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Ogige Ntụrụndụ Virunga nke Mba

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Virunga

 Ogige Ntụrụndụ Virunga nke Mba (French: Parc national des Virunga, na ndebiri aha PNVi)[1] bụ ogige mba dị na ndagwurugwu Albertine Rift dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Republic of Congo Democratic Republic. E kere ya n'afọ 1925. N'elu ugwu, ọ dị site na mita 680 (ụkwụ 2,230) na ndagwurugwu Osimiri Semliki ruo mita 5,109 (ụkwụ 16,762) n'Ugwu Rwenzori. Site n'ebe ugwu ruo ndịda, ọ na-agbasa ihe dị ka kilomita 300 (mile 190), nke kachasị n'ókèala mba ụwa yana Uganda na Rwanda n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ.[2] Ọ na-ekpuchi ebe dị kilomita 7,800 (sq mi 3,000).[3] Osimiri Puemba dị n'ebe ugwu, n'ebe ndịda, Agwaetiti Tchegera dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu dị n'akụkụ ya.[4]

Ugwu mgbawa abụọ na-arụ ọrụ, Ugwu Nyiragongo na Nyamuragira, dị n'ogige ahụ.[5] Ha emeela ka ebe obibi dị iche iche na anụ ọhịa dị n'ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ dị nnọọ mma. E dekọrọ ihe karịrị puku atọ (3,000) nke ụdị osisi okooko osisi, nke ihe karịrị narị atọ (300) bụ nke jupụtara na Albertine Rift, gụnyere eastern gorilla (Gorilla beringei) na golden monkey (Cercopithecus kandti).[6]

Na 1979, e depụtara ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ dị ka Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa nke UNESCO n'ihi ọtụtụ ebe obibi dị iche iche, ụdịdị dị iche iche dị iche iche na ihe ndị na-ewu ewu na nchekwa ya nke ebe obibi gorilla ugwu dị ụkọ.[7] Edepụtala ya n'ime Ndepụta Ihe Nketa Ụwa n'Ihe Ize Ndụ kemgbe 1994 n'ihi ọgba aghara obodo na mmụba nke ọnụọgụ mmadụ na mpaghara ahụ.[8]

E nweela ọtụtụ mwakpo dị egwu n'ogige ahụ site n'aka ndị otu nnupụisi, e gbukwara ọtụtụ ndị na-elekọta ogige ahụ.[9][10]

ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Kemgbe afọ 2000, e nweela atụmatụ igwu mmanụ na mpaghara Congo. Igbochi atụmatụ ndị a ogige ahụ nwetara nchebe ọzọ site na nkwekọrịta emechiri emechi n'etiti onyeisiala DRC Felix Tshisekedi na Boris Johnson na ogbako mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations nke afọ 2021 na Glasgow.[11][12] Iji mee ka ọnọdụ akụ na ụba mba ahụ ka mma, gọọmentị mebiri nchedo ahụ site n'ịre ahịa na ngalaba nchọpụta mmanụ n'ime ogige ahụ ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha Julaị 2022. Tullow Oil Plc, TotalEnergies, ENI na China National Offshore Oil Corporation Ltd (CNOOC) nwere mmasị inweta ikike igwu ala.[13] Ndị otu obodo na nke ụwa niile, dịka Greenpeace, na-adọ aka ná ntị gbasara mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na gburugburu ebe obibi nke imebi oke ọhịa maka mmepụta mmanụ. Ndị na-eme mkpọsa na-agbalị ime ka ọha na eze mara ihe na-eme ha na-eyi egwu ma na-atụ ha egwu na mgbasa ozi ọha.[14]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na mbido afọ 1920, ọtụtụ ndị na-akwado mmegharị nchekwa nke Europe kwadoro echiche nke ịmepụta mpaghara nchekwa na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Belgium Congo, n'etiti Victor van Straelen, Jean Massart na Jean-Marie Derscheid. Mgbe e guzobere Albert National Park n'April 1925 dị ka ogige mba mbụ nke Congo, e chepụtara ya dị ka ebe nchekwa okike nke sayensị na-elekwasị anya na ya, ebumnuche ya bụ ịmụ ma chekwaa anụ ọhịa na ihe a na-akpọ "ndị ochie" ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na-anakọta ihe n'Africa. Na 1926, Derscheid duuru ndị Belgium mbụ gaa ise map nke Albert National Park, nke gụnyere mpaghara 500 km2 (190 sq mi) gburugburu ugwu mgbawa gbawara agbawa Ugwu Karisimbi na Ugwu Mikeno. E wuru ebe nchekwa ahụ n'afọ 1929 site na Virunga National Park, nke gbara Ugwu Virunga, akụkụ nke Rutshuru Territory, na ala dị larịị nke dị n'ebe ndịda Ọdọ Mmiri Edward gburugburu. E buliri nha mbụ ya nke 2,920.98 km2 (1,127.80 sq mi) site na nzọụkwụ n'afọ ndị sochirinụ.[15][16][17][18] Ndị obodo ahụ furu ikike ala ha n'usoro a, a chụpụkwara ha n'ógbè ahụ echekwara.[17][19] N'agbata ngwụcha afọ 1930 na 1955, e mere atụmatụ na ihe dị ka mmadụ 85,000 si Rwanda gaa n'ebe dị nso na Masisi dị na North Kivu.[20]

Na 1934, e hiwere Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge ka òtù na-achị isi maka ogige ntụrụndụ mba na Belgian Congo.[15] N'agbata mmalite afọ 1930 na 1961, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Belgium mere ọtụtụ njem gaa Albert National Park, nke abụọ bụ Gaston-François de Witte. Ha gụrụ ma nakọta ụdị anụ ọhịa nke anụ ọhịa maka Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique;[21][22] lere anya n'agbụrụ dị iche iche n'ógbè a;[23] mụọ ọrụ mgbawa ugwu,[24] na ihe ndị e ji mee ihe ochie.[25]

N'ọgwụgwụ afọ 1950, ndị Tutsi na-azụ anụ ụlọ ha banyere n'ogige ahụ, na-ebibi ebe obibi ebumpụta ụwa ruo n'ịdị elu nke mita 3,000 (ụkwụ 9,800), nke e chere na ọ na-eyi ugwu gorilla nke ogige ahụ egwu.[26]

E megharịrị iwu ala n'afọ 1960 mgbe Belgian Congo ghọrọ mba nweere onwe ya dịka Republic of the Congo, ala ahụ wee bụrụ nke steeti ahụ, nke mere ka ndị obodo ahụ ghara inwe obi ụtọ. Ịchụ nta iwu na-akwadoghị n'ime ebe echedoro amụbaala.[19] N'afọ 1969, e jikọtara ogige abụọ ahụ n'aha Virunga National Park, nke a kpọrọ UNESCO na 1979 Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa.[2]

Na 1996, e depụtara ogige ntụrụndụ mba dị ka ebe Ramsar dị mkpa maka mba ụwa.[2]

Na 2011, ụlọ ọrụ Britain bụ Soco International nwetara ikike maka iwepụta mmanụ ala n'akụkụ na n'akụkụ buru ibu nke ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ. Ndị ọrụ gọọmentị kwadoro ọrụ nchọpụta nke ndị otu Soco International, ebe ndị njikwa ogige ahụ megidere ya. Ka ọgba aghara na-arị elu, a wakporo onyeisi ndị nche ogige ahụ, Emmanuel de Mérode, n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2014.[27] Mgbe ngagharị iwe mba ụwa gasịrị, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwụsịrị inyocha ihe omume ma kweta ka ha ghara ịmalite ọrụ ndị yiri ya n'akụkụ ebe ihe nketa ụwa.[28][29][30][31]

Na Ọgọstụ 2015, Minista nke Njem Nleta na Omenala malitere atụmatụ anọ dị mkpa gụnyere ebe ndị njem nleta Tchegera Island na ngalaba okporo ụzọ Rugari-Bukima nke na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ịnweta ngalaba Ugwu Mikeno.[32] Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2016, e wuru ọdọ mmiri anọ nke na-enye ọkụ eletrik nye obere azụmaahịa ma na-abara ihe karịrị mmadụ 200,000 bi n'ime obodo uru.[33]

N'afọ 2018 na 2026, a kpọkọtara ndị ọrụ ogige ntụrụndụ iji nyere aka lụso ọrịa Ebola ọgụ n'ógbè ahụ. Na 2026, gọọmentị etiti kpọrọ oku ka ndị nche guzobe ebe a na-enyocha ma na-ekewapụ ndị mmadụ iji nyere aka gbochie mgbasa nke nje ahụ gaa na ndịda na North Kivu.[34]

Agha nwere Ngwa Agha

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Kemgbe mmalite afọ 1990, ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mpaghara Great Lakes nke Afrịka metụtara mpaghara nchekwa ahụ. Mgbe ogbugbu agbụrụ Rwanda gasịrị, ọtụtụ puku ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ gbagara mpaghara Kivu, ọnụnọ nke ndị agha mụbara. Agha Congo nke Mbụ na nke Abụọ mere ka mpaghara ahụ ghara inwe udo. E gbochiri ndị nche mgbochi ịchụ nta n'ime ogige ahụ, e gbukwara ndị ọrụ ogige ahụ na anụ ọhịa.[8] Ihe dị ka mmadụ 850,000 gbara ọsọ ndụ bi gburugburu ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ na 1994. Ihe ruru mmadụ 40,000 na-abanye n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ kwa ụbọchị ịchọ nkụ na nri, ma na-egbutu nnukwu ebe ndị dị n'ime ọhịa.[35] Na 1994, e tinyere Virunga National Park n'ime Ndepụta nke Ihe Nketa Ụwa n'Ihe Ize Ndụ.[8]

Mgbe Agha nke Abụọ nke Congo gwụchara, esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị ọrụ ogige ntụrụndụ na ndị otu nnupụisi gara n'ihu; e gburu ndị ọrụ ogige ntụrụndụ 80 n'etiti 1996 na 2003.[35] Ọtụtụ ndị nnupụisi ji ngwa agha na-arụ ọrụ n'ogige ahụ, gụnyere Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda na National Congress for the Defence of the People (FDLR).[2] Latter chịrị ngalaba Mikeno nke Virunga National Park n'etiti Disemba 2006 na Jenụwarị 2009.[36]

