Gaa na ọdịnaya

Obere hydro

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ
Obere ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik nke Licq-Athérey (Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France).

Obere mmiri bụ ọgbọ nke ike mmiri eletrik na obere nha ma e jiri ya tụnyere nnukwu mmiri ọdịnala. Nkọwa ziri ezi dịgasị iche site na mba, mana obere ọrụ mmiri (SHP) na-erughị 50 megawatts (MW) ma nwee ike ịkekọrịta ya site na "mini" (<500kW), "micro" (<100 kW), na "pico" (<10 kW). [1] Ikike kachasị elu nke mmepụta ike bụ isi ihe nke nhazi SHP. Ihe ndị dị ka ịdị elu nke mmiri, ịdị elu nke weir, ebe nchekwa, ihe owuwu na usoro ọrụ anaghị edozi n'okpuru metric a.

Ọrụ SHP etoola ngwa ngwa n'ime iri afọ abụọ gara aga. Usoro nnabata ngwa ngwa nwere ike ime ka ọ dị mfe ịzụlite na itinye aka n'ọgbọ ekesa na mpaghara ọkụ eletrik. Enwere ike wuo obere ọrụ mmiri mmiri n'ebe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ga-abụ enweghị akụ na ụba iji rụọ ọrụ site na ọkụ eletrik nke mba, ma ọ bụ na mpaghara ebe grid mba na-adịghị. Ha na-emepụta ike n'ogo kwesịrị ekwesị maka iji obodo mee ihe, na-akwalite nnwere onwe ike. Mpaghara ime obodo na-eche ihe ịma aka ihu na ntinye SHP n'ihi enweghị mgbado anya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, data ziri ezi, na ego na-adịgide adịgide.[2]

Aghọtabebeghị mmetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi nke obere mmiri. Ọtụtụ mba anaghị achọ ntule mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi maka nrụnye ndị pere mpe[3]

Nkọwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ojiji nke okwu ahụ bụ "small hydro" dịgasị iche iche gburugburu ụwa. N'India, a na-ahazi ọrụ mmiri mmiri nwere ikike ruru 25MW dị ka ọrụ Small Hydro Power (SHP). [4] Na California, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik nwere ikike kacha nke na-erughị 30MW bụ nkewa dị ka obere ma tozuo maka isonye na ọkọlọtọ Pọtụfoliyo ọhụrụ nke steeti. [5] Oke kachasị na-abụkarị ebe n'etiti 10 na 30MW ma gbatịa ruo 50MW na Canada, China, Pakistan na United States.

E wuchapụrụ ebe nchekwa nke Iron Gate Dam, ebe ọrụ nwere ike ibu 18.0 MW n'afọ 2024.

Enwere ike itinye ọtụtụ atụmatụ ọrụ maka ọrụ mmiri nwere ike iyi otu. Ụfọdụ ọrụ SHP na-eji sistemụ mmiri na-agba ọsọ.[6] Ndị ọzọ, dịka Iron Gate Dam, na-eji usoro njide ihe nke na-enwe ọghọm ndị metụtara ebe nchekwa mmiri. Maka ndị na-etinye ego, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, na ndị na-eme iwu, a na-ewere obere ọrụ mmiri dị ka ihe kacha baa uru mgbe enweghị mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na uru a tụrụ anya ya mgbe arụchara ya.[7]

Uru na ọghọm ya

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Uru ndị bụ isi nke obere mmepe mmiri mmiri gụnyere ọnụ ala dị ala iji wuo yana ikike ịnọpụ na grids ọkụ etiti. Isi ihe dị n'ime n'ime obere mmepe ike mmiri gụnyere okwu gbasara ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi, nlekọta nchịkwa, na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi.

N'ọtụtụ obodo ndị na-enweghị ike ịnweta ọkụ eletrik dị mkpa, obere mmiri na-enye ebe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya nke ọkụ eletrik na-agbasaghị ekewa. Ọrụ obere mmiri anaghị achọ enyemaka gọọmentị mgbe niile, oghere dị na ọchịchị na-enyekwa ohere ka e wuo ha ngwa ngwa. Ebe ọ bụ na e nwere oghere ndị a gbasara amụma, obere ike mmiri dị ka ihe a ga-emegharị emegharị, atụmatụ igbochi ihu igwe nwekwara ike imetụta ndụ obodo n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụrụ na enweghị amụma obodo.[8]

A kabeghị amụ banyere mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke obere ọrụ ike mmiri. N'ime ọrụ nhazi mmiri na-agba ọsọ, ihe kacha njọ na sistemụ mmiri bụ mgbanwe usoro mmiri, mfu nke njikọta osimiri na njikọ, na mmebi ebe obibi na-emetụta azụ na macroinvertebrates.[9]

Ihe atụ nke obere ụlọ ọrụ mmiri, Sveta Petka.

Uto

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'agbata afọ 2005 na 2010, China mere atụmatụ ịgbanye obodo 10,000 ọzọ n'okpuru Mmemme Electrification China Village, gụnyere itinyekwu ego na obere mmiri na photovoltaics. Site n'afọ 2010, China nwere obere nrụnye mmiri 45,000, ọkachasị n'ime ime obodo, na-emepụta Twh 160 kwa afọ. Ahụrụ ihe karịrị 50% nke obere ike mmiri dị n'ụwa n'Eshia; Otú ọ dị, otu akụkọ kwuru na "Ọ ga-ekwe omume n'ọdịnihu na enwere ike ịmatakwu ikike ike mmiri na mpaghara Afrịka na America". [10][11][12]

N'ime ugwu na oke ohia nke British Columbia, Canada enwere otutu saịtị dabara adaba maka mmepe mmiri. Agbanyeghị nchegbu gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi maka nnukwu mmiri mmiri mgbe 1980s kwụsịrị ịrụ ụlọ mgbochi ọhụrụ. Ihe ngwọta maka ịnagide ihe ndị na-achọsi ike bụ inye ndị na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik nọọrọ onwe ha nkwekọrịta, bụ ndị rụworo ọrụ 100 nke osimiri n'okpuru 50MW. Nrụpụta ike na-enweghị ọdọ mmiri na-adịgasị iche n'ụzọ dị egwu, mana mmiri mgbochi ochie na-ejigide ma ọ bụ hapụ mmiri ka ọ pụta ìhè n'agbanyeghị afọ. Na 2014 ndị a na-emepụta onwe ha nwetara 18,000 GWh site na 4,500 MW nke ikike.[13]

Dị ka nke 2022, ike zuru ụwa ọnụ (maka oru ≤10 MW) bụ ihe dị ka 79.0 GW, na China na-ejide ihe karịrị 53% nke ụwa SHP arụnyere ike. N'okpuru nkọwa a (≤10 MW), ikike SHP arụnyere na-abawanye site na 11% na America site na 2019 ruo 2022. N'ihi ọdịiche mpaghara na nkọwa SHP, ọ ga-abụ na ike arụnyere SHP n'ofe ụwa dị elu karịa mkpokọta ndị a. Mba ndị dị ka China, India na Brazil, na-agbasawanye obere ikike mmiri ha na narị afọ nke 21st.[14] Kọntinent ndị dị n'Eshia, Africa na Amerịka nwere ike kachasị maka obere uto mmiri.[15]

Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik nke e wuru n'afọ 1895 dị nso na Telluride, Colorado .

Enwere ike ịtụle wiil mmiri osisi n'akụkụ osimiri dị ka ihe atụ mbụ nke "obere hydro.[16] Ruo na narị afọ nke 17 arụmọrụ nke wiil mmiri ruru 70%. Agbanyeghị, ka mkpa maka imepụta ọkụ na-abawanye obere ọrụ ike mmiri, ewepụrụ maka nnukwu mmiri mmiri ndị ahụ site na iji turbines emebere ọhụrụ.[14]

Ozizi gburugburu ebe obibi nke narị afọ nke 20 na-apụ site na nnukwu nrụpụta ike mmiri n'ihi ụbara mmata nke nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi jikọtara na mgbochi mmiri. Ọmụmaatụ nke ọrụ nbibi mmiri mmiri gara aga gụnyere mweghachi nke osimiri Elwha na Un-Dam na ngagharị osimiri Klamath na United States. Ọrụ abụọ a rụrụ arụrụ mmiri mmiri nwere ike ọgbọ na-erughị 30 MW.

Ọgbọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Akụkọ ihe mere eme Ottenbach Small Hydro nwere akụrụngwa izizi nke 1920 na Ottenbach, Switzerland, ka na-agba ọsọ maka nleta ntuziaka.
Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Hongping, dị na Hongping Town, Shennongjia, nwere ihe eji arụ ọrụ maka obere ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mpaghara Hubei China. Mmiri na-esi n'ugwu dị n'azụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, site na ọkpọkọ ojii a hụrụ na foto a

Ike Hydroelectric bụ ike eletrik sitere na mmegharị mmiri. Ụlọ ọrụ hydroelectric chọrọ mmiri na-adabere na ya na ịdị elu dị elu maka mmiri ahụ ka ọ daa, nke a na-akpọ isi. Na nrụnye a na-ahụkarị, a na-enye mmiri site na mmiri mmiri site na ọkpọkọ banye na turbine. Mmiri na-asọba na turbine na-eme ka onye na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik na-atụgharị, na-eme ka mmegharị ahụ ghọọ ike eletrik.

Enwere ike ịmepụta obere ọrụ mmiri mmiri site na mmepe nke mmiri mmiri ndị dị ugbu a bụ isi ebumnuche ha bụ njikwa ide mmiri ma ọ bụ ịgba mmiri. Enwere ike ijikwa ikike mmiri wuliteghachi saịtị mmiri ochie, na-echekwa nnukwu ego na teknụzụ nwụnye dị ka penstock pipe na turbines.[17] Nke ọ bụla n'ime uru nchekwa ego ndị a nwere ike ime ka nlọghachi na ntinye ego maka obere saịtị mmiri dị mma iji saịtị ndị dị adị.

Brazil bụ obodo ọzọ na-etinye nnukwu ego na obere mmiri mmiri. Brazil n'onwe ya bụ onye ndu na ọgbọ hydroelectric, mba nke atọ kachasị ike mmiri n'ụwa arụnyere ikike na 79 GW, n'azụ United States na 100 GW, na China nọ n'ọnọdụ mbụ nwere 171 GW.[18] A na-ewu obere ọrụ mmiri ọhụrụ iri ise na otu, ka ọ na-erule afọ 2024, na Brazil.

Nhazi ọrụ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-enye ngwungwu igwe na-emepụta turbine ahaziri ahazi na nha nha nha nke 200 kW ruo 10MW. Ihe ngwugwu "mmiri ruo waya" ndị a na-eme ka atụmatụ na mmepe nke saịtị dị mfe ebe ọ bụ na otu onye na-ere ahịa na-elekọta ọtụtụ akụrụngwa. N'ihi na a na-ebelata ụgwọ ọrụ injinia na-adịghị emegharị ugboro ugboro na ego mmepe na-agbasa n'ọtụtụ nkeji, ọnụahịa nke usoro ngwugwu dị otú ahụ na-ebelata. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikarị ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emekọrịta ihe nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ ihe ọkụkụ dịpụrụ adịpụ, obere ụlọ ọrụ mmiri na-ejikọta na usoro ntanetị eletrik nwere ike iji ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta akụ na ụba iji belata ọnụ ahịa ntinye ma mee ka njikwa na ọrụ dị mfe. 

Obere ọrụ "agba ọsọ nke osimiri" enweghị ebe a na-eme mmiri na mmiri mmiri, ọ bụ naanị ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala iji mepụta isi mmiri maka ntụgharị nke mmiri ntinye na turbine. Mmiri a na-ejighị n'aka na-asọfe n'elu weir na isi oche nwere ike ịnwe naanị nchekwa otu ụbọchị, ọ gaghị ezuru maka oge ọkọchị ma ọ bụ oyi oyi kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ mgbe ọgbọ nwere ike ịkwụsị. Ihe kacha amasị gị bụ ịnweta ntinye n'ime ọdọ mmiri dị.

E mepụtara usoro modular "micro hydrokinetic" maka Ọwa mmiri.[19] "Mpaghara ogbugba mmiri n'ofe U.S. etinyela ụlọ ọrụ ike n'ebe ntụgharị na mmiri dị n'ime ọwa mmiri, bụ nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka nha nha, iji mee ka ndị isi dị elu na ịgbasa ume ebe enwere mgbanwe dị elu n'oge usoro ọwa mmiri. "[20]

Mba ndị dị ka India na China nwere atumatu na-akwado obere mmiri mmiri, na usoro nhazi na-enye ohere maka iwu mmiri mmiri na mmiri mmiri. Na North America na Europe usoro nhazi usoro dị ogologo ma dị oke ọnụ iji tụlee inwe mmiri mmiri na ọdọ mmiri maka obere ọrụ.

Obere ọrụ mmiri na-enwekarị usoro gburugburu ebe obibi na ikikere ngwa ngwa, ebe ọ bụ na ngwá ọrụ na-adịkarị na mmepụta usoro, a na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ma na-emeziwanye, a na'ebelata ọrụ obodo, enwere ike ịmepụta ọrụ ndị ahụ ngwa ngwa. Obere akụkụ nke ngwá ọrụ na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ibuga n'ebe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na-enweghị ụzọ dị mma ma ọ bụ ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè.

Otu ihe atụ nke mbelata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na ọdọ mmiri na ebe nchekwa mmiri dabere na nguzozi dị n'etiti mmiri iyi na mmepụta ike. Ibelata ntụgharị mmiri na-enyere gburugburu ebe obibi nke osimiri aka, mana ọ na-ebelata uru nke usoro mmiri na itinye ego (ROI). Nhazi sistemụ mmiri ga-enwerịrị nguzozi iji nọgide na-enwe ahụike nke iyi ahụ na akụnụba.

Akụkụ nke nguzozi dị n'etiti uru nke obere ọrụ mmiri na-enweta na itinye ego na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ịdị nso nke ọrụ ahụ na grid ọkụ eletrik mba. Ka obere ọrụ mmiri na-anọpụ iche karị, otú ahụ ka owuwu ya ga-adị ọnụ ala karịa.[21]

Iwu nduzi na Iwu nchịkwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nkwado gọọmentị maka obere mmiri dị iche iche site na mba. Iji kwado amụma ike mmeghari ohuru na Japan, gọọmentị na-akwalite mmepe nke ọrụ SHP dabere na obodo yana ọnụego nri dị elu na obere ọmụrụ nwa maka mbinye ego.[22] N'afọ 2022, ndị omeiwu nke Bosnia na Herzegovina machibidoro obere ọrụ mmiri ruo 10 MWh na ikike mmepụta ike, na-ekwu maka mmerụ ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi.[23] Enweghị nkwekọrịta na obere nkọwa hydropower na enweghị nyocha nke mmetụta mmekọrịta na gburugburu ebe obibi emeela ka ọdịiche dị gburugburu ime iwu na mkpebi ikikere. Ihe dị ka ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mba anaghị achọ usoro ikikere gburugburu ebe obibi iji wuo ma rụọ ọrụ obere ọrụ mmiri.[24]

Na India, SHP ndị na-erughị 25 MW anaghị achọ Nnyocha Mmetụta Gburugburu Ebe Obibi kama ha nwere Akụkọ Ọrụ Zuru Ezu (DPR). Akụkọ ndị a na-enye ndị amụma na ndị na-eme mkpebi ozi bụ isi, na-eme ka oge maka obere mmepe mmiri dị ngwa. Usoro nhazi na nkwenye n'okpuru DPR nke India achọghị njikọ aka obodo ma ọ bụ ndụmọdụ.[25]

Ikpe ziri ezi nke ike

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na-eme ọtụtụ obere mmepe mmiri n'ime ime obodo ma ọ bụ n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ ebe ọ na-efu oke ego ijikọ na grid ike mba. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mpaghara ime obodo na India ma ọ bụ mba ndị ọzọ nwere usoro mmiri na-asọ asọ na-eji obere hydro iji nye isi iyi ike mmeghari ohuru na-enweghị njikọ na grid mba.[26] Ikpe ziri ezi nke gburugburu ebe obibi nke obere mmepe mmiri ka a tụlere na Eshia na Amerịka.

Eshia

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ógbè ugwu, dịka na steeti Himachal Pradesh nke India, obere mmiri na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'inye obodo nta mmiri, ịgbara mmiri n'ọrụ ugbo na inye ezinụlọ mmiri. Mgbanwe nke iyi ndị a maka obere ike mmiri na-eyi egwu maka ịdị mma mmiri, inye mmiri mmiri, na ibi ndụ obodo. [27] Ndị bi na Himachal Pradesh na-ekwu na uru nke ọrụ SHP mpaghara ejirila mee ihe gabiga ókè ma na-akwalite mmegide iwu megide mmepe ha.[28]

N'ime obodo Matsuguma, Japan, a rụchara obere ụlọ ọrụ mmiri 30 kW na 2020 n'okpuru mmekọrịta onwe onye na ọha. Gọọmentị ime obodo gakwuuru obodo ahụ na-akọwa ebumnuche ha inye ọkụ eletrik na mpaghara. Ndị otu obodo jikọtara aka na ụdị azụmaahịa dabere na "site na obodo na maka obodo mpaghara". Site na ire ọkụ eletrik emepụtara, ndị otu obodo nwetara Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, melite akụrụngwa nke obodo ahụ ma melite ọdịmma na ogo ndụ ha.[29] 

South America

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ihi na a na-ewere ọrụ SHP n'okpuru 20 MW dị ka ndị a na-agbanwe agbanwe na Chile, a na-enyekarị ha nkwado na-enweghị ndụmọdụ ụmụ amaala, na-eleghara ihe obodo chọrọ maka nnwere onwe na mkpebi onwe. Arụmụka Ralco Dam na Chile nyere ụmụ amaala Chile nkwa gọọmentị na ọ gaghịzi arụ ọrụ na elu osimiri BioBío, osimiri nke abụọ kachasị na Chile. Enweghị nlekọta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na gburugburu ebe obibi emeela ka e mepụta ọtụtụ obere ntinye mmiri na mpaghara a, na-enye aka na esemokwu ndị ọzọ na esemokwu Mapuche.[30][31]

Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A naghị amụcha mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke obere ọrụ mmiri; mmetụta ya dabere na nhazi ọrụ nke ọ bụla. Mgbanwe na usoro mmiri nke mpaghara nwere ike ibute mfu nke njikọ osimiri na njikọta, na-eme ka ebe obibi dị njọ ma na-efunahụ ụdị dị iche iche nke azụ na macroinvertebrates.[32] Obere ihe mgbochi mmiri na ntụgharị mmiri na-esote nwere ike igbochi mmegharị nke azụ ma nye aka na ikuku methane sitere na biomass rere ure.[33][34]

A na-etinye ọtụtụ obere ọrụ ike mmiri n'akụkụ osimiri mgbe ụfọdụ, mana e mebeghị nnyocha dị ukwuu gbasara mmetụta nke ọtụtụ nrụnye n'otu mpaghara. Na India, a naghị atụle mmetụta mkpokọta nke ọtụtụ ọrụ SHP tupu enye mmepe ike mmiri.[35] Na Chaịna, ndị nchọpụta chọpụtara na mmetụta nke njikọ osimiri na osimiri nwere obere ọrụ mmiri 31 karịrị mmetụta nke osimiri nwere nnukwu ọrụ anọ.[36]

Ọmụmụ ihe ndị gara aga gbasara ịdịgide nke ike mmiri na-elekwasị anya na atụmatụ mwepụ gas na-ekpo ọkụ, nke na-adịkarị obere karịa sistemụ ike nkịtị ma ọ bụ nke mmeghari ohuru ndị ọzọ. Nyocha nke ịdịgide anaghị atụlekarị paramita ndị ọzọ, dị ka mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi, ojiji ala, ọnụ ahịa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mmetụta omenala. [34] Site na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eyi egwu ntụkwasị obi nke osimiri na-asọ n'oge, a maghị arụmọrụ na nkwado nke obere mmiri maka mmepụta ike.[37]

Ndepụta ihe nlele nke obere nrụnye gburugburu ụwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Afrịka

  • Zengamina, ụlọ ọrụ 700 kW na Kalene Hill, Mwinilunga District na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Zambia. 2008 

