Nkume a na-akpọ Toadstone

Nchịkọta nke Toadstone, nke e sere na Hortus Sanitatis, nke e bipụtara na Mainz na 1491.

Akụkụ agbà dị ala nke Scheenstia, na-egosi ezé n'ebe ahụ

Nkume toad, nke a dị ka bufo (site na Latn bufo, "toad"), nkume ma ọ bụ nkume ọnụ ọnụ nke e chere na a na-ahụ ya n'isi toad.  E chere na ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ maka ndị ma na nke a ọ dị ka batrachite, nke a na-eche na ọ pụta n'isi awụ.  Toadstones bụ n'ezie ezé fossilized nke Scheenstia (nke a na-akpọbu Lepidotes), ụdị Azụ ray-finned sitere na Oge Jurassic na Cretaceous.  Ha yiri ka ha bụ "nkume zuru oke n'ụdị" ma ndị na-ere ola na Europe mgba ha na mgbaaka akwụkwọ na ụtụmọkpọ site n'oge oge ochie ruo na ncheta afọ nke 18.

Nkwenkwe Ndị E kweere

Nkume ntutu si n'ala Jurassic na Oxfordshire UK

Site n'oge ochie, ndị mmadụ na-echeta ihe ochie na ọla ndị a na-etinye n'ime isi awụ.  Akịrịka ahụ nwere gland na-egbu egbu n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ ya, n'ihi ya, a na-eche na ha bu ọgwụ nke ha nakwa na nke a weere akwụkwọ akụkọ.  Ọ bụ Pliny Onye Ukwu dere ha na mbụ adọ mbụ.

Dị ka ezé shark fossilized nke a mara dị ka tonguestones, a na-eche na toadstones bụ ihe na-ibu nsí ma na-ibu ya isi epilepsy.[1]  Ka ọ na-erule na awụ nke iri na anọ, ndị mmadụ akara iji nkume toadstones ola mma maka ikike ikike ngosi ha.  N'ụdị omenala ha, a mmetụta ka nkume frog n'ime frog ochie mgbe ihe e kere eke ahụ ka dị ndụ.  onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke na ike adọ nke iri na asaa bụ Edward Topsell dere na ike ime nke a site na agụ frog n'elu akwa na-acha ọkụ.

Ndị na-ere ola n'oge ahụ weere ezigbo nkume frog ka ọ mba ndị USD nha aka ma ha dị iche iche na agba site na-acha ọcha ruo na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ruo na oji, dabere na ebe e liri ha.[1]  A na-eche na ha elele dị irẹụ nsi mgbe a na-eyi ha nwe akpụkpọ ahụ, n'oge ahụ a na-eche ka ha na-ekpo ọkụ, ọsdị ma elu ụcha.[2]  Ọ bụrụ na anụmanụ na-egbu egbu tara mmadụ, a ga-ahụ nkume toadstone aka n'ihe nkiri ahụ iji mee mmetụta.[3]  N'aka nke ọzọ, Johannes nke Cuba, n' akwụkwọ ya Gart der Gesundheit nke 1485, kwuru na toadstone ga-enyere aka na-egosi na obi ụtọ ụwa..

Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ

Duke Senior na-ezo aka na nkume na Shakespeare's As You Like It (1599), na Act 2, Scene 1, ahịrị 12 ruo 14:

Sweet are the uses of adversity;
Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous,
Wears yet a precious jewel in his head.

N'ibu dị nke James Branch Cabell "Balthazar's Daughter" (nke ana ozi na The Certain Hour) na egwuregwu ya na-esote The Jewel Merchants, Alessandro nke Medici na-anwa ịrata Graciosa site na idepụta ọla dị oké ọnụ ahịa dị iche iche o nwere, ihe "ihe ndị e ji eji nke awụ".

Hụkwa

• Bezoar
• Biomineralization

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

• New Oxford American Dictionary, n'okpuru ntinye "toadstone".
• Ọrụ zuru ezu nke William Shakespeare site na Crown Publishers Inc

Njikọ mpụga

• "Toadstones: Ihe edeturu Pseudodoxia Epidemica, Akwụkwọ nke Atọ, isi nke 13"
• nchịkọta nke ihe edeturu nke James Eason nke Mahadum Chicago na-agụnye ihe ndị sitere na Thomas Nicols na ndị edemede ndị ọzọ
• Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times, October 1890
• [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nnyocha banyere ọnọdụ mbụ na nhazi nke ụwa, peeji nke 184-5, 190 na ff).