Gaa na ọdịnaya

Nokukhanya Bhengu

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ
Nokukhanya Bhengu
Born
Umngeni, Colony of Natal
Died
KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Burial placeCongregational Church, Groutville, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
EducationOhlange Institute
Inanda Seminary School
Alma materAdams College
Occupationteacher, farmer, women’s leader and anti-apartheid activist
SpouseAlbert Luthuli (m. 1927)
Children7, including Albertina Luthuli
AwardsOrganisation of African Unity

Nokukhanya Bhengu (3 Maachị 1904–16 Disemba 1996) bụ onye nkuzi South Africa, onye ọrụ ugbo, onye ndu ụmụ nwanyị na onye na -akwado ịkpa ókè agbụrụ . Ọ lụrụ Albert Luthuli, onye bụ onyeisi oche nke African National Congress (ANC) n'etiti 1952 na 1967.

Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A mụrụ Bhengu na Maachị 1904 na Umngeni American Board Congregationalist Mission, [1] na nso Durban, [2] na British Colony nke Natal . Nne na nna ya bụ Maphitha Bhengu, nwa Ndlokolo Bhengu (onyeisi ndị Ngcolosi), [3] [4] na nwunye ya Nozincwadi Ngidi si Mzinyathi, na-eme Bhengu onye otu ezinụlọ eze nke Ngcolosi. N'akwụkwọ ozi o degaara onye nchịkọta akụkọ Ilanga na 1957, ọ kpọrọ ndị nna nna ya nke eze: " intombi kaMaphitha, oyisokanqangi lika Ndlokolo kaNkungu kaMepho kaNgwane kaLamula ."

Ezinụlọ ya bụ ndị amakholwa (African Christian) na o nwekwara ụmụnne ise tọrọ ya. Nwanne ya nwanyị Nomhlatuze Bhengu bụ otu n'ime ndị nọọsụ ojii mbụ a zụrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ McCord ma were ya n'ọrụ na Grey's Hospital na Pietermaritzburg . Nne Behngu nwụrụ na 1914 na mgbe nna ya lụgharịrị di, ọ gara biri na nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye. [2]

Ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya na Ohlange Institute, Inanda, KwaZulu-Natal, [5] wee mụọ akwụkwọ na Inanda Seminary School, [6] ụlọ akwụkwọ American Board Mission maka ụmụ agbọghọ. Otu n'ime ndị nkuzi ya na Seminary Inanda kwadoro ya na Adams College, Amanzimtoti, maka nkuzi nkuzi nkuzi. [1] Mgbe ọ gụchara ọzụzụ onye nkuzi ya, na 1922 Bhengu malitere nkuzi na Mpushini, Eshowe, nke dịdebere Pietermaritzburg. Mgbe onye nkuzi na onye ọrụ mmekọrịta Sibusiswe Makhanya hapụrụ ọkwa nkuzi ya na kọleji Adams na 1923, ndị nlekọta ahụ kpọrọ Bhengu ka ọ dochie ya. Ka ọ na-akụzi, Bhengu rụkwara ọrụ na Adams Hostel maka ụmụ agbọghọ. [7]

Alụmdi na nwunye

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na 1925, Bhengu zutere Albert John Luthuli, mgbe ahụ onye nkụzi ibe na Adams College, [8] onye kụziiri Zulu akụkọ ihe mere eme, egwu Zulu na akwụkwọ. [9] Na 19 Jenụwarị 1927, mgbe mkparịta ụka n'etiti ezi na ụlọ ha gasịrị, ha lụrụ na Bhengu kwagara ya na ezinụlọ ya biri na Groutville . [10] Ha nwere ụmụ asaa, [1] [11] ụmụ nwoke atọ na ụmụ nwanyị anọ, gụnyere onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na dọkịta na-ahụ maka ahụike Albertina Luthuli, na Bhengu mara maka ịzụ ụmụ ya na-atụ anya na ha niile mere otu ọrụ n'agbanyeghị okike ha. [12]

Bhengu ga-ahapụ ọrụ ya mgbe alụmdi na nwunye ya gasịrị ka Adams College ekweghị ka ụmụ nwanyị lụrụ di na-akụzi ihe, [2] mgbe di ya nọgidere na post nkuzi ya wee ziga ego n'ụlọ iji kwado ezinụlọ ya. [13] Bhengu gbakwunyere ego a site n'ịkwa ma na-ere akwụkwọ nri, okpete na mkpụrụ osisi. [14] Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ kpatara ụkọ osikapa, ọ kụziiri ụmụ nwanyị ka esi amị osikapa.

Na 1933, a gwara di Bhengu ka ọ nọchie nwanne nna ya, Martin Luthuli, dịka onye isi nke Umvoti River Reserve. [15] Mgbe ọ tụchara izu maka afọ abụọ, [13] ọ nakweere, ma nwee ike ịkwaga ibi na Groutville na Bhengu na ezinụlọ ha na-adịgide adịgide. Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na 1936. Ma Bhengu na Luthuli jụrụ nrụrụ aka, mgbe aghụghọ kpatara nsogbu na post ọfịs mpaghara, Bhengu guzobere ụlọ ọrụ nzipu ozi n'ụlọ Luthuli ma wepụta akwụkwọ ozi n'ụkwụ. [16] Ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo na Groutville na-agwakarị Bhengu okwu maka ndụmọdụ gbasara ọrụ ugbo, ịzụ ụmụ ha na ịkọrọ nne di ha dịka omenala Zulu siri dị. [17]

Ime ihe

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ime 1930s, Bhengu hibere ngalaba Groutville nke ụmụ nwanyị na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ bụ Daughters of Africa (DOA) [18] na ọ bụ onye otu otu ọgbakọ ndị nne. [17]

Bhengu ghọrọ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ wee sonye na ANC, emesịa na-atụgharị uche na "Ana m eji mkpebi m mere ka m tinye n'ọnọdụ m na unu niile na African National Congress na-achọ ịhụ ka Africa nweere onwe ya." Na 1946, a họpụtara di ya na Natives Representative Council (NRC), otu ndụmọdụ na gọọmentị, site na ntuli aka ime obodo. A họpụtara ya onye isi n'ozuzu nke ANC na 1952, nke ANC Youth League (ANCYL) kwadoro ya, yana Nelson Mandela họpụtara dịka onye nnọchiteanya ya. Ka di ya bilitere n'òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Bhengu tọrọ ntọala Cato Manor Women's Society wee bụrụ onye nkwado nke Women's Enfranchisement Association of the Union (WEA), nke Charlotte Maxeke na Emily Hobhouse tọrọ. [19] [20] Ọ gbanwere akwụkwọ ozi ya na ndị na-akwado ikike nha anya n'ofe ụwa, dịka onye enyemaka America Mary Louise Hooper, bụ enyi ya na onye nta akụkọ ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ.

Na 1953, gọọmenti machiri di Bhengu otu afọ, machibido ya ịga nnọkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma ọ bụ ọha na eze na ịbanye n'obodo ukwu ndị South Africa ọ bụla. [9] Ọ bụ nke mbụ n'ime iwu mmachibido iwu anọ Luthuli ga-anata dị ka onye isi ala ANC. [21] E jidere ya na 1956, bo ya ebubo ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru. Bhengu jere ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya ya n'oge a, zigaara ndị otu ANC ndị ọzọ amachibidoro ozi site n'aka ya, ma jikwaa amata mpaghara na mba ụwa gbasara ọkwa iwu ya. Bhengu gbakwara mkpọsa n'aka nke ya na ndị otu ANC Lower Tugela Alaka ya họpụtara ya dị ka onye nnọchi anya ha na Mgbakọ Afọ iri anọ na atọ nke ANC, nke e mere na Bloemfontein n'oge Disemba 1955. [22] O kwuru okwu n'ọgbakọ ahụ, gbaa ndị nnọchiteanya ume ka ha "mee Africa, nke a na-akpọkarị "Kontinent Ọchịchịrị", kọntinent nke ìhè," ma kpọọ maka South Africa ka ha nwee "nnwere onwe na ụwa mepere emepe." [23] Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ugbo ma bụrụkwa onye mbụ na-eri nri maka ezinụlọ. [9] [17]

Mgbe Eze Cyprian Bhekuzulu nke ezinụlọ eze na Durban kwupụtara nkwado ya maka ngafe apartheid n'etiti 1950s, ya na ndị inyom itoolu ndị ọzọ na-anọchite anya African National Congress Women's League (ANCWL) gara n'ime ime obodo Nongoma izute ya ma gbaa ya ume imegide iwu ngafe ahụ. [17] Mgbe ụmụ nwanyị ojii chọrọ akwụkwọ ikike n'afọ 1956, ọ gbasakwara mkpọsa ọzọ, mechaa kọwaa na "anyị bụ ụmụ nwanyị na-alụ ọgụ megide nlelị a na-akparị mmadụ. Anyị ahụla ihe mere ndị ikom anyị bụ ndị na-ebu akwụkwọ ikike, anyị achọghịkwa ka otu ihe ahụ mee anyị." [22]

Na 1960, Bhengu sonyeere onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Mewa Ramgobin na isonye na ngwa ngwa ụbọchị ise, na omenala Gandhian, na mkpesa nke mgbuchapụ Sharpeville na mmachibido iwu nke ndị otu na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ site na steeti, gụnyere ANC. [24] A maara na ọ 'kpere ekpere ụbọchị ahụ maka ndị na-ata ahụhụ n'ihi anyị. [25]