Eshia

  • Meenvallam Small Hydroelectric Project, Kerala/2015/sep/01/meenvallam-power-projects-revenue-touches-rs-3.24-cr-807805.html&quot;},&quot;author&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;A Satish&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Meenvallam Power Project's Revenue Touches Rs 3.24-cr&quot;},&quot;work&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[The New Indian Express]]&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1 September 2015&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;25 August 2021&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwA94\">&nbsp;</span><cite about=\"#mwt125\" class=\"citation news cs1\" id=\"CITEREFA_Satish2015\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">A Satish (1 September 2015). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2015/sep/01/meenvallam-power-projects-revenue-touches-rs-3.24-cr-807805.html\" id=\"mwA98\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Meenvallam Power Project's Revenue Touches Rs 3.24-cr\"</a>. <i id=\"mwA-A\"><a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"340\" href=\"./The_New_Indian_Express\" id=\"mwA-E\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"The New Indian Express\">The New Indian Express</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwA-I\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwA-M\">25 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite>"}}" id="cite_ref-41" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Small_hydro#cite_note-41 [1]] Palakkad district, Kerala, India. [38]
  • Bario Asal & Arur Layun Micro-Hydro Community Project,[39] Kelabit Highlands, Sarawak, Malaysia. 2009
  • Ambangal Mini Hydro Electric Power Plant, Ifugao" id="mwAUE" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Kiangan, Ifugao">Kiangan, Ifugao, Philippines (2010) [40]
  • Asiga River Obere Hydro Electric Power Plant, Santiago, Agusan del Norte, Philippines (2019) [41]
  • Balongbong Obere Ụlọ Ọrụ Eletrik Hydro, Catanduanes" id="mwAVA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Bato, Catanduanes">Bato, Catanduanes, Philippines (1983) [42]
  • Cantingas Obere Ụlọ Ọrụ Eletrik Hydro, Romblon" id="mwAVc" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="San Fernando, Romblon">San Fernando, Romblon, Philippines (2009) [43]
  • Likud Mini Hydro Electric Power Plant, Asipulo na Kiangan, Ifugao, Philippines (2015) [44]
  • New Bataan Hydro Electric Power Plant, New Bataan, Davao de Oro, Philippines (2018) [45]
  • Aurora" id="mwAWs" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="San Luis, Aurora">San Luis Obere Ụlọ Ọrụ Eletrik Hydro, San Luis, Aurora, Philippines (2011) [46]
  • Villasiga Obere Ụlọ Ọrụ Eletrik Hydro, Bugasong, Antique, Philippines (2016) [47]
  • Pakpattan Hydro Power Project, ụlọ ọrụ 2.82 MW na Pakpattan Canal na Pakpatatan District, Pakistan 2015

Europe

  • Green Valleys Project, [48] Brecon Beacons National Park, Wales. Onye mmeri nke £ 300K na Big Green Challenge 2009. [49][50]
  • St Catherine, ebe National Trust dị nso na Windermere, Westmorland, United Kingdom.

Ebe Ugwu America

  • Ames Hydroelectric Generating Plant, Colorado, United States. Na Ndepụta nke IEEE Milestones
  • Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Facilities, Arizona, United States. 1916 A kwụsịrị ya ugbu a
  • Snoqualmie Falls, Washington, United States. 1957
  • Malibu Hydro, British Columbia, Canada. 2005
  • Menihek Hydroelectric Generating Station, Newfoundland na Labrador, Canada. 1954
  • Cloudworks Energy bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ Ndị na-emepụta ike n'onwe ha nke wuru ọrụ na British Columbia, Canada

Hụkwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Edensibịa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. ↑ "What is small hydro?". IEA Hydropower. Archived from the original on 2025-10-05. Retrieved 2025-03-20.
  2. ↑ UNIDO (2022). "World Small Hydropower Development Report 2022". Global overview / United Nations Industrial Development Organization (in Bekee).
  3. ↑ Couto, Thiago BA (2018). "Global proliferation of small hydropower plants – science and policy". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment (in Bekee). 16 (2): 91–100. doi:10.1002/fee.1746. ISSN 1540-9309.
  4. ↑ "Small Hydro | Ministry of New & Renewable Energy | Government of India". 2018-02-20. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 2025-03-20.
  5. ↑ Commission, California Energy. "Hydroelectric Power". www.energy.ca.gov (in Bekee). Retrieved 2025-03-20.
  6. ↑ Paish, Oliver (2002-12-01). "Small hydro power: technology and current status". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 6 (6): 537–556. doi:10.1016/S1364-0321(02)00006-0. ISSN 1364-0321.
  7. ↑ Urošević, Branka Gvozdenac (2021-07-01). "Ranking construction of small hydro power plants using multi-criteria decision analysis". Renewable Energy. 172: 1174–1183. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2021.03.115. ISSN 0960-1481.
  8. ↑ Kelly-Richards, Sarah (2017-02-01). "Governing the transition to renewable energy: A review of impacts and policy issues in the small hydropower boom". Energy Policy. 101: 251–264. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2016.11.035. ISSN 0301-4215.
  9. ↑ Kuriqi, Alban (2021-05-01). "Ecological impacts of run-of-river hydropower plants—Current status and future prospects on the brink of energy transition". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 142. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.110833. ISSN 1364-0321.
  10. ↑ "World Small Hydro Power Development Report 2016". ICSHP. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  11. ↑ "UNIDO, ICSHP Launch Small Hydropower Knowledge Sharing Portal". Sustainable Energy Policy and Practice. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  12. ↑ "Small Hydropower, a promising technology for rural electrification". www.energias-renovables.com. 14 May 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  13. ↑ "About Independent Power Projects". Archived from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  14. 1 2 Paish, Oliver (2002-12-01). "Small hydro power: technology and current status". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 6 (6): 537–556. doi:10.1016/S1364-0321(02)00006-0. ISSN 1364-0321.
  15. ↑ UNIDO (2022). "World Small Hydropower Development Report 2022 :: global overview /: United Nations Industrial Development Organization" (in Bekee). {{cite cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. ↑ Jahren, Per (2016-11-22). How Water Influences Our Lives (in Bekee). Springer. ISBN 978-981-10-1938-8.
  17. ↑ "Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant: Background and Construction | PDF | Hydroelectricity | Power (Physics)". Scribd (in Bekee). Retrieved 2025-03-20.
  18. ↑ Martins, Douglas Eduardo Costa (2013-12-01). "The importance of clean development mechanism for small hydro power plants". Renewable Energy. 60: 643–647. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2013.06.021. ISSN 0960-1481.
  19. ↑ Noon, Chris (2019-09-05). "Canal Plus: These Tiny Turbines Can Turn Man-Made Waterways Into Power Plants". GE Reports (in Bekee ndị America). Archived from the original on 2019-09-28. Retrieved 2019-09-28.
  20. ↑ "Capturing Untapped Potential: Small Hydro in Irrigation Canals". Hydro Review (in Bekee ndị America). 2017-10-01. Archived from the original on 2019-09-28. Retrieved 2019-09-28.
  21. ↑ Kuriqi, Alban (2021-05-01). "Ecological impacts of run-of-river hydropower plants—Current status and future prospects on the brink of energy transition". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 142. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.110833. ISSN 1364-0321.
  22. ↑ Alam, Zafar (2021-06-07). "Community-Based Business on Small Hydropower (SHP) in Rural Japan: A Case Study on a Community Owned SHP Model of Ohito Agricultural Cooperative". Energies (in Bekee). 14 (11). doi:10.3390/en14113349. ISSN 1996-1073.{{cite cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  23. ↑ Kurtic, Azem (2022-06-07). "Bosnia's Federation to Ban Small Hydropower Plants". Balkan Insight (in Bekee ndị America). Retrieved 2025-03-20.
  24. ↑ Couto, Thiago BA (2018). "Global proliferation of small hydropower plants – science and policy". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment (in Bekee). 16 (2): 91–100. doi:10.1002/fee.1746. ISSN 1540-9309.
  25. ↑ Jumani, Suman (2017-05-01). "Big concerns with small projects: Evaluating the socio-ecological impacts of small hydropower projects in India". Ambio (in Bekee). 46 (4): 500–511. doi:10.1007/s13280-016-0855-9. ISSN 1654-7209. PMID 28074405.
