sintered and bonded magnets; ebe a na-akpọ NdFeB magnet) bụ ụdị magnet na-adịghị adịgide adịgide n'ahịa kemgbe ha mepụtara.[25] A na-eji ndFeB magnet eme ihe na ụgbọala eletrik hybrid, Ụgbọala eletrik plug-in, ụgbọala eletriki, ụgbọala cell, turbines ifufe, ngwa ụlọ, kọmputa, na ọtụtụ obere ngwaọrụ eletrọniki.[26] Ọzọkwa, ha dị mkpa maka ịchekwa ike. Iji mezuo ebumnuche nke Nkwekọrịta Paris, a na-atụ anya na ọchịchọ maka ndFeB magnet ga-abawanye nke ukwuu n'ọdịnihu.[26]   Magnet Neodymium (ihe alloy, Nd2) bụ magnet kachasị ike na-adịgide adịgide a maara. Magnet neodymium nke iri gram ole na ole nwere ike ibuli otu puku okpukpu nke ịdị arọ ya, ma nwee ike ijikọta ya na ike zuru ezu iji kụwaa ọkpụkpụ. Magnet ndị a dị ọnụ ala, dị mfe, ma sie ike karịa samarium-cobalt magnets. Otú ọ dị, ha abụghị ndị ka elu n'akụkụ ọ bụla, ebe ọ bụ na magnet ndị dabeere na neodymium na-efunahụ magnetism ha na okpomọkụ dị ala [27] ma na-emebi, [28] ebe Magnet samarium-cobalt anaghị emebi. [29]

Neodymium magnets appear in products such as microphones, professional loudspeakers, headphones, guitar and bass guitar pick-ups, and computer hard disks where low mass, small volume, or strong magnetic fields are required. Neodymium is used in the electric motors of hybrid and electric automobiles[26] and in the electricity generators of some designs of commercial wind turbines (only wind turbines with "permanent magnet" generators use neodymium).[30] For example, drive electric motors of each Toyota Prius require one kilogram (2.2 pounds) of neodymium per vehicle.[31] Permanent neodymium iron boride ( ) magnets are often made with heavy rare earth elements like dysprosium and terbium as substituents to improve their performance in heated conditions, since the magnets lose performance rapidly above room temperature.[32] Neodymium magnets are used in medical devices such as MRI and treatments for chronic pain and wound healing.[33]

A na-emepụta iko Neodymium (Nd:glass) site na itinye 2" href="./Neodymium(III)_oxide" id="mwAzQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Neodymium(III) oxide">neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) na iko agbaze. N'ìhè ehihie ma ọ bụ ọkụ na-enwu enwu, iko neodymium na-apụta lavender, mana ọ na-apụghị ịcha anụnụ anụnụ n'okpuru ọkụ fluorescent. Enwere ike iji Neodymium mee ihe iji mee ka iko na-acha odo odo site na purple ruo na mmanya na-acha ọbara ọbara na ntụ ntụ.[34]

Ojiji azụmahịa mbụ nke neodymium dị ọcha bụ na agba iko, malite na nnwale nke Leo Moser na Nọvemba 1927. Igwe "Alexandrite" nke sitere na ya ka bụ agba nke Moser glassworks ruo taa. Neodymium glass e ṅomiri n'ọtụtụ ebe na mbido afọ 1930 site na ụlọ iko America, ọkachasị Heisey, Fostoria ("wisteria"), Cambridge ("heatherbloom"), na Steuben ("wistería"), na ebe ndị ọzọ (dịka Lalique, na France, ma ọ bụ Murano). Tiffin's "twilight" nọgidere na mmepụta site n'afọ 1950 ruo afọ 1980. [35] Ebe ndị a na-enweta ugbu a gụnyere ndị na-emepụta iko na Czech Republic, United States, na China. [36]

Akara absorption nke neodymium na-eme ka agba iko gbanwee n'okpuru ọnọdụ ọkụ dị iche iche, na-acha uhie uhie na-acha odo odo n'okpuru ìhè ehihie ma ọ bụ ìhè na-acha ọbara ọbara, na-aṅụrị anụnụ n'okpuru ọkụ na-acha ọcha, na-aghọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'okpuru ọchịchịrị trichromatic. Na njikọta ya na ọlaedo ma ọ bụ selenium, a na-emepụta ụcha uhie. Ebe ọ bụ na agba neodymium na-adabere na mgbanwe "a machibidoro iwu" f-f n'ime atọm ahụ, enwere mmetụta dị nta na agba site na gburugburu kemịkal, yabụ agba ahụ anaghị emetụta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iko ahụ. Otú ọ dị, maka agba kachasị mma, ọ dị mkpa ka e belata ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha nwere ígwè na silica eji eme iko ahụ. Otu ọdịdị a machibidoro iwu nke mgbanwe f-f na-eme ka ihe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ ghara ịdị ike karịa nke ọtụtụ ihe mgbanwe d nyere, yabụ a ga-eji ihe ndị ọzọ mee ihe na iko iji nweta ike agba achọrọ. Nchịkọta mbụ nke Moser jiri ihe dị ka 5% nke neodymium oxide mee ihe na iko ahụ gbazere agbaze, nke zuru oke nke Moser zoro aka na ndị a dị ka iko "ụwa-adịghị ahụkebe". N'ịbụ ntọala siri ike, ọkwa nke neodymium ahụ ga-emetụta ihe ndị na-agbaze nke iko ahụ, na ihe dị na lime nke iko ahụ nwere ike ịchọ mgbanwe.[37]

Ìhè a na-ebute site na iko neodymium na-egosi bands absorption dị nkọ n'ụzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe; a na-eji iko ahụ eme ihe n'Ọrụ mbara igwe iji mepụta bands dị nkọ nke enwere ike ịhazi akara spectral.[3] Ntinye ọzọ bụ ịmepụta nzacha ndị na-ahọrọ mbara igwe iji belata mmetụta nke mmetọ ìhè site na sodium na ọkụ fluorescent mgbe ọ na-agafe agba ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị ikuku hydrogen-alpha na-acha uhie uhie site na nebulae. A na-ejikwa Neodymium wepụ ụcha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke ihe ndị na-emetọ ígwè na iko kpatara.[38]

Neodymium bụ akụkụ nke "didymium" (na-ezo aka na ngwakọta nke nnu nke neodymium na praseodymium) nke a na-eji eme ka iko na-acha iji mee ka ugogbe anya nke onye na-agbanye mmiri na onye na-eme ka iko ghara ịdị ike na 589 nm. Mmetụta yiri nke ahụ nke akara na-acha odo odo nke mercury na 578 nm bụ isi ihe kpatara ụcha na-acha anụnụ anụnụ a hụrụ maka iko neodymium n'okpuru ọkụ na-acha ọcha. A na-eji ugegbe Neodymium na didymium eme ihe na nzacha na-eme ka agba dịkwuo mma na foto ime ụlọ, ọkachasị na nzacha ụcha odo site na ọkụ ọkụ. N'otu aka ahụ, iko neodymium na-aghọ ihe a na-ejikarị eme ihe kpọmkwem na ọkụ ọkụ. Lamps ndị a nwere neodymium n'ime iko iji nyochaa ìhè odo, na-eme ka ìhè na-acha ọcha nke dị ka ìhè anyanwụ.[39] N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, a kọrọ na a na-eji enyo didymium ebufe koodu Morse gafee ọgbọ agha.[40] Dị ka ojiji ya na iko, a na-eji nnu neodymium eme ihe dị ka ihe na-acha maka enamels.[3]  

Lasers

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Enwere ike iji ihe ụfọdụ na-apụta ìhè na obere njupụta nke neodymium ion mee ihe na lasers dị ka mgbasa ozi mmeri maka ogologo oge infrared (1054-1064 nm), dịka Nd:YAG (yttrium aluminium garnet), Nd:YAP (yttrium aluminum Perovskite), [41] Nd:YLF (yttrium lithium fluoride), Nd: YVO4 (yttrium orthovanadate), na Nd:glass. Neodymium-doped crystals (nke a na-ahụkarị Nd:YVO<sub id="mwA4k">4</sub>) na-emepụta ọkụ laser infrared dị elu nke a na-agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ ìhè laser na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na laser pointers DPSS.[42] 