Na 1961, e nyere di Bhengu ihe nrite Nobel Peace Prize . [26] [27] Ha abụọ gara Norway ma kweta na nwunye ya n'okwu nnabata ya, nke e mere na Ụlọ Nzukọ Ukwu nke Oslo University, na-ekwu na o ruru eru ịkọrọ ya nsọpụrụ nke inweta ihe nrite ahụ. [28] [29] Ha ji ego nrite Nobel zụta ugbo na Switzerland nke nyere ndị otu ANC ebe mgbaba na South Africa . [12] Bhengu na-anọ ebe ahụ kwa afọ ilekọta ihe ubi, ihe onwunwe na ndị ọbịa. [2]

Mgbe e mesịrị ndụ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Di Bhengu nwụrụ na 1967, mgbe ụgbọ okporo ígwè kụgburu ya. [21] Nelson Mandela degara ya akwụkwọ mkpesa sitere n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. [30] A haziri olili Luthuli na mmekorita ya na ANC, mebere ngagharị ime obodo na nke zuru ụwa ọnụ megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ma na-agbasa na televishọn na United States . Foto ndị Bhengu na-eru uju n'olili ozu di ya gụnyere n'akwụkwọ Carol Lazar dere na 1993 bụ́ Women of South Africa: They Fight for Freedom . [31]

Mgbe ndị di ya nwụsịrị, Bhengu jikwaa onyonyo ya na ihe nketa akụkọ ihe mere eme na mba na mba ụwa. Ọ haziri ebe nchekwa nke akwụkwọ ya, na-eme ngosi ngosi nke nkume ili ya ma kwado ntọala Luthuli Memorial Foundation (LMF), na-eje ozi dị ka otu n'ime ndị nlekọta na Zami Conco, Mary Louise Hooper na Massabalala Yengwa . Bhengu nọgidere na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mgbasa ozi na ndụ obodo, na 1971 ọ meghere mgbakọ October nke Natal Indian Congress, [32] na-ede mgbe e mesịrị na 1970 na nkwado nke Congress nke e bipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ ha. [33]

Ọnwụ na ihe nketa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Bhengu nwụrụ na Disemba 1996, ụbọchị ole na ole ka abanyechara n'akwụkwọ iwu ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke South Africa. E liri ya na ọgbakọ ọgbakọ dị na Groutville n'akụkụ di ya. [1] President Mandela kwuru okwu na olili ya, na-akọwa ya dị ka "Nne nke Mba par excellence." Ụlọ ezinụlọ Luthuli bụzi ihe ngosi nka dị ndụ. [34]

Ọ bụ isiokwu a na 1989 abụ otuto otuto nke ndị Nne Anyị nke Gcina Mhlophe, [2] [14] [35] tinyekwara ya na abụ nke Thoko Remigia Makhanya na Sue Williams.

Mgbe Onye isi ala Thabo Mbeki kwuru okwu South African National Conference on Racism na 2000, o kesara nkọwa sitere n'aka Bhengu, obere oge tupu ọ nwụọ: "Nke a dị mfe ma dị omimi nke ụmụ mmadụ na ndị Africa: Ọchịchọ m tupu m anwụọ, bụ ịhụ ndị ojii na ndị ọcha na-ebikọ ọnụ na South Africa dị n'otu." [36]