  26. ↑ Mishra, Mukesh Kumar (2015-11-01). "Small hydro power in India: Current status and future perspectives". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 51: 101–115. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.05.075. ISSN 1364-0321.
  27. ↑ Erlewein, Alexander (2013-11-01). "Disappearing rivers — The limits of environmental assessment for hydropower in India". Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 43: 135–143. doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2013.07.002. ISSN 0195-9255.
  28. ↑ Diduck, Alan P. (2021-07-21). Advancing Environmental Justice for Marginalized Communities in India: Progress, Challenges and Opportunities (in Bekee) (1 ed.). London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003141228. ISBN 978-1-003-14122-8.
  29. ↑ "World Small Hydropower Development Report 2022" (in Bekee). Retrieved 2025-03-20.
  30. ↑ Radwin, Maxwell (2022-11-16). "Dam construction ignites Indigenous youth movement in southern Chile". Mongabay Environmental News (in Bekee ndị America). Retrieved 2025-03-20.
  31. ↑ Hernando-Arrese, Maite (2022-01-01). "The micropolitical life of energy projects: A collaborative exploration of injustice and resistance to small hydropower projects in the Wallmapu, Southern Chile". Energy Research & Social Science. 83. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2021.102332. ISSN 2214-6296.
  32. ↑ Feio, Maria João (2023). "Fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages reveal extensive degradation of the world's rivers". Global Change Biology (in Bekee). 29 (2): 355–374. doi:10.1111/gcb.16439. ISSN 1365-2486. PMID 36131677.
  33. ↑ Anderson, Elizabeth P. (2006). "Ecological consequences of hydropower development in Central America: impacts of small dams and water diversion on neotropical stream fish assemblages". River Research and Applications (in Bekee). 22 (4): 397–411. doi:10.1002/rra.899. ISSN 1535-1467.
  34. 1 2 Nautiyal, Himanshu (2020-08-20). "Sustainability assessment of hydropower projects". Journal of Cleaner Production. 265. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121661. ISSN 0959-6526.
  35. ↑ Erlewein, Alexander (2013-11-01). "Disappearing rivers — The limits of environmental assessment for hydropower in India". Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 43: 135–143. doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2013.07.002. ISSN 0195-9255.
  36. ↑ Kibler, Kelly M. (2013). "Cumulative biophysical impact of small and large hydropower development in Nu River, China". Water Resources Research (in Bekee). 49 (6): 3104–3118. doi:10.1002/wrcr.20243. ISSN 1944-7973.
  37. ↑ UNIDO (2022). "World Small Hydropower Development Report 2022". Global overview / United Nations Industrial Development Organization (in Bekee).
  38. ↑ "IRTC - Meenvallom Small Hydro Project". Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  39. ↑ "Bario Asal Micro Hydro.. 4 years on and still going strong". 15 October 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  40. ↑ "Ifugao Ambangal Minihydro Power Plant". What We Do. Global Sustainable Electricity Partnership. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
  41. ↑ Colina, Antonio (October 6, 2019). "Japanese firm to build biomass power project in Butuan". MindaNews. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
  42. ↑ "Balongbong Mini Hydro Power Plant". Small Power Utilities Group, National Power Corporation. August 7, 2018. Archived from the original on July 22, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
  43. ↑ "2013 Accomplishment Report" (PDF). Small Power Utilities Group, National Power Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  44. ↑ "JICA, DOE inaugurate mini hydropower plant to support electricity in Ifugao, rice terraces conservation efforts". Japan International Cooperation Agency. July 14, 2015. Archived from the original on July 22, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
  45. ↑ "The Inaugural Commission of the 2.4 MW Euro Hydro Power Plant". Euro Hydro Power (Asia) Holdings, Inc. 17 July 2018. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
  46. ↑ Lectura, Lenie (February 3, 2016). "Epower to rehab mini hydro plant in Aurora". BusinessMirror. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
  47. ↑ Ulgado, Andresito. "Hydropower Roadmap" (PDF). Renewable Energy Management Bureau, Department of Energy. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
  48. ↑ "The Green Valleys". Thegreenvalleys.org. 2013-04-07. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  49. ↑ "UK | Wales | Mid Wales | Beacons green project scoops £20k". BBC News. 2008-10-17. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  50. ↑ "biggreenchallenge.org.uk". biggreenchallenge.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-10-03. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
Ewepụtara site na "https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Obere_hydro&oldid=700842"