Okwu arụ
Okwu a iwu iwu, nke a na-akpọkwa akara iwu iwu, Okwu mkparị, akara a mmachibido iwu ma ọ bụ akara a machigide iwu nke na-agụnye ịgụnye ojiji nke okwu ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ nke iwu n'ihi ihe ndị na-enye na ibe ya. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ihe egwu egwu n'ụdị ụfọdụ nke ahụ n'onwe ya (dị ka okwu ụfọdụ, ma ọ bụ ejedebe), ma ọ bụ n'ihi mkpa ọ dị ikiri isiokwu a machibidokwara iwu. Ihe ahụhụ ime ndị aha ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'ụdị ụwa bụ ihe atụ. A na-ezere okwu ndị a akụkọ iwu site na euphemisms, dị ka euphemism Bekee na-agafe, nke okwu "nwụọ".[1] Ọ bụ isi iