Nkà mmụta asụsụ

Philology (sitere na Greek Ochie φιλολογία (philogía) 'ịhụnanya okwu') bụ ọmụmụ asụsụ n'okwu ọnụ na nke edere ede. Ọ bụ njikọ nke nkatọ ederede, nkatọ agụmagụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na linguistics nwere njikọ siri ike na etymology. ^[1]^[2] A na-akọwa nkà mmụta asụsụ dị ka ọmụmụ nke ederede na ihe ndekọ a na-ekwu n'ọnụ na nke edere ede, nguzobe nke izi ezi ha na ụdị mbụ ha, na mkpebi nke ihe ha pụtara. A maara onye na-agbaso ụdị ọmụmụ a dị ka ọkà mmụta asụsụ. N'iji ya eme ihe n'oge ochie, ọkachasị ndị Britain, nkà mmụta asụsụ bụ ihe zuru oke, na-ekpuchi asụsụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme. ^[3]^[4]

^[5] n'ihe dị ka narị afọ nke anọ BC, ndị Gris na Ndị Rom gara n'ihu n'oge niile nke Alaeze Ukwu Rom na Byzantium. Ndị ọkà mmụta Europe nke Renaissance mechara maliteghachi ya, ebe n'oge na-adịghị anya, asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Europe (Romance, German, Celtic, Slavic, wdg), Asia (Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit, Chinese, wdg) sonyeere ndị ya. Nnyocha Indo-European na-agụnye ntụnyere nke Asụsụ Indo-European niile.

Philology, na-elekwasị anya na mmepe akụkọ ihe mere eme (nyocha diachronic), dị iche na nkà mmụta asụsụ n'ihi nkwụsi ike nke Ferdinand de Saussure na mkpa nyocha synchronic dị. Ọ bụ ezie na ọdịiche ahụ gara n'ihu na mpụta nke structuralism na mmesi ike nke Noam Chomsky na syntax, nyocha na asụsụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-adaberekarị na ihe ndị philological na nchoputa.

Okwu mmalite

Okwu philology sitere na okwu Grik φιλολογία (philología), ^[6] site na okwu Norman (phílos) 'ịhụnanya, ịhụnanya, onye a hụrụ n'anya, onye a hụ n'anya' na λόγος (logos) 'okwu, nkwupụta, ezi uche', na-akọwa ịhụnanya nke mmụta, nke akwụkwọ, yana nke arụmụka na arụmụka, na-egosipụta ọrụ dịgasị iche iche gụnyere n'okpuru echiche nke λόγος. Okwu ahụ gbanwere obere na Latin philologia, ma mesịa banye n'asụsụ Bekee na narị afọ nke iri na isii, site na Middle French philologie, n'echiche nke 'ịhụnanya nke akwụkwọ'.

Dị ka ihe atụ nke agụmakwụkwọ agụmagụ, philologia pụtara na akwụkwọ ochie nke narị afọ nke ise (Martianus Capella, De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii), echiche eweghachiri n'akwụkwọ Late Medieval (Chaucer, Lydgate).

Ihe "ịhụnanya maka mmụta na akwụkwọ" pụtara bụ "ọmụmụ nke mmepe akụkọ ihe mere eme nke asụsụ" (akụkọ ihe mere eme) na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu nke okwu ahụ. N'ihi ọganihu ngwa ngwa e mere n'ịghọta iwu dị mma na Mgbanwe asụsụ, "oge ọlaedo nke nkà mmụta asụsụ" dịgidere na narị afọ nke 19, ma ọ bụ "site na Giacomo Leopardi na Friedrich Schlegel ruo Nietzsche".^[7]

Alaka dị iche iche

Ngalaba asụsụ nke philology na-amụ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti asụsụ. A chọpụtara myirịta dị n'etiti asụsụ Sanskrit na asụsụ Europe na mbido narị afọ nke iri na isii ma mee ka ịkọ nkọ banyere asụsụ nna nna nke ndị a niile sitere na ya. A na-akpọ ya ugbu a Proto-Indo-European. Mmasị nkà mmụta asụsụ n'asụsụ oge ochie dugara n'ịmụ ihe bụ, na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, asụsụ "dị iche iche", maka ìhè ha nwere ike itinye na nsogbu na nghọta na ịkọwa mmalite nke ederede ochie.