Na 2005, European Commission (EC) kwadoro mmekorita nke gọọmentị na nkeonwe n'etiti gọọmentị mba ahụ na otu Britain na-abụghị nke gọọmentị bụ African Conservation Fund. Òtù nke ikpeazụ ahụ na-ahụ maka njikwa ogige kemgbe afọ 2010; ihe dị ka pasentị 80 nke ụgwọ nlekọta bụ nke EC na-akwado. E tinyere ndị agha n'ọrụ nchekwa ogige n'afọ ndị sochirinụ iji gbochie ndị nnupụisi na ndị na-achụ nta anụ ka ha ghara ịrụ ọrụ n'ime ogige ahụ.[27] A na-enye ndị ọrụ ogige ahụ ọzụzụ ndị agha na ngwa agha dị elu, ha na-arụkọkwa ọrụ na ndị agha na ndị ọrụ nchekwa steeti.[37]

A katọkwara usoro ndị a dị ka "ịme ka ndị agha dị n'ihe gbasara nchekwa", maka ime ihe ike na mkpofu ndị obodo na-eche ihu. Obodo dịka Mbuti, ndị dabere na ala ndị dị n'ogige ahụ maka nri na ebe obibi, a chụpụrụ ha n'èzí, ma ọ bụ nwee ihe egwu ijide ma ọ bụ gbuo ha site n'aka ndị nche ogige ahụ.[38]

A na-ebo ebubo na mmụba nke nchekwa okike na-akwalite mwakpo ngwa agha nke ndị agha. Ndị bi n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ, ma ndị obodo ma ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ, na-adabere n'ọrụ ugbo, ịchụ nta, ịkụ azụ̀, ịkpụ osisi na imepụta kol maka ihe ha ji ebi ndụ, ihe omume niile a machibidoro iwu. Ndị obodo ahụ enweghị ebe ọzọ ha ga-esi nweta nchekwa, ha na-adaberekwa na nchekwa nke ndị otu ji egbe, nke a na-ana ụgwọ maka ya site na ihe omume ndị a machibidoro iwu. Dịka akụkọ nke United Nations Security Council si kwuo, pasentị 80 nke kol e ji ree obodo Goma na-esi n'ogige ahụ enweta ihe na-eme ka ọ dị mma, nke na-egosi uru kwa afọ nke US $28–30 nde. Ma ndị ọrụ nchekwa steeti ma ndị otu dị otu a na-ejikwa ngwa agha ezu ohi na ịtọrọ mmadụ maka ego.[37]

Mgbalị ndị e mere n'ichekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere mmetụta dị iche iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ mgbe e bibiri ugbo n'ime Kibirizi, e zigakwara ndị agha na ndị nche ogige ka ha gaa leta ihe ndị dị ndụ, Ndị mmadụ kwagara n'ime ogige ahụ gaa n'ala nke FDLR na-achịkwa, ebe ha nwere ike ịgbazite obere ala. Ọgbaghara mere n'afọ 2015 mgbe otu ndị otu mpaghara dị na Binza (ugwu Bwisha) nwara iweghachi ikike nke mpaghara ahụ, ebumnuche nke ịmaliteghachi ọrụ ịkụ azụ ma kwe ka ndị mmadụ laghachi, gbuo onye nche ogige ntụrụndụ na ndị agha 11-15.[37]

E gburu ndị nche ise n'ọnwa Ọgọst afọ 2017 n'akụkụ Lake Edward n'ime mwakpo ndị agha. E gburu ndị nche ise na otu onye ọkwọ ụgbọala n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2018.[39] Kemgbe agha ahụ malitere, ndị otu ji ngwa agha gburu ndị nche ogige 175 ruo Eprel 2018.[40] Na Mee 2018, e gburu otu onye nche mgbe ọ na-agbachitere ndị njem nleta abụọ e tọọrọ.[9] E mechara hapụ ha n'enweghị mmerụ ahụ. N'ihi ya, ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ ka mechiri emechi maka ndị ọbịa site na June 2018[41] ruo Febụwarị 2019.[42]

N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2020, ndị otu ndị agha wakporo otu ndị nkịtị gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndị nche ogige iri na abụọ.[43] Ọzọkwa na Jenụwarị 2021, ndị ji egbe gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndị nche isii ma merụọ ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ahụ n'oge mwakpo ha mere n'ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ.[44][45]

Na ụbọchị iri abụọ na abụọ nke ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2021, onye nnọchi anya mba Itali na DRC bụ Luca Attanasio, ya na onye uwe ojii ndị agha Itali bụ Vittorio Iacovacci na onye ọkwọ ụgbọala Congo bụ Moustapha Milambo, ndịha tọọrọ ma gbuo ha, ndị weghaara ndị otu ha nke Mmemme Nri Ụwa dị ihe dị ka kilomita 15 n'ebe ugwu Goma wee bute ha na Virunga. Ndị nche ogige ntụrụndụ nwere ike ịtọhapụ mmadụ anọ ndị ọzọ.[46]

