Ogbugbu ndị mmadụ n'Asaba
Templeeti:Campaignbox Biafran WarMgbukpọ ndị mmadụ n'Asaba mere n'Ọktoba 5-7 1967 na Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria n'oge Agha Obodo Naịjirịa. Mgbukpọ ahụ lekwasịrị anya na ndị Asaba, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ Ndị Igbo, ọ bụkwa Ndị agha Naijiria mere ya - ọkachasị Second Infantry Division nke ndị agha n'okpuru iwu Murtala Muhammed.
Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1967, ọnwa atọ ka abanye Agha Biafra, ndị agha Biafra wakporo mpaghara Mid-West, n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Osimiri Niger. Ha gbasara n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, na-ewere Benin City ma ruo Ore, ebe Ngalaba nke Abụọ nke Naijiria chụpụrụ ha, n'okpuru iwu nke Col. Murtala Muhammed.[1]
Ndị agha gọọmentị etiti meriri, ma manye ndị Biafra ịlaghachi na Niger, ebe ha gafere àkwà mmiri ahụ laghachi n'obodo Biafra nke Onitsha, nke dị kpọmkwem n'ofe Asaba. Ndị Biafra gbukapụrụ akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke àkwà mmiri Onitsha, nke mere na ndị agha gọọmentị etiti enweghị ike ịchụ ha.[2]
Mgbukpọ ndị mmadụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ndị agha gọọmentị etiti banyere Asaba n'ihe dị ka Ọktoba 5, wee malite mwakpo n'ụlọ n'ụlọ ma na-egbu ndị nkịtị, na-azọrọ na ha bụ ndị na-emetara ndị Biafra ebere. Akụkọ na-atụ aro na ọtụtụ narị ụmụ nwoke aka ha dị ọcha nwere ike ịbụ ndị e gburu n'otu n'otu nakwa n'ìgwè n'ebe dị iche iche n'obodo ahụ. Ndị isi kpọrọ ndị obodo ahụ ka ha gbakọta n'ụtụtụ nke Ọktoba 7, na-enwe olileanya ịkwụsị ime ihe ike ahụ site na ngosipụta nkwado nye "Otu Naịjirịa". Ọtụtụ narị ndị ikom, ndị inyom, na ụmụaka, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-eyi akwa ocha na-agagharị n'okporo ámá, na-abụ abụ, na-agba egwu, ma na-eti "Otu Nigeria".[3] N'otu ebe ụzọ gbara atọ, e kewara ndị nwoke na ụmụ okorobịa ha na ndị nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ, ma zukọọ na-ebe mepere emepe n'ime obodo Ogbe-Osowa. Ndị agha gọọmentị etiti kpughere ọtụtụ égbè, a ma nye iwu, nke a kọrọ na ọ bụ onye nke abụọ na-achị achị ndị agha, Maj. Ibrahim Taiwo, nyere ya bụ iwu, ka ha malite ịgba égbè.[4][5] Ihe ka ukwuu n'ogbugbu ahụ kwụsịrị na 7 Ọktoba.
Ndị òtù ezinụlọ dị iche iche chọtara ozu ndi nke ha nwụrụ anwụ ma lie ha n'ụlọ.[6] Mana e liri ọtụtụ n'ime ha n'ili ọha, n'enweghị emume kwesịrị ekwesị. Ọtụtụ ezinụlọ buru ibu tụfuru ọtụtụ ndị ikom na ụmụ nwoke ha. Ndị agha gọọmentị etiti weghaara Asaba ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa, n'oge ahụ ka e bibiri ọtụtụ n'ime obodo ahụ, e dinara ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ n'ike ma ọ bụ "lụọ" ha n'ike, ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụmụ amaala gbapụrụ, na-alaghachighị ruo mgbe agha ahụ kwụsịrị na 1970.
Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enweghị ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ maka ogbugbu ahụ agụkọtarala kemgbe ahụ. N'afọ 1981, Kansụl Mmepe nke Asaba chịkọtara ndepụta nke mmadụ narị atọ na iri asaa na atọ nwụrụ anwụ, ma kwuo na ọ bụghị nke zuru ezu. Anthropologist S. Elizabeth Bird na ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Fraser Ottanelli mere atụmatụ na e gburu ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ dị n'etiti narị ise na narị asatọ. David Scanlon nke Quaker Relief Services kọrọ na e gburu ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ okorobịa narị asaa na iri ise na itoolu, ebe onye nta akụkọ Colin Legum dere na mmadụ narị asaa nwụrụ. Akụkọ ndị ji anya ha hụ na-ekwu na ndị nwụrụ dị n'agbata mmadụ narị ise na ihe karịrị otu puku ndị mmadụ.