Ihe odide

Philology tinyekwara ọmụmụ ihe odide na akụkọ ihe mere eme ha. Ọ gụnyere akụkụ nke nkatọ ederede, na-agbalị imeghari ederede izizi nke onye edemede dabere na ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe odide. Alaka nyocha nke a bilitere n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta oge ochie na ụwa ndị na-asụ Grik na narị afọ nke anọ BC, bụ ndị chọrọ ka ha guzobe ederede ọkọlọtọ nke ndị ode akwụkwọ ama ama maka ma nkọwa dị mma na mgbasa ozi echekwara. Kemgbe ahụ, e mewo ka ụkpụrụ mbụ nke nkatọ ederede ka mma ma tinye ya n'ọrụ n'akụkụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ ndị ọzọ a na-ekesa n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka Bible. Ndị ọkà mmụta agbalịwo isi n'ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe odide ahụ gụgharịa ihe odide mbụ nke Bible. E tinyere usoro a n'ihe ọmụmụ oge gboo na ederede oge ochie dịka ụzọ isi wughachi ọrụ mbụ onye dere ya. Usoro ahụ wepụtara ihe a na-akpọ "mbipụta ndị dị mkpa", bụ nke nyere ederede e wughachiri ya na "ngwa dị mkpa", ya bụ, ihe odide ala ala peeji nke depụtara ụdịdị dị iche iche nke ederede dị, na-eme ka ndị ọkà mmụta nwee ike ịghọta omenala ihe odide ahụ dum ma na-arụrịta ụka banyere ụdị dị iche iche.

Usoro ọmụmụ yiri nke a maara dị ka nkatọ dị elu na-amụ onye dere ya, ụbọchị, na ebe ederede si iji tinye ederede dị otú ahụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. Dị ka okwu ndị a na-abụkarị ndị a na'adịghị ikewapụ na okwu nkọwa, ọ nweghị ókè doro anya n'etiti philology na hermeneutics. Mgbe ederede nwere mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma ọ bụ nke okpukpe dị ịrịba ama (dị ka iwughachi ihe odide Bible), ndị ọkà mmụta na-enwe nsogbu iru nkwubi okwu ziri ezi.

Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-ezere usoro niile dị oke egwu nke nkà mmụta ederede, ọkachasị na nkà mmụta asụsụ akụkọ ihe mere eme, ebe ọ dị mkpa ịmụ ihe edere n'ezie. Òtù a maara dị ka nkà mmụta asụsụ ọhụrụ ajụla nkatọ ederede n'ihi na ọ na-etinye nkọwa nchịkọta akụkọ n'ime ederede ma na-ebibi iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ihe odide ahụ, si otú a na-emebi ntụkwasị obi nke data ahụ. Ndị na-akwado nkà mmụta asụsụ ọhụrụ na-ekwusi ike na usoro "diplomatic" siri ike: nsụgharị ziri ezi nke ederede dịka a hụrụ na ihe odide ahụ, na-enweghị mgbanwe.

Ihe omuma ihe omuma

Akụkụ ọzọ nke philology, philology cgnitive, ọmụmụ ederede na ederede. Cognitive philology na-ewere ederede ndị a dị ka nsonaazụ nke usoro uche mmadụ. Sayensị a na-eji nsonaazụ nke sayensị ederede tụnyere nsonaazụ nyocha nke ma nkà mmụta uche na usoro mmepụta ọgụgụ isi.