N'etiti ọrịa Ebola nke afọ 2026, ndị jihadist sitere na Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) bibiri ụfọdụ akụkụ ugwu nke Virunga. Mwakpo abụọ nke ADF na June gburu mmadụ iri abụọ na itoolu, gụnyere ndị ọrụ nchekwa Virunga abụọ.[34]

Ọdịdị ala

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ogige Ntụrụndụ Virunga dị na mpaghara mmiri Congo nke dị na Naịl, e kewara ya ụzọ atọ: Ugwu, Etiti, na Ndịda. Ngalaba Ugwu jikọtara ya na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Semuliki nke Uganda na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Ugwu Rwenzori.[2][4][47] Elu dị n'ime mpaghara ahụ sitere na mita 680 (ụkwụ 2,230) na ndagwurugwu Osimiri Puemba ruo n'elu ugwu kachasị elu nke Ugwu Stanley na mita 5,109 (ụkwụ 16,762) n'ime kilomita 30 (mile 19).[2] N'obosara ala ya ruru hekta 299,523, ọ bụ mpaghara kachasị ukwuu n'ala n'ogige ahụ, site na Osimiri Puemba ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Edward ma nwee Osimiri Semliki, Ugwu Rwenzori, na Ugwu Tshiaberim.[4]

Ngalaba etiti gụnyere akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda nke Ọdọ Mmiri Edward yana ala dị larịị Rwindi-Rutshuru ruo Mabenga.[4] Ọ gụnyekwara mpaghara Lulimbi n'akụkụ Osimiri Ishasha, nke bụ ókèala ya na Uganda ma a na-akpọkwa ya Ngalaba Ọwụwa Anyanwụ mgbe ụfọdụ. Ngalaba a na-ekpuchi hekta 339,179, gụnyere hekta 144,548 nke Ọdọ Mmiri Edward n'onwe ya.[4]

Ugwu Virunga dị n'akụkụ ndịda na-achị mpaghara ndịda, na-eru elu ruru mita 4,500. Dịka Janvier Bagula Karumba si kwuo, ọ kpuchiri ala ya 145,672 hekta, site na ndịda Ugwu Kasali ruo n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugwu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu. Ebe a nwere asaa n'ime ugwu mgbawa asatọ dị n'oké osimiri ahụ, gụnyere abụọ n'ime ugwu mgbawa kachasị na Afrịka: Nyiragongo na Nyamuragira, ebe Ugwu Mikeno adịghị ike.[4] E chebere ya kemgbe afọ 1925, ọ dịkwa n'ime oke ọhịa Afromontane. Ebe nchịkwa nke ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ dị na Rumangabo dị nso na ogige gorilla ahụ, ebe Mount Mikeno Hotel bụkwa ebe ndị njem nleta dị mkpa. Tinyere ogige ntụrụndụ mba nke Rwanda nke ugwu mgbawa nke Rwanda na ogige ntụrụndụ mba nke Uganda nke Mgahinga Gorilla, ngalaba a na-emepụta usoro ihe owuwu ugwu mgbawa nke Greater Virunga.[4]

Mpaghara ókèala dị n'etiti ngalaba etiti na ndịda bara ụba karịsịa na ụdị ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ, nke nwere Ọdọ Mmiri Ondo, ọdọ mmiri Kibuga, ala mmiri dị n'akụkụ nsọtụ mmiri lava, na mmiri Molindi.[4] Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasentị iri asaa na ise nke mmiri dị n'osimiri Rutshuru dị ala sitere na Osimiri Molindi, nke na-eme ka mmiri ozuzo buru ibu nke ubi lava dị n'ebe ndịda na-amịkọrọ maliteghachi. Ebe a dị n'ebe ugwu nke ókèala mmiri Congo, nke na-asọba n'okpuru ala nke ukwuu.[4]

Ọnọdụ ihu igwe

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mgbanwe nke Mpaghara Njikọ Intertropical na El Niño-Southern Oscillation na-emetụta ihu igwe dị na Albertine Rift. Maachị ruo etiti Mee na Septemba ruo Nọvemba bụ oge mmiri ozuzo kacha mkpa.[48] Mmiri ozuzo kwa ọnwa n'ime savanna gbara Ọdọ Mmiri Edward gburugburu bụ 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in); nke a bụ akụkụ kacha kpọọ nkụ n'ala ahụ. Mpaghara ugwu na-enweta mmiri ozuzo kwa ọnwa ruo 220 mm (8.7 in), ebe mpaghara ndịda na-enweta mmiri ozuzo ruo 160 mm (6.3 in).[49] Okpomọkụ nkezi n'ebe dị ala na-adị iche site na 23–28 Celsius (73–82 Celsius), nakwa n'ebe dị elu site na 16–24 Celsius (61–75 Celsius), ọ naghị adịkarị ala karịa 14 Celsius (57 Celsius).[16]