Ntụaka

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 NOKUKHANYA LUTHULI (en-US). Luthuli Museum. Retrieved on 2025-01-23.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Daymond (2003). Women Writing Africa: The Southern Region (in en). Feminist Press at City University of New York, 413. ISBN 978-1-55861-407-9. 
  3. ↑ Grobler (1988). A Decisive Clash?: A Short History of Black Protest Politics in South Africa, 1875–1976 (in en). Acacia, 186. ISBN 978-0-86817-052-7. 
  4. ↑ Benson (1963). Chief Albert Lutuli of South Africa (in en). Oxford University Press, 8. 
  5. ↑ Nokukhanya (Bhengu) Luthuli's Life Timeline. South African History Online. Retrieved on 2025-01-23.
  6. ↑ Healy-Clancy (2014-06-19). A World of Their Own: A History of South African Women's Education (in en). University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-3609-3. 
  7. ↑ Naidoo (2010). In The Shadow Of Chief Albert Luthuli: Reflections Of Goolam Suleman (in en). Luthuli Museum, 13. ISBN 978-0-621-39747-5. 
  8. ↑ Haskins (2005-01-21). African Heroes (in en). John Wiley & Sons, 88. ISBN 978-0-471-70098-2. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Vinson (2018-08-09). Albert Luthuli (in en). Ohio University Press, 21-22, 51-53. ISBN 978-0-8214-4642-3. 
  10. ↑ Luthuli (1991). Luthuli: Speeches of Chief Albert John Luthuli (in en). Madiba Publishers, 35. ISBN 978-0-9583169-6-5. 
  11. ↑ Akyeampong (2012-02-02). Dictionary of African Biography (in en). OUP USA, 532. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Simpson (2018-10-03). The ANC and the Liberation Struggle in South Africa: Essential writings (in en). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-45959-2. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Moolakkattu (2020-01-02). "Peace Profile: Albert John Luthuli". Peace Review 32 (1): 103–111. DOI:10.1080/10402659.2020.1823575. ISSN 1040-2659. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 A Women's Month tribute to Nokukhanya (MaBhengu) Luthuli (1904–1996) (en). University of Pretoria. Retrieved on 2025-01-23.
  15. ↑ Legum (1968). The Bitter Choice: Eight South Africans' Resistance to Tyranny (in en). World Publishing Company, 54. 
  16. ↑ Beinart (2014-07-01). A Long Way Home: Migrant worker worlds 1800–2014 (in en). NYU Press, 190–192. ISBN 978-1-86814-994-0. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Kelly (2019-04-03). "Gender, Shame, and the 'Efficacy of Congress Methods of Struggle' in 1959 Natal Women's Rural Revolts". South African Historical Journal 71 (2): 221–241. DOI:10.1080/02582473.2019.1662080. ISSN 0258-2473. 
  18. ↑ Curry (2022-04-11). Social Justice at Apartheid's Dawn: African Women Intellectuals and the Quest to Save the Nation (in en). Springer Nature, 198. ISBN 978-3-030-85404-1. 
  19. ↑ Barr (2023-06-16). A Comprehensive History of Women's Suffrage in South Africa (en-US). WeChronicle. Archived from the original on 2024-12-04. Retrieved on 2025-01-23.
  20. ↑ (2004) The Road to Democracy in South Africa: 1970–1980 (in en). Unisa Press, 886. ISBN 978-1-86888-406-3. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Couper (2010). Albert Luthuli: Bound by Faith (in en). University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 66, 190. ISBN 978-1-86914-192-9. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Rule (1993). Nokukhanya, Mother of Light (in en). The Grail, 24, 118, 173. ISBN 978-0-620-17259-2. 
  23. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  24. ↑ Mewa Ramgobin. South African History Online. Retrieved on 2025-01-23.
  25. ↑ Dhupelia-Mesthrie (2024-10-01). Gandhi's African Legacy: Phoenix Settlement 1904 to 2024. A History Through Letters (in en). UWC Press, 517. ISBN 978-1-990995-10-1. 
  26. ↑ Hofmeyr (2011-05-01). South Africa and India: Shaping the Global South (in en). NYU Press. ISBN 978-1-86814-948-3. 
  27. ↑ Afulezi (2002). African and Africa-related Nobel Prize Winners: Portraitures in Excellence (in en). University Press of America, 223. ISBN 978-0-7618-2101-4. 
  28. ↑ Ndlovu (2012). "On Nkosi Albert Luthuli Nobel Peace Prize Speech" (in en). Présence Africaine 185186 (1): 121–129. DOI:10.3917/presa.185.0121. ISSN 0032-7638. 
  29. ↑ Evans (2017-11-01). Speeches that Shaped South Africa: From Malan to Malema (in en). Penguin Random House South Africa. ISBN 978-1-77609-142-3. 
  30. ↑ Mandela (2019-08-13). Prison Letters (in en). Liveright Publishing. ISBN 978-1-63149-674-5. 
  31. ↑ Amico (1998-03-20). Reader's Guide to Women's Studies (in en). Routledge, 53–54. ISBN 978-1-135-31404-0. 
  32. ↑ Vahed (2014-01-02). "A case of 'strategic ethnicity'? The Natal Indian Congress in the 1970s". African Historical Review 46 (1): 22–47. DOI:10.1080/17532523.2014.911436. ISSN 1753-2523. 
  33. ↑ Desai (2021). Colour, Class and Community – The Natal Indian Congress, 1971–1994 (in en). NYU Press, 117. ISBN 978-1-77614-716-8. 
  34. ↑ Hlongwane (2019-04-11). Public History and Culture in South Africa: Memorialisation and Liberation Heritage Sites in Johannesburg and the Township Space (in en). Springer, 232. ISBN 978-3-030-14749-5. 
  35. ↑ Kindig (2020-10-20). The Verso Book of Feminism: Revolutionary Words from Four Millennia of Rebellion (in en). Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-78873-927-6. 
  36. ↑ (2015-02-01) Nation Formation and Social Cohesion: An Enquiry into the Hopes and Aspirations of South Africans (in en). Mapungubwe Institute for Strategic Reflection, Real African Publishers, 50. ISBN 978-1-920655-72-3. 
Ewepụtara site na "https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nokukhanya_Bhengu&oldid=214831"