Nkọwapụta

N'ihe banyere akwụkwọ Bronze Age, philology na-agụnye nkọwa mbụ nke asụsụ a na-amụ. Nke a bụ eziokwu karịsịa n'asụsụ Ndị Ijipt, Sumerian, Asiria, Hittite, Ugaritic, na Luwian. Malite na nkọwa na ntụgharị Nkume Rosetta Stone site na Jean-François Champollion na 1822, ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ gbalịrị ịkọwa usoro ederede nke Ancient Near East na Aegean. N'ihe banyere Old Persian na Mycenaean Greek, decipherment wepụtara ihe ndekọ ochie nke asụsụ ndị a maara site na omenala ndị na-adịbeghị anya (Middle Persian na Alphabetic Greek).

Ọrụ na asụsụ oge ochie nke Near East gara n'ihu ngwa ngwa. N'etiti narị afọ nke 19, Henry Rawlinson na ndị ọzọ kọwapụtara Behistun Inscription, nke dekọrọ otu ederede ahụ na Old Persian, Elamite, na Akkadian, na-eji ọdịiche nke cuneiform maka asụsụ ọ bụla. Nkọwapụta nke cuneiform dugara na nkọwa Ndị Sumerian. Bedřich Hrozný kọwara asụsụ Het n'afọ 1915.

Linear B, edemede eji eme ihe na Aegean oge ochie, bụ nke Michael Ventris na John Chadwick kọwara na 1952, bụ ndị gosipụtara na o dekọrọ ụdị Grik mbụ, nke a maara ugbu a dị ka Mycenaean Greek. Linear A, usoro ederede nke na-edekọ asụsụ a na-amaghị ama nke Minoans, na-eguzogide ịkọwa, n'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ mgbalị.

Ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na edemede dịka Maya, na nnukwu ọganihu kemgbe ọganihu mbụ nke usoro phonetic nke Yuri Knorozov na ndị ọzọ kwadoro na 1950s. Kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na a kọwaa koodu Maya kpamkpam, asụsụ ndị Maya so n'ime ndị edere ma mụọ na Mesoamerica. A na-akọwa koodu ahụ dị ka ụdị ederede logosyllabic.

Esemokwu

Na mba ndị na-asụ Bekee, a hapụrụ iji okwu ahụ bụ "philology" kọwaa ọrụ na asụsụ na ọrụ nke akwụkwọ, nke ghọrọ ihe jikọrọ ya na omume nke ndị ọkà mmụta German, n'ihi mmetụta na-emegide ndị Germany mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị. Ọtụtụ mba ndị dị na kọntinent Europe ka na-ejigide okwu ahụ iji họpụta ngalaba, kọleji, utu aha ọnọdụ, na akwụkwọ akụkọ. J. R. R. Tolkien megidere mmeghachi omume nke mba megide omume philological, na-azọrọ na "ihe ebumpụta ụwa" bụ "ihe zuru ụwa ọnụ dịka ojiji nke asụsụ". ^[8] N'iji Bekee eme ihe, na agụmakwụkwọ Bekee, nkà mmụta asụsụ na-anọgide na-abụkarị otu ihe na "akụkọ ihe mere eme", ebe na US English, na agụkọ US, nkọwa sara mbara nke "nnyocha nke ụtọ asụsụ asụsụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịnala edemede" ka na-agbasawanye. Dabere na nkatọ siri ike nke Friedrich Nietzsche, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta US kemgbe afọ 1980 elewo nkà mmụta asụsụ anya dị ka ihe kpatara ọmụmụ sayensị nke asụsụ na akwụkwọ.

^[9] Enwere ike ịhụ ojiji a nke aghụghọ na arụmụka gbara etymology nke Old English Unferth gburugburu site na uri Beowulf.