Osisi

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Osisi dị na Virunga National Park gụnyere ụdị osisi 2,077, gụnyere ụdị osisi 264 na osisi 230 ndị jupụtara na Albertine Rift.[6] Ala dị larịị nke Virunga National Park bụ nke ala mmiri dị n'ime mmiri na ala ahịhịa juputara na papyrus sedge (Cyperus papyrus), jointed flatsedge (C. articulatus), common reed (Phragmites mauritanica), sacaton grasses (Sporobolus consimilis), ambatch (Aeschynomene elaphroxylon), conkerberry (Carissa spinarum), paperbark thorn (Vachellia sieberiana) na kowai fruit (Coccinia grandis).[50] Ihe fọdụrụ nke dicots dịka African caper (Capparis tomentosa), Maerua species, cucurbits nke ọhịa, na nightshades bụ nke a hụrụ ya n'ime bọọlụ nsị nke enyí Afrịka (Loxodonta) nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa maka mgbasa mkpụrụ n'ala ahịhịa.[51]

Oke ọhịa ugwu dị n'agbata mita 1,800 na 2,800 (ụkwụ 5,900 na 9,200) n'akụkụ ndịda bụ nke osisi Ficalhoa laurifolia na Podocarpus milanjianus na-eto nke nwere osisi dị elu ruo mita 25 (ụkwụ 82). African alpine bamboo (Yushania alpina) na-eto n'ebe dị elu nke mita 2,300–2,600 (ụkwụ 7,500–8,500). Osisi dị n'elu mita 2,600 (ụkwụ 8,500) dị n'okpuru ala, nke nwere osisi redwood nke Afrịka (Hagenia abyssinica) kacha eto ruo mita 3,000 (ụkwụ 9,800). Tree heath (Erica arborea), heather na mosses kpuchiri ugwu mmiri dị elu ruo mita 3,700 (ụkwụ 12,100). Senecio na Lobelia ụdị osisi ndị a na-eto n'ebe dị oke ugwu ma na-eru elu ruo mita 8 (ụkwụ 26).[16]Ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche nke Virunga National Park gụnyere anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara 196, nnụnụ 706, anụmanụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ 109 na amphibians 65 dịka ọ dị na 2012.[6]

Anụ na-enye nwa ara

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Anụmanụ praịmatị ndị dị na ogige ntụrụndụ mba gụnyere Gorila ugwu (G. b. beringei), chimpanzee nkịtị (Pan troglodytes), enwe ọlaedo, red-tailed monkey (Cercopithecus ascanius), Dent's mona monkey (C. denti), blue monkey (C. mitis), Hamlyn's monkey (C. hamlyni), De Brazza's monkey (C. neglectus), Central African red colobus (Procolobus foai), mantled guereza (Colobus guereza), olive baboon (Papio anubis) na grey-cheeked mangabey (Lophocebus albigena).[6][22][52][53]

African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) na African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) biri n'ime ngalaba etiti nke ogige ntụrụndụ mba.[50] Okapi (Okapia johnstoni), blue duiker (Philantomba monticola), bay duiker (Cephalophus dorsalis), Weyns's duiker (C. weynsi), yellow-backed duiker (C. silvicultor), water chevrotain (Hyemoschus aquaticus), red river hog (Potamochoerus porcus), aardvark (Orycteropus afer) na bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus) bụ ihe e dekọrọ na ngalaba ugwu na 2008.[53] Harnessed bushbuck (T. scriptus) na giant forest hog (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni) dị na mpaghara ndịda.[52] Topi niile dị n'elu (Damaliscus lunatus jimela) n'ebe ndịda nke Ọdọ Mmiri Edward na mpaghara Ishasha Flats, ma na-agafe ókèala ahụ mgbe niile na Uganda. Ihe ndị ọzọ dị na ya gụnyere Ugandan kob (Kobus kob thomasi), waterbuck (K. ellipsiprymnus), na  common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus).[49][54]

Ogige Ntụrụndụ Virunga yana Ogige Ntụrụndụ Eze Nwanyị Elizabeth nke dị nso na-emepụta "Ngalaba Nchekwa Ọdụm".[55] A na-ewere mpaghara a dị ka ebe ọdụm (Panthera leo) nwere ike ị bị nke bụ ebe siri ike, ọ bụrụ na a kwụsị ịkpa anụ ma anụ ndị na-eri anụ ga-agbake.[54] N'akụkụ ugwu nke ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ, African leopard (P. pardus pardus), marsh mongoose (Atilax paludinosus), giant pangolin (Smutsia gigantea), tree pangolin (Phataginus tricuspis), crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata), Lord Derby's scaly-tailed squirrel (Anomalurus derbianus), Boehm's bush squirrel (Paraxerus boehmi), western tree hyrax (Dendrohyrax dorsalis), Emin's pouched rat (Cricetomys emini) na checkered elephant shrew (Rhynchocyon cirnei) bụ nke e dekọrọ ha n'oge nnyocha emere na 2008.[53]

Anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ

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Osimiri Semliki na-enye ebe obibi maka agụ iyi Naịl (Crocodylus niloticus). A hụrụ ọtụtụ n'ime ha n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugwu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Edwards na 1988 maka oge mbụ.[56]

Nnụnụ

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Nnụnụ ndị a na-ahụkarị n'ime Albertine Rift, Rwenzori turaco, Rwenzori batis, Archer's ground robin, red-throated alethe, Kivu ground thrush, collared apalis, mountain masked apalis, dusky crimson-wing, Shelley's crimsonwing, red-faced woodland warbler, stripe-breasted tit, blue-headed sunbird, regal sunbird, Rwenzori double-collared sunbird, handsome spurfowl na strange weaver bụ nke e dekọrọ na ngalaba ndịda nke Virunga National Park n'oge nyocha na 2004. Nnụnụ ndị na-abụghị ndị a na-akọ akụkọ ha gụnyere Wahlberg's eagle, African goshawk, African hobby, harrier hawk, common buzzard, mountain buzzard, hadeda ibis, grey-crowned crane, black-and-white-casqued hornbill, black-billed turaco, African olive pigeon, tambourine dove, blue-spotted wood dove, red-eyed dove, brown-necked parrot, red-chested cuckoo, olive long-tailed cuckoo, barred long-tailed cuckoo, Klaas's cuckoo, Diederik cuckoo, blue-headed coucal, Narina trogon, white-headed wood hoopoe, white-necked raven, white-tailed crested flycatcher, African paradise flycatcher, white-eyed slaty flycatcher, African dusky flycatcher, white-tailed blue flycatcher, mountain oriole, speckled mousebird, cinnamon-chested bee-eater, grey-throated barbet, yellow-billed barbet, western tinkerbird, yellow-rumped tinkerbird, cardinal woodpecker, olive woodpecker, black saw-wing, Angola swallow, Alpine swift, mountain greenbul, yellow-whiskered greenbul, common bulbul, white-starred robin, Archer's ground robin, white-browed robin-chat, African stonechat, rufous thrush, African thrush, olive thrush, grassland pipit, cinnamon bracken warbler, black-faced rufous warbler, mountain yellow warbler, brown woodland warbler, green sandpiper, Chubb's cisticola, banded prinia, chestnut-throated apalis, grey-backed camaroptera, white-browed crombec, black-throated wattle-eye, chinspot batis, mountain illadopsis, grey-chested illadopsis, olive sunbird, bronze sunbird, malachite sunbird, collared sunbird, variable sunbird, yellow white-eye, Mackinnon's shrike, Doherty's bushshrike, Lühder's bushshrike, northern puffback, mountain sooty boubou, tropical boubou, narrow-tailed starling, Sharpe's starling, baglafecht weaver, black bishop, grey-headed nigrita, common waxbill, black-headed waxbill, bronze mannikin, black and white mannikin, pin-tailed whydah, African citril, streaky seedeater na thick-billed seedeater.[57]

Agbụrụ dị iche iche

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  Agbụrụ ndị bi na Virunga National Park na gburugburu ya gụnyere:

Ihe nkiri akụkọ Virunga na-egosi ọrụ ndị na-elekọta ogige ntụrụndụ mba Virunga na ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ nke mba Britain bụ Soco International n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ.[62][63] E gosipụtara Ndakasi, otu gorilla si n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, na usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn na ihe nkiri ole na ole, gụnyere ihe nkiri Netflix.[64]

Edensibia

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  1. ↑ Parcs et réserves de la République Démocratique du Congo: Evaluation de l'efficacité de la gestion des aires protégées (fr). Portals.iucn.org 6. Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (2010). Retrieved on 21 March 2026.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Crawford, A. (2008). MEAs, Conservation and Conflict – A case study of Virunga National Park, DRC. Geneva: International Institute for Sustainable Development. 
  3. ↑ About Virunga National Park: Facts, History & Conservation (en-US). Virunga National Park. Retrieved on 27 December 2025.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Karumba (2011). De l'opportunité du développement du tourisme au nord Kivu: Cas de la ville de Goma (fr). Institut Supérieur de Tourisme de Goma (ISTou-Goma). Retrieved on 26 December 2025.
  5. ↑ Tedesco, D. (2002). "1995 Nyiragongo and Nyamulagira activity in the Virunga National Park: A volcanic crisis". Acta Vulcanologica 14 (1/2): 149–155. 
  6. 1 2 3 4 Plumptre, A. J. (2007). "The biodiversity of the Albertine Rift". Biological Conservation 134 (2): 178–194. DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.08.021. 
  7. ↑ Virunga National Park. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization.
  8. 1 2 3 Debonnet, G. (2004). "Supporting protected areas in a time of political turmoil: the case of World Heritage Sites in the Democratic Republic of Congo". Parks 14 (1): 9–16. 
  9. 1 2 Actman, J.. "Virunga National Park Sees Its Worst Violence in a Decade, Director Says", National Geographic News, 2018. Retrieved on 27 April 2020.
  10. ↑ "Twelve rangers killed in latest Virunga Park incident", Mongabay Environmental News, 2020. Retrieved on 27 April 2020.
  11. ↑ COP26: Landmark $500 million agreement launched to protect the DR Congo's forest (en). Africa Renewal (2021-11-10). Retrieved on 2022-11-05.
  12. ↑ "DRC To Auction Oil And Gas Permits In Endangered Gorilla Habitat" | SEJ (en). www.sej.org (2022-07-25). Retrieved on 2022-11-05.
  13. ↑ Oil and gas exploration Virunga National Park (en). Banktrack. Retrieved on 2022-11-05.
  14. ↑ DRC's oil blocks auction: Civil society statement on threats and intimidation of environmental defenders in DR Congo (en). Greenpeace Africa. Retrieved on 2022-11-05.
  15. 1 2 Harroy, J.P. (1993). "Contribution à l'histoire jusque 1934 de la création de l'Institut des parcs nationaux du Congo belge". Civilisations. Revue internationale d'anthropologie et de sciences humaines 41 (41): 427–442. DOI:10.4000/civilisations.1732. 
  16. 1 2 3 Bashonga, M. G. (2012). Etude socio-économique et culturelle, attitude et perceptions des communautés Twa pygmées autour du secteur Mikeno du Parc National des Virunga. Goma: Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature. 
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 De Bont, R. (2015). ""Primitives" and Protected Areas: International Conservation and the "Naturalization" of Indigenous People, ca. 1910-1975". Journal of the History of Ideas 76 (2): 215–236. DOI:10.1353/jhi.2015.0014. PMID 25937035. 
  18. ↑ De Bont, R. (2017). "A World Laboratory: Framing the Albert National Park". Environmental History 22 (3): 404–432. DOI:10.1093/envhis/emx020. 
  19. 1 2 Inogwabini, B.I. (2014). "Conserving biodiversity in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a brief history, current trends and insights for the future". Parks 20 (2): 101−110. DOI:10.2305/iucn.ch.2014.parks-20-2.bi.en. 
  20. ↑ Stephen J. (2007). "Of "Doubtful Nationality": Political Manipulation of Citizenship in the D. R. Congo". Citizenship Studies 11 (5): 481–500. DOI:10.1080/13621020701605792. 
  21. ↑ Schouteden, H. (1938). Exploration du Parc National Albert: Oiseaux. Bruxelles: Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge. 
  22. 1 2 Frechkop, S. (1943). Exploration du Parc National Albert: Mammifères. Bruxelles: Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge. 
  23. 1 2 Schumacher, P. (1943). Die Kivu-Pygmäen und ihre soziale Umwelt im Albert-National Park. Bruxelles: Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge. 
  24. ↑ Verhoogen, J. (1948). Les éruptions 1938-1940 du volcan Nyamuragira. Bruxelles: Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge. 
  25. ↑ de Heinzelin de Braucourt, J. (1961). Le paléolithique aux abords d'Ishango. Bruxelles: Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge. 
  26. ↑ Dart, R.A. (1960). "The urgency of international intervention for the preservation of the mountain gorilla". South African Journal of Science 56 (4): 85–87. 
  27. 1 2 Marijnen, E. (2018). "Public Authority and Conservation in Areas of Armed Conflict: Virunga National Park as a "State within a State" in Eastern Congo". Development and Change 49 (3): 790–814. DOI:10.1111/dech.12380. 
  28. ↑ Nkongolo, J.K. (2015). "International solidarity and permanent sovereignty over natural resources: antagonism or peaceful coexistence? The case of oil in the Virunga National Park". African Journal of Democracy and Governance 2 (3–4): 77–98. 
  29. ↑ Verheyen, E. (2016). "Oil extraction imperils Africa's Great Lakes". Science 354 (6312): 561–562. DOI:10.1126/science.aal1722. PMID 27811261. 
  30. ↑ Hochleithner, S. (2017). "Beyond Contesting Limits: Land, Access, and Resistance at the Virunga National Park". Conservation and Society 15 (1): 100–110. DOI:10.4103/0972-4923.201397. 
  31. ↑ Kümpel, N.F. (2018). "Sustainable development at natural World Heritage sites in Africa", in Moukala, E.: World Heritage for Sustainable Development in Africa. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 51–61. 
  32. ↑ Nord-Kivu: inauguration des activités du parc national des Virunga (fr). Radio Okapi (2015). Retrieved on 29 September 2024.
