Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
Northeastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA)bụ otu ìgwè asụsụ ndị yiri ya nke Neo-Aramaic a na-asụ tupu Agha Ụwa Mbụ dị ka asụsụ obodo nke ndị Juu na Ndị Kraịst Asiria na-asụ n'etiti Tigris na Lake Urmia, na-agbasa ruo n'ebe ugwu ruo Lake Van na ndịda ruo Mosul na Kirkuk. N'ihi mgbukpọ agbụrụ ndị Asiria, a chụpụrụ ndị na-asụ Ndị Kraịst n'ógbè ahụ nke bụ Turkey ugbu a, na mmalite afọ 1950, ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ ndị Juu kwagara Israel. Esemokwu Kurdish na Turkey mere ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ gbasaa ọzọ.[1] Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1990, otu NENA nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ nke ọma n'etiti ndị Asiria dị n'okpuru 500,000, gbasaa na Middle East na ndị Asiria. N'afọ 2007, onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Geoffrey Khan dere na ọtụtụ olumba na-eru nso n'ịpụ n'anya na ndị na-asụ ya nke ọma siri ike ịchọta.[1]
Alaka ndị ọzọ nke Neo-Aramaic bụ Western Neo-Aramiic, Central Neo-Arameic (Turoyo na Mlahso), na Mandaik.[1] Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-ekewa NENA, yana Turoyo na Mlahso, dị ka otu olumba na-aga n'ihu.[2]
Mmetụta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Asụsụ NENA nwere ọtụtụ okwu agbaziri agbaziri na ụfọdụ ihe atụ asụsụ sitere na asụsụ Akkadian nke ndị East Semitic nke Mesopotemia (asụsụ mbụ nke ndị Asiria) nakwa n'oge a site na asụsụ ndị gbara ha gburugburu: asụsụ Kurdish, Arabic, Persian, Azerbaijan na Turkey. Ndị Juu na ndị Asiria Ndị Kraịst si mpaghara ahụ na-asụ asụsụ ndị a. Ụdị NENA ọ bụla doro anya bụ nke ndị Juu ma ọ bụ ndị Asiria.
Agbanyeghị, ọ bụghị ụdị okpukpe niile dị iche iche ka a pụrụ ịghọta nke ọma na ndị ọzọ niile nọ n'òtù ahụ. N'otu aka ahụ, n'ebe ụfọdụ, ndị Juu na ndị Asiria bụ́ Ndị Kraịst si n'otu ebe na-asụ ụdị Aramaic dị iche iche a na-apụghị ịghọta, ebe n'ebe ndị ọzọ, asụsụ ha yiri ibe ha. Enwere ike ịkọwa ọdịiche dị na ya site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na obodo NENA ji nwayọọ nwayọọ kewapụ onwe ha n'ime obere ìgwè ndị gbasaa n'ebe sara mbara, ụfọdụ aghaghịkwa ịdị na-agagharị nke ọma n'ihi mkpagbu agbụrụ na okpukpe dị iche iche.
Mmetụta nke ụdị Aramaic oge gboo - Siriak n'ụdị Ndị Kraịst na Targumic n'obodo ndị Juu - na-enye ihe nketa abụọ nke na-eme ka asụsụ dị iche site n'okwukwe. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Juu na-asụ ụdị NENA, ndị Juu Kurdish, bi ugbu a na Israel, ebe Neo-Aramaic nọ n'ihe ize ndụ site na ikike nke Modern Hebrew. Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ NENA Ndị Kraịst, ndị na-abụkarị ndị Asiria, nọ n'obodo ọzọ na North America, Europe, Australia, Caucasus na ebe ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na obodo ndị obodo ka nọ na ugwu Iraq, ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Turkey, ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Syria na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Iran, mpaghara nke nwere ihe bụbu Asiria oge ochie..
Ịchịkọta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]SIL Ethnologue na-enye koodu ISO na ụdị NENA iri na abụọ, abụọ n'ime ha adịghịzi:
- Suret (Assyrian Neo-Aramaic) [aii], ndị na-asụ 235,000 (1994) [3]
- Suret (Chaldean Neo-Aramaic) [cld], 216,000 ndị na-asụ ya (1994)
- Asụsụ ndị Juu na-Aramaic, nke ndị Juu nọ n'Izrel na-asụ Asụsụ ndị Ọhụrụ nke Barzani [bjf] (Izrel), Trans-Zab Asụsụ ndị ọhụrụ nke ndị Juu nke Neo-Aramaik [ọtụtụ], 10,000 ndị na-asọpụta (1990s) Asụsụ ndị Neo-Armaic nke Zakho [lsd] 7,500 ndị na-ekwu okwu (1990s] Asụsụ ndị ọhụrụ nke ndị Juu na Urmia [trg], 4,500 ndị na' (2000) [huy][aij]
- Asụsụ ndị Juu Neo-Aramaic nke Barzani [bjf] (Izrel), nke na-adịghịzi adị
- Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic [huy], 10,000 ndị na-asụ (1990s)
- Asụsụ ndị Juu Neo-Aramaic nke Zakho [lsd] 7,500 ndị na-asụ ya (1990s)
- Asụsụ ndị Juu Neo-Aramaic nke Urmia [trg], 4,500 ndị na-asụ ya (2000)
- Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic [aij], 2,200 ọkà okwu (1990s)
- Asụsụ Neo-Aramaic nke Bohtan [bhn] (Georgia), 1,000 ndị na-asụ ya (1990s)
- Asụsụ Neo-Aramaic nke Hertevin [hrt] (Turkey), 1,000 ndị na-asụ ya (1990s)
- Koy Sanjaq Christian Neo-Aramaic [kqd] (Iraq), ndị na-asụ 900 (1990s)
- Asụsụ Christian Neo-Aramaic nke Senaya [syn] (Iran), ndị na-asụ ya 460 (1990s)
Ndepụta nke olumba
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'okpuru ebe a bụ ndepụta zuru ezu nke asụsụ Neo-Aramaic nke North-Eastern site na North-East Neo-Arameic Database Project (dị ka nke 2023): [4]
| Dialect | Religion | Country | Region |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sulemaniyya, Jewish | Jewish | Iraq | NE |
| Qaraqosh (Baghdede) | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Tisqopa | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Aradhin, Christian | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Karəmlesh | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Derabun | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Ankawa | Christian | Iraq | NE |
| Billin | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Ashitha | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Umra d-Shish | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Baṭnaya | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Sanandaj, Jewish | Jewish | Iran | W |
| Shōsh-u-Sharmən | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Alqosh | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Peshabur | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Koy Sanjaq, Jewish | Jewish | Iraq | NE |
| Arbel | Jewish | Iraq | NE |
| Bēṣpən | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Mēr | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Išši | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Baznaye | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Gaznax | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Harbole | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Hertevin | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Sardarid | Christian | Iran | NW |
| Bohtan | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Sanandaj, Christian | Christian | Iran | W |
| Rustaqa | Jewish | Iraq | NE |
| Dobe | Jewish | Iraq | NW |
| Ruwanduz | Jewish | Iraq | NE |
| Saqǝz | Jewish | Iran | W |
| Telkepe | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Iṣṣin | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Mar-Yaqo | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Tən | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Barzani | Jewish | Iraq | NW |
| Betanure | Jewish | Iraq | NW |
| Shǝnno | Jewish | Iran | NW |
| Bokan | Jewish | Iran | W |
| Amedia, Jewish | Jewish | Iraq | NW |
| Zakho, Christian | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Zakho, Jewish | Jewish | Iraq | NW |
| Urmia, Jewish | Jewish | Iran | NW |
| Diyana-Zariwaw | Christian | Iraq | NE |
| Sablagh | Jewish | Iran | W |
| Jilu | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Challək | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Darband | Christian | Iran | NW |
| Bebede | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Dere | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Nargəzine-Xarjawa | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Aqra (Xərpa) | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Aqra (town) | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Xarjawa | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Mangesh | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Bidaro | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Hamziye | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Gargarnaye | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Barwar | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Nerwa, Jewish | Jewish | Iraq | NW |
| Salamas, Christian | Christian | Iran | NW |
| Bne Lagippa | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Kerend | Jewish | Iran | W |
| Koy Sanjaq, Christian | Christian | Iraq | NE |
| Tikab | Jewish | Iran | W |
| Qarah Ḥasan | Jewish | Iran | W |
| Bijar | Jewish | Iran | W |
| Bariṭle | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Baqopa | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Sharanish | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Zawitha | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Solduz | Jewish | Iran | NW |
| Sulemaniyya, Christian | Christian | Iraq | NE |
| Ḥalabja | Jewish | Iraq | NE |
| Xanaqin | Jewish | Iraq | NE |
| Qaladeze | Jewish | Iraq | NE |
| Nerwa, Christian | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Meze | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Shaqlawa, Christian | Christian | Iraq | NE |
| Hassana | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Marga | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Bersive | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Qarawilla | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Challa, Jewish | Jewish | Turkey | SE |
| Sāt | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Bāz (Maha Xtaya) | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Ṭāl | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Sarspido (duplicate?) | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Van | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Halana | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Bnerumta (Upper Tiyari) | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Tel Tamməṛ (Upper Tiyari) | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Walṭo (Upper Tiyari) | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Sarspido (Lower Tiyari) | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Halmun | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Txuma Gawaya | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Txuma Mazṛa | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Txuma Gudəkθa | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Txuma Gəssa | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Txuma Bərəjnaye | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Arbuš | Christian | ||
| Bāz (Khabur) | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Dīz | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Jilu (Khabur) | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Šamməsdin Nočiya | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Šamməsdin Iyyəl | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Šamməsdin Marbišo | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Barwar | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Gawar, Christian | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Qočanəṣ | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Van (Timur, Khabur) | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Saṛa (Khabur) | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Saṛa (Armenia) | Christian | Georgia, Armenia | |
| Lewən | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Urmia, Christian | Christian | Iran | NW |
| Bne ~ Mne Maθa (Lower Tiyari) | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Bne ~ Mne Belaθa (Upper Tiyari) | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Bāz (Aruntus) | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Mawana | Christian | Iran | NW |
| Gawilan | Christian | Iran | NW |
| Salamas, Jewish | Jewish | Iran | NW |
| Komane | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Derəgni | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Bədyəl | Christian | Iraq | NE |
| Enəške | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Təlla | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Darbandoke | Christian | Iraq | NE |
| Shiyuz | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Qasr Shirin | Jewish | Iran | W |
| Bāz (Shwawa) | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Bāz (Aghgab) | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Shahe | Jewish | Iraq | NW |
| Bəjil | Jewish | Iraq | NW |
| Umra | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Gargarnaye (Azran) | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Dohok, Jewish | Jewish | Iraq | NW |
| Jənnet | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Hoz | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Harmashe | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Dohok, Christian | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Hawdiyan | Christian | Iraq | NE |
| Aradhin, Jewish | Jewish | Iraq | NW |
| Azax | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Bāz (Rekan) | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Yarda | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Alanish | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Gzira | Jewish | Turkey | SE |
| Gawar, Jewish | Jewish | Turkey | SE |
| Dawadiya | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Challa, Christian | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Nəxla (Gerbish) | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Nəxla (Dinarta) | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Nuhawa | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Nəxla (Sanaye) | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Sandu | Jewish | Iraq | NW |
| Shaqlawa, Jewish | Jewish | Iraq | NE |
| Dehe | Christian | Iraq | NW |
| Gramun | Christian | Turkey | SE |
| Tazacand | Christian | Iran | NW |
| Amedia, Christian | Christian | Iraq | NW |
Edemsibia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- 1 2 3 Khan (1 January 2007). "The North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic Dialects". Journal of Semitic Studies 52 (1): 1–20. DOI:10.1093/jss/fgl034. Khan, G. (1 January 2007). "The North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic Dialects". Journal of Semitic Studies. 52 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1093/jss/fgl034.
- ↑ Kim (2008). ""Stammbaum" or Continuum? The Subgrouping of Modern Aramaic Dialects Reconsidered". Journal of the American Oriental Society 128 (3): 505–531. ISSN 0003-0279.
- ↑ Lewis:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. SIL International (2015). Archived from the original on 2016-07-21. Retrieved on 2026-03-09.
- ↑ Khan. Dialects. The North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic Database Project. Retrieved on 2023-10-07.
Ebe e si nweta ya
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Coghill. "Some notable features in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic dialects of Iraq", Neo-Aramaic Dialect Studies. Gorgias Press, 91–104. ISBN 978-1-4632-1161-5.
- Fox (1994). "The Relationships of the Eastern Neo-Aramaic Dialects". Journal of the American Oriental Society 114 (2): 154–162. DOI:10.2307/605827. ISSN 0003-0279.
- Fox (2008). "North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic and the Middle Aramaic Dialects", Neo-Aramaic Dialect Studies. Gorgias Press, 1–18. ISBN 978-1-4632-1161-5.
- Gutman (2018). Attributive constructions in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic (in en). Language Science Press. ISBN 978-3-96110-081-1.
- Khan (2007). "Grammatical borrowing in North-eastern Neo-Aramaic", Empirical Approaches to Language Typology [EALT]. Mouton de Gruyter, 197–214. DOI:10.1515/9783110199192.197. ISBN 978-3-11-019919-2.
- Khan (2012). "North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic", The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook (in en). Walter de Gruyter, 708–724. ISBN 978-3-11-025158-6.
- (2015) in Khan: Neo-Aramaic in Its Linguistic Context (in en). Gorgias Press. ISBN 978-1-4632-0410-5.
- Khan (2018). "Remarks on the Historical Development and Syntax of the Copula in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic Dialects". Aramaic Studies 16 (2): 234–269. DOI:10.1163/17455227-01602010.
- Khan (2020). "The Perfect in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic", Perfects in Indo-European Languages and Beyond (in en). John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-272-6090-1.
- (2021) in Khan: Studies in the Grammar and Lexicon of Neo-Aramaic, Semitic Languages and Cultures (in English). Open Book Publishers. DOI:10.11647/OBP.0209. ISBN 978-1-78374-952-2.
- Ragagnin (2020). "Some Notes on Turkic and Mongolic Elements in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic Varieties", Eine hundertblättrige Tulpe - Bir ṣadbarg lāla. De Gruyter, 361–371. ISBN 978-3-11-220924-0.
- Mutzafi (2005). "Etymological Notes on North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic". Aramaic Studies 3 (1): 83–107. DOI:10.1177/1477835105053516.
- Mutzafi (2006). "On the Etymology of Some Enigmatic Words in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic". Aramaic Studies 4 (1): 83–99. DOI:10.1177/1477835106066037.
- Mutzafi (2018). "Folk Etymology in the North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic Dialects". Aramaic Studies 16 (2): 215–233. DOI:10.1163/17455227-01602007.
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- The North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic Database Project nke Geoffrey Khan et al. (Mahadum Cambridge)