Trivalent neodymium ion Nd3+ bụbụ lanthanide mbụ sitere na ihe ndị dị ụkọ eji emepụta radiation laser. Emeputara laser Nd:CaWO4 n'afọ 1961.[43] N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ bụ laser nke atọ etinyere n'ọrụ. (nke mbụ bụbụ ruby, nke abụọ bụ laser U3+:CaF ). Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, laser neodymium ghọrọ otu n'ime lasers ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ebumnuche ojiji. Ihe ịga nke ọma ion Nd3+ dị na nhazi nke ọkwa ike ya na ihe ndị dị na spectroscopic dabara adaba maka imepụta radiation laser. N'afọ 1964 Geusic et al.[44] gosipụtara ọrụ nke ion neodymium na YAG matrix Y3Al5O12. Ọ bụ laser ọkwa anọ nwere ike ala ma nwee ezigbo ihe eji arụ ọrụ na okpomọkụ. Maka mgbapụta anya nke ihe a, ọ kere omume iji flashlamp radiation na adịghị ejikọta ọnụ ma ọ bụ ihe na agbanwe agbanwe diode.

Laser dị ugbu a na UK Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE), HELEN (High Energy Laser Embodymium) 1-terawatt neodymium-glass laser, nwere ike ịnweta etiti nke mpaghara nrụgide na okpomọkụ ma jiri ya nweta data maka imepụta otu njupụta, okpomọkụ, na nrụgide si emekọrịta n'ime ogbunigwe. HELEN nwere ike ịmepụta plasma nke dị gburugburu 106 K, nke a na-atụle opacity na nnyefe nke radiation.[45]

A na-eji Neodymium solid-state lasers eme ihe na sistemụ ọkụ (terawatt scale), ike dị elu (megajoules) maka njikọta ikuku. inertial confinement fusion. A na-ejikarị lasers Nd:glass frequency tripled na third harmonic at 351 nm na ngwaọrụ njikọta laser.[46]

  • Neodymium nwere ikike okpomọkụ dị oke egwu na okpomọkụ mmiri-helium, yabụ ọ bara uru na cryocoolers.[47]
  • Enwere ike iji Neodymium acetate mee ihe dị ka ihe dị iche iche na microscopy electron (ihe na-anọchi anya uranyl acetate na-egbu egbu na nke na-egbu mgbu). [48]
  • Eleghị anya n'ihi myirịta ya na Ca2+, a kọọrọ Nd3+ iji kwalite uto osisi.[49] A na-ejikarị ihe ndị dị n'ala dị ụkọ eme ihe na China dị ka fatịlaịza.[50]
  • Samarium-neodymium dating bara uru maka ịchọpụta mmekọrịta afọ nke nkume na meteorites. [51]
  • A na-eji isotopes nke Neodymium edere na mmiri iji wughachi mgbanwe na mgbasa nke oké osimiri gara aga. [52][53]

Ọrụ na nchebe nke ihe ndị dị ndụ

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    A chọpụtala na lanthanides mbụ, gụnyere neodymium, yana lanthanum, cerium na praseodymium dị mkpa maka ụfọdụ nje methanotrophic na-ebi na mudpots nke ugwu mgbawa, dị ka Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum.[54][55] A maghị Neodymium ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ihe ọ bụla ọzọ.[56]

Uzuzu ígwè Neodymium na-ere ọkụ ma yabụ ihe ize ndụ mgbawa. Neodymium compounds, dị ka ọ dị na ọla niile dị ụkọ, nwere obere na nke dị nro; Otú ọ dị, a chọpụtabeghị nsị ya nke ọma. A na-ewere nnu neodymium a na-eri dị ka ihe na-egbu egbu ma ọ bụrụ na ha na-agbaze karịa ma ọ bụrụhaala na ha anaghị agbaze.[57] Uzuzu na nnu nke neodymium na-akpasu anya na mucous membranes iwe nke ukwuu, ma na-akcasu Akpụkpọ ahụ iwe. Ịṅụ ume n'ájá nwere ike ịkpata embolism nke akpa ume, na ikpughe ihe na-emebi imeju. Neodymium na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ihe na-egbochi ọbara ịkpụkọ, ọkachasị mgbe a na-enye ya na intravenously.[18]

A nwalere magnet Neodymium maka iji ọgwụ mee ihe dị ka magnetic braces na mmezi ọkpụkpụ, mana nsogbu Biocompatibility egbochiwo itinye ya n'ọrụ.[58] Magnet ndị a na-ere ahịa nke e ji neodymium mee siri ike nke ukwuu ma nwee ike ịdọta ibe ha site n'ebe dị anya. Ọ bụrụ na ejighi ya nlezianya, ha na-agbakọta ngwa ngwa na ike, na-akpata mmerụ ahụ. Enwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu ihe edere ede banyere onye na-efunahụ mkpịsị aka mgbe magnet abụọ ọ na-eji na-agbakọta ọnụ site na 50 cm.[59] 

Ihe ize ndụ ọzọ nke magnet ndị a dị ike bụ na ọ bụrụ na a na-eri ihe karịrị otu magnet, ha nwere ike ịpị anụ ahụ dị nro na eriri afọ. Nke a emeela ka e mee atụmatụ na 1,700 nleta n'ime ụlọ mberede ma mee ka ọ dị mkpa icheta usoro ihe eji egwuri egwu nke Buckyballs, nke bụ usoro iwu obere magnet neodymium. [60]

Hụkwa

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Ebensibịa

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Akwụkwọ

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Njikọ mpụga

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  1. ↑ Werbowy (2017). "Studies of Landé gJ-factors of singly ionized neodymium isotopes (142, 143 and 145) at relatively small magnetic fields up to 334 G by collinear laser ion beam spectroscopy". The European Physical Journal D 71. DOI:10.1140/epjd/e2016-70641-3. 
  2. ↑ Herbst (Nov 1991). "Neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnets". Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 100 (1–3): 57–78. DOI:10.1016/0304-8853(91)90812-o. ISSN 0304-8853. 
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (2016) "Neodymium. Elements", in Haynes, William M.: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 97th, CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4987-5429-3. 
  4. ↑ Andrej Szytula (8 March 1994). Handbook of Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties of Rare Earth Intermetallics. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-4261-5. 
  5. ↑ Zochowski (1991). "Magnetic phase diagrams of neodymium". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 3 (41): 8079–8094. DOI:10.1088/0953-8984/3/41/007. ISSN 0953-8984. 
  6. ↑ Lebech (1994). "Magnetic phase transitions in double hexagonal close packed neodymium metal-commensurate in two dimensions". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 6 (27): 5201–5222. DOI:10.1088/0953-8984/6/27/029. ISSN 0953-8984. 
  7. ↑ Kamber (2020). "Self-induced spin glass state in elemental and crystalline neodymium". Science 368 (6494). DOI:10.1126/science.aay6757. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 32467362. 
  8. ↑ Chemical reactions of Neodymium. Webelements. Archived from the original on 2022-11-12. Retrieved on 2012-08-16.
  9. ↑ Karlewski (1985). "Decay of the heaviest isotope of neodymium:154Nd". Zeitschrift für Physik A 322 (1): 177–178. DOI:10.1007/BF01412035. ISSN 0340-2193. 
  10. 1 2 Belli (2019). "Experimental searches for rare alpha and beta decays". European Physical Journal A 55: 4–6. DOI:10.1140/epja/i2019-12823-2. 
  11. ↑ Depaolo (1976). "Nd isotopic variations and petrogenetic models". Geophysical Research Letters 3 (5). DOI:10.1029/GL003i005p00249. 
  12. ↑ Barabash (2004). "Double beta decay of 150Nd to the First 0+ excited state of 150Sm". Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters 79 (1): 10–12. DOI:10.1134/1.1675911. 
  13. ↑ Weeks (1932). "The Discovery of the Elements: XI. Some Elements Isolated with the Aid of Potassium and Sodium:Zirconium, Titanium, Cerium and Thorium". The Journal of Chemical Education 9 (7): 1231–1243. DOI:10.1021/ed009p1231. 
  14. ↑ Weeks (1956). The discovery of the elements, 6th, Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. 
  15. ↑ Marshall (2015). "Rediscovery of the elements: The Rare Earths–The Confusing Years". The Hexagon: 72–77. Retrieved on 30 December 2019. 
  16. ↑ v. Welsbach (1885). "Die Zerlegung des Didyms in seine Elemente". Monatshefte für Chemie und verwandte Teile anderer Wissenschaften 6 (1): 477–491. DOI:10.1007/BF01554643. 
  17. ↑ Krishnamurthy (2004). Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-203-41302-9. 
  18. 1 2 3 Emsley, John (2003). Nature's building blocks: an A–Z guide to the elements. Oxford University Press, 268–270. ISBN 0-19-850340-7. 
  19. ↑ Weeks (1932). "The discovery of the elements. XVI. The rare earth elements". Journal of Chemical Education 9 (10). DOI:10.1021/ed009p1751. 
  20. ↑ Hudson Institute of Mineralogy (1993–2018). Mindat.org.
  21. ↑ Rare Earths Statistics and Information | U.S. Geological Survey (en). minerals.usgs.gov. Archived from the original on 2016-05-06. Retrieved on 2023-06-07.
  22. ↑ "Honda co-develops first hybrid car motor free of heavy rare earth metals", Reuters, 12 July 2016.
  23. ↑ "Honda's Heavy Rare Earth-Free Hybrid Motors Sidestep China", Bloomberg.com, 12 July 2016.
  24. ↑ Buzhinskii (1971-08-01). "Influence of specific neodymium-glass absorption bands on generating energy" (in en). Journal of Applied Spectroscopy 15 (2): 1002–1005. DOI:10.1007/BF00607297. ISSN 1573-8647. 
  25. ↑ Sagawa (1984). "New material for permanent magnets on a base of Nd and Fe (Invited)". Journal of Applied Physics 55 (6): 2083–2087. DOI:10.1063/1.333572. 
  26. 1 2 3 Yang (2017-03-01). "REE Recovery from End-of-Life NdFeB Permanent Magnet Scrap: A Critical Review" (in en). Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy 3 (1): 122–149. DOI:10.1007/s40831-016-0090-4. ISSN 2199-3831. 
  27. ↑ Zhang (1992). "The Fe-Nd (Iron-Neodymium) system". Journal of Phase Equilibria 13 (6): 645–648. DOI:10.1007/BF02667216. 
  28. ↑ Bala (1993-10-01). "Effect of impurities on the corrosion behaviour of neodymium" (in en). Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 23 (10): 1017–1024. DOI:10.1007/BF00266123. ISSN 1572-8838. 
  29. ↑ Hopp (2003-04-01). "Testing the cytotoxicity of metal alloys used as magnetic prosthetic devices" (in en). Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 14 (4): 335–345. DOI:10.1023/A:1022931915709. ISSN 1573-4838. PMID 15348458. 
  30. ↑ Marchio (Apr 16, 2024). Application of Neodymium Magnets in Wind Turbine Generators. Stanford Magnets. Retrieved on Aug 16, 2024.
  31. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "reu".
  32. ↑ Rom (2024). "Emerging magnetic materials for electric vehicle drive motors" (in en). MRS Bulletin 49 (7): 738–750. DOI:10.1557/s43577-024-00743-4. ISSN 0883-7694. 
  33. ↑ Yuksel (September 2018). "The use of neodymium magnets in healthcare and their effects on health". Northern Clinics of Istanbul 5 (3): 268–273. DOI:10.14744/nci.2017.00483. ISSN 2536-4553. PMID 30688942. 
  34. ↑ Kondrukevich (2008-05-01). "Color of porcelain containing neodymium oxide" (in en). Glass and Ceramics 65 (5): 203–207. DOI:10.1007/s10717-008-9039-9. ISSN 1573-8515. 
  35. ↑ Chameleon Glass Changes Color. Archived from the original on 2008-04-03. Retrieved on 2009-06-06.
  36. ↑ Brown (1981). "Optical-Pump Sources for Nd : Glass Lasers", High-Peak-Power Nd: Glass Laser Systems, Springer Series in Optical Sciences, 99–127. DOI:10.1007/978-3-540-38508-0_3. ISBN 978-3-662-13516-7. 
  37. ↑ Bray, Charles (2001). Dictionary of glass: materials and techniques. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3619-X. 
  38. ↑ Peelman (2018-06-01). "Recovery of Neodymium as (Na, Nd)(SO4)2 from the Ferrous Fraction of a General WEEE Shredder Stream" (in en). Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy 4 (2): 276–287. DOI:10.1007/s40831-018-0165-5. ISSN 2199-3831. 
  39. ↑ Zhang (August 2019). "Color-filtered phosphor-in-glass for LED-lit LCD with wide color gamut". Ceramics International 45 (11): 14432–14438. DOI:10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.04.164. 
  40. ↑ Fontani, Marco (2015). The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side. Oxford University Press, 172–173. ISBN 978-0-19-938334-4. 
  41. ↑ Sulc (27 April 2005). "Comparison of diode-side-pumped triangular Nd:YAG and Nd:YAP laser", in Hoffman: Solid State Lasers XIV: Technology and Devices. DOI:10.1117/12.588233. Retrieved on 16 February 2022. 
  42. ↑ Tanjib Atique Khan (2012-06-27). Solid State Laser & Semiconductor Laser. Archived from the original on 2024-12-26. Retrieved on 2026-07-06.
  43. ↑ Johnson (1962). "Continuous operation of a solid-state optical maser". Physical Review 126 (4). DOI:10.1103/PhysRev.126.1406. 
  44. ↑ Geusic (1964). "Laser oscillations in nd-doped yttrium aluminum, yttrium gallium and gadolinium garnets". Applied Physics Letters 4 (10). DOI:10.1063/1.1753928. 
  45. ↑ Norman (2002). "Multipass Reconfiguration of the HELEN Nd:Glass Laser at the Atomic Weapons Establishment". Applied Optics 41 (18): 3497–505. DOI:10.1364/AO.41.003497. PMID 12078672. 
  46. ↑ Wang (2010-10-01). "Third harmonic generation of Nd:glass laser with novel composite deuterated KDP crystals" (in en). Laser Physics 20 (10): 1923–1926. DOI:10.1134/S1054660X10190175. ISSN 1555-6611. 
  47. ↑ Neodymium: Properties and Applications (en). www.stanfordmaterials.com. Retrieved on 2025-05-13.
  48. ↑ Kuipers (2020-04-01). "Neodymium as an alternative contrast for uranium in electron microscopy" (in en). Histochemistry and Cell Biology 153 (4): 271–277. DOI:10.1007/s00418-020-01846-0. ISSN 1432-119X. PMID 32008069. 
  49. ↑ Wei, Y. and Zhou, X. (1999). "The Effect of Neodymium (Nd3+) on Some Physiological Activities in Oilseed Rape during Calcium (Ca2+) Starvation". 10th International Rapeseed Congress 2. 
  50. ↑ Tommasi (2021-11-01). "Review of Rare Earth Elements as Fertilizers and Feed Additives: A Knowledge Gap Analysis" (in en). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 81 (4): 531–540. DOI:10.1007/s00244-020-00773-4. ISSN 1432-0703. PMID 33141264. 
  51. ↑ "Team finds Earth's 'oldest rocks'", BBC News, 2008-09-26. Retrieved on 2009-06-06.
  52. ↑ Tachikawa (2003). "Neodymium budget in the modern ocean and paleo-oceanographic implications". Journal of Geophysical Research 108 (C8). DOI:10.1029/1999JC000285. 
  53. ↑ van de Flierdt (2016-11-28). "Neodymium in the oceans: a global database, a regional comparison and implications for palaeoceanographic research". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374 (2081). DOI:10.1098/rsta.2015.0293. PMID 29035258. 
  54. ↑ Pol (2013). "Rare earth metals are essential for methanotrophic life in volcanic mudpots". Environmental Microbiology 16 (1): 255–64. DOI:10.1111/1462-2920.12249. PMID 24034209. 
  55. ↑ Kang (2000-04-01). "Neodymium cations Nd3+ were transported to the interior ofEuglena gracilis 277" (in en). Chinese Science Bulletin 45 (7): 585–592. DOI:10.1007/BF02886032. ISSN 1861-9541. 
  56. ↑ Vais (2003-09-01). "Condensation reaction in the bandpass reaction cell improves sensitivity for uranium, thorium, neodymium and praseodymium measurements" (in en). Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 377 (1): 85–88. DOI:10.1007/s00216-003-2084-x. ISSN 1618-2650. PMID 12856100. 
  57. ↑ Neodymium (Nd) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects.
  58. ↑ Donohue (Mar 1995). "In vitro cytotoxicity testing of neodymium-iron-boron magnets" (in en). Journal of Applied Biomaterials 6 (1): 69–74. DOI:10.1002/jab.770060110. ISSN 1045-4861. PMID 7703540. 
  59. ↑ Swain (March 6, 2009). How to remove a finger with two super magnets. Seed Media Group LLC. Retrieved on 2013-03-31.
  60. ↑ Balistreri, William F. (2014). "Neodymium Magnets: Too Attractive?". Medscape Gastroenterology. 
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