  33. ↑ Odiaua, I. (2018). "Engaging World Heritage to drive sustainable development in Africa: next steps", in Moukala, E.: World Heritage for Sustainable Development in Africa. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 251–277. 
  34. 1 2 Wallis. "Ebola and jihadis threaten Africa’s oldest national park", Financial Times, 9 June 2026. Retrieved on 11 June 2026.
  35. 1 2 McNeely, J.A. (2003). "Conserving forest biodiversity in times of violent conflict". Oryx 37 (2): 142–152. DOI:10.1017/S0030605303000334. 
  36. ↑ Refisch, J. (2016). "Transboundary collaboration in the Greater Virunga Landscape: From gorilla conservation to conflict-sensitive transboundary landscape management", in Bruch, C.: Governance, Natural Resources, and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding. Oxon, New York: Routledge, 825–841. ISBN 978-1-136-27207-3. 
  37. 1 2 3 Verweijen, J. (2016). "The counterinsurgency/conservation nexus: guerrilla livelihoods and the dynamics of conflict and violence in the Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo". The Journal of Peasant Studies 45 (2): 300–320. DOI:10.1080/03066150.2016.1203307. 
  38. ↑ Moloo. "Militarised Conservation Threatens DRC's Indigenous People – Part 1", Inter Press Service, 14 September 2014. Retrieved on 4 January 2019.
  39. ↑ Burke, J.. "Six Virunga park rangers killed in DRC wildlife sanctuary", The Guardian, 2018. Retrieved on 10 April 2018.
  40. ↑ In memoriam: deadliest attack on Virunga staff in Park's recent history brings total ranger deaths to 175. Virunga (2018). Retrieved on 2018-08-17.
  41. ↑ Virunga Park Closure Statement (2018). Archived from the original on 2018-06-15. Retrieved on 2018-06-26.
  42. ↑ Prentice, A.. "Congo's Virunga park reopens eight months after deadly ambush", Reuters, 2019. Retrieved on 2019-04-26.
  43. ↑ "Rangers killed in "deadliest" DR Congo park attack", BBC News, 2020. Retrieved on 27 April 2020.
  44. ↑ Six park rangers killed in DR Congo's Virunga gorilla reserve (en). France 24 (2021). Retrieved on 2021-01-13.
  45. ↑ "Six Virunga park rangers killed in eastern Congo ambush", CNN, 2021. Retrieved on 12 January 2021.
  46. ↑ "Italian ambassador to DR Congo killed in UN convoy attack", BBC News, 2021. Retrieved on 2021-02-23.
  47. ↑ Mubalama, L. (2004). "Monitoring law enforcement and illegal activities in the northern sector of the Parc National des Virunga, Democratic Republic of Congo". Pachyderm (36): 16–29. 
  48. ↑ Seimon, A. (2012). "Regional Climatology of the Albertine Rift", in Plumptre, A. J.: Long Term changes in Africa's Rift Valley: impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 18–38. 
  49. 1 2 Plumptre, A. J. (2012). "The effects of environmental and anthropogenic changes on the savannas of the Queen Elizabeth and Virunga National parks", in Plumptre, A. J.: Long Term changes in Africa's Rift Valley: impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 88–105. 
  50. 1 2 Mubalama, L. (2000). "Population and Distribution of Elephants (Loxodonta africana africana) in the Central Sector of the Virunga National Park, Eastern DRC". Pachyderm 28: 44–55. 
  51. ↑ Brahmachary, R.L. (1980). "On the germination of seeds in the dung balls of the African elephant in the Virunga National Park". Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et la Vie) 34 (1): 139–142. DOI:10.3406/revec.1980.4059. 
  52. 1 2 Lanjouw, A. (2002). "Behavioural adaptations to water scarcity in Tongo chimpanzees", in Boesch, C.: Behavioural diversity in Chimpanzees and Bonobos. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 52–60. ISBN 0-521-00613-9. 
  53. 1 2 3 Nixon, S. C. (2008). Conservation status of Okapi in Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. ZSL Conservation Report No. 9. London: The Zoological Society of London. Retrieved on 2018-11-13. 
  54. 1 2 Treves (2009). "Identifying a potential lion Panthera leo stronghold in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda, and Parc National des Virunga, Democratic Republic of Congo". Oryx 43 (1): 60–66. DOI:10.1017/S003060530700124X. 
  55. ↑ IUCN Cat Specialist Group (2006). Conservation Strategy for the Lion Panthera leo in Eastern and Southern Africa. Pretoria, South Africa: IUCN. 
  56. ↑ Verschuren, J. (1989). "L'apparition des crocodiles au lac ex-Edouard, Parc National des Virunga, Zaïre". Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et la Vie) 44 (4): 367–397. DOI:10.3406/revec.1989.5528. 
  57. ↑ Owiunji, I. (2005). Biological Survey of Virunga Volcanoes. New York: Wildlife Conservation Society. Retrieved on 2018-12-12. 
  58. ↑ Hart, T.B. (1986). "The ecological basis of hunter-gatherer subsistence in African rain forests: the Mbuti of Eastern Zaire". Human Ecology 14 (1): 29–55. DOI:10.1007/bf00889209. 
  59. 1 2 3 Kenfack (17 March 2013). Le Paysage Virunga (fr). Center for International Forestry Research. Archived from the original on 9 January 2025. Retrieved on 29 September 2024.
  60. ↑ Losh. "When Nature Conservation Goes Wrong", Foreign Policy Magazine, 2 April 2021. Retrieved on 3 May 2021.
  61. ↑ The Details of the Basongoro of Rwenzori and their Culture in Uganda. Go Visit Kenya (2014). Archived from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved on 3 May 2021.
  62. ↑ Screenings. Virunga (Official Website). Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved on 20 August 2014.
  63. ↑ Sinha-Roy. "Netflix's "Virunga" uncovers Congo's fight to protect resources", Reuters, 6 November 2014. Retrieved on 8 November 2014.
  64. ↑ Bella, T.. "Ndakasi, Beloved Mountain Gorilla of Photobomb Fame, dies", Washington Post, 2021.

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