Ihe si na ya pụta na Nnyocha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Izu ohi na mbibi nke ihe onwunwe jupụtara ebe niile nakwa omume ime ihe ike gara n'ihu na Asaba mgbe Ọktoba 7 gasịrị dịka ndị agha gọọmentị etiti nọgidere n'obodo ahụ ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa.
A na-akpọkarị I.B.M. Haruna aha na-ezighi ezi dị ka onye ọrụ agha nyere iwu ka e mer ogbugbu ahụ, na-esote akụkọ nke akaebe ọ gbara na Naịjirịa Human Rights Investigations Commission, nke a maara dị ka Oputa Panel. Isiokwu a kwuru na ọ na-azọrọ na ọ bụ ya kpatara ya (dị ka onye isi na-enye iwu mgbe ahụ) ma ghara ịrịọ mgbaghara maka arụrụala ahụ. Otú ọ dị, Haruna anọghị na Asaba na 1967. Ọ nọchiri Murtala Muhammed dị ka C.O. nke Division nke Abụọ n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 1968.
N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2017, obodo Asaba mere emume ncheta afọ iri ise nke ogbugbu ahụ site na emume ncheta emere ụbọchị abụọ, n'oge e wepụtara akwụkwọ ọhụrụ zuru òkè e dere banyere ogbugbu ahụ, ihe kpatara ya, ihe si na ya pụta, na ihe nketa ya: "The Asaba Massacre: Trauma, Memory, and the Nigerian Civil War," nke S. Elizabeth Bird na Fraser Ottanelli (Cambridge University Press). Akwụkwọ a, nke na-adabere n'ajụjụ ọnụ agbara ndị lanarịrị na ndị agha na ndị ọchịchị gọọment, yana ebe nchekwa ihe ochie dị iche iche, na-atụle òtù na ihe kpatara ogbugbu ahụ ji mee, na mmetụta nke mkpasasị obodo a, ọtụtụ iri afọ ka ihe omume ahụ gasịrị.
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Benjamin Adekunle
- Mgbukpọ nke 1966 megide ndị Igbo
Edensibịa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Bird, S. E., & Ottanelli, F. (2014). The Asaba massacre and the Nigerian civil war: reclaiming hidden history. Journal of Genocide Research, 16(2–3), 379–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2014.936718
- ↑ Bird, S. E., & Ottanelli, F. (2014). The Asaba massacre and the Nigerian civil war: reclaiming hidden history. Journal of Genocide Research, 16(2–3), 379–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2014.936718
- ↑ Bird, S. E., & Ottanelli, F. (2014). The Asaba massacre and the Nigerian civil war: reclaiming hidden history. Journal of Genocide Research, 16(2–3), 379–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2014.936718
- ↑ Bird, S. E., & Ottanelli, F. (2014). The Asaba massacre and the Nigerian civil war: reclaiming hidden history. Journal of Genocide Research, 16(2–3), 379–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2014.936718
- ↑ Bird, S. E., & Ottanelli, F. (2014). The Asaba massacre and the Nigerian civil war: reclaiming hidden history. Journal of Genocide Research, 16(2–3), 379–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2014.936718
- ↑ Bird, S. E., & Ottanelli, F. (2014). The Asaba massacre and the Nigerian civil war: reclaiming hidden history. Journal of Genocide Research, 16(2–3), 379–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2014.936718
Akwụkwọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Bird (2018). "The Asaba Massacre and the Nigerian Civil War", Postcolonial conflict and the question of genocide : the Nigeria-Biafra War, 1967-1970. Florence: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-34758-7.
- Bird, SE na F. Ottanelli (2017). Mgbukpọ Asaba: Mgbukgba, Ncheta, na Agha Obodo Naịjirịa. Cambridge University Press.
- Bird SE na F. Ottanelli (2011). Akụkọ ihe mere eme na ihe nketa nke Asaba, Naịjirịa, Massacres. African Studies Review 54 (3): 1-26.
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- www.asabamemorial.org Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Asaba Memorial Project, nke gụnyere ozi zuru oke, vidiyo nke ndị akaebe, na ihe ndị ọzọ.
- https://vimeo.com/71894404, "Most Vulnerable Nigerians: The Legacy of the Asaba Massacres". Vidio e mepụtara dị ka akụkụ nke Asaba Memorial Project]