James Turner ekwenyeghị n'otú e si ajụ iji okwu ahụ eme ihe n'ụwa agụmakwụkwọ, na-ekwu na n'ihi na a na-akpọ ya "ụzọ dị mfe maka isiokwu ha" ^[10] okwu ahụ aghọwo ihe a na-amaghị ụmụ akwụkwọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na kọleji, na-akwalite echiche nke "ihe odide Grik ma ọ bụ nke Rom nke onye na-ahọrọ ihe ochie" na naanị "nnyocha teknụzụ n'ime asụsụ na ezinụlọ".^[11]

N'omenala a ma ama

Na The Space Trilogy nke C. S. Lewis, onye isi, Elwin Ransom, bụ ọkà mmụta asụsụ - dịka ezigbo enyi Lewis bụ J. R. R. Tolkien.

Dr. Edward Morbius, otu n'ime ndị isi na ihe nkiri akụkọ sayensị Forbidden Planet, bụ onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ.

Moritz-Maria von Igelfeld, onye bụ isi na akwụkwọ akụkọ Alexander McCall Smith nke 1997 Portuguese Irregular Verbs bụ ọkà mmụta asụsụ, gụrụ akwụkwọ na Cambridge.

Isi agwa na Academy Award Nominee maka ihe nkiri Asụsụ Mba Ọzọ kacha mma na 2012, Ihe odide ala ala, bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị Hibru, akụkụ dị mkpa nke ihe nkiri ahụ na-ekwu maka ọrụ ya.

A kpọtụrụ onye isi nke akụkọ sayensị TV Stargate SG-1, Dr. Daniel Jackson, aha dị ka onye nwere PhD na philology.

Hụkwa

American Journal of Philology

Nkà mmụta asụsụ na China

Nkà mmụta asụsụ na Japan

Edemsibia

↑ SAUSSURE (2002). Ecrits de linguistique generale. Paris: Gallimard. ISBN 9782070761166.
↑ Peile (1880). Philology. Macmillan and Co.. Retrieved on 2011-07-16.
↑ philology. dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2017-11-04. Retrieved on 2016-12-26.
↑ philology. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016.
↑ Hall (1968). A Companion to Classical Texts. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 22–52.
↑ Liddell. "φιλολογία", A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved on 2017-05-23.
↑ Nikolaus Wegmann, Princeton University Department of German. Scholar.princeton.edu. Archived from the original on 2017-07-19. Retrieved on 2013-12-04.
↑ Tolkien (1923). "Philology: General Works". The Year's Work in English Studies 4: 36–37. DOI:10.1093/ywes/IV.1.20.
↑ Neidorf (2016). R.D Fulk and the Progress of Philology. Boydell & Brewer, 3.
↑ Turner (2015). Philology: The Forgotten Origins of the Modern Humanities (The William G. Bowen Book 70) (in English). Princeton University: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16858-6.
↑ Turner (2015). Philology: The Forgotten Origins of the Modern Humanities (in English). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16858-6.

Njikọ mpụga

[1] SAUSSURE (2002). Ecrits de linguistique generale. Paris: Gallimard. ISBN 9782070761166.

[2] Peile (1880). Philology. Macmillan and Co.. Retrieved on 2011-07-16.

[3] y. dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2017-11-04. Retrieved on 2016-12-26.

[4] y. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016.

[5] Hall (1968). A Companion to Classical Texts. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 22–52.

[6] Liddell. "φιλολογία", A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved on 2017-05-23.

[7] Nikolaus Wegmann, Princeton University Department of German. Scholar.princeton.edu. Archived from the original on 2017-07-19. Retrieved on 2013-12-04.

[8] Tolkien (1923). "Philology: General Works". The Year's Work in English Studies 4: 36–37. DOI:10.1093/ywes/IV.1.20.

[9] Neidorf (2016). R.D Fulk and the Progress of Philology. Boydell & Brewer, 3.

[10] Turner (2015). Philology: The Forgotten Origins of the Modern Humanities (The William G. Bowen Book 70) (in English). Princeton University: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16858-6.

[11] Turner (2015). Philology: The Forgotten Origins of the Modern Humanities (in English). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16858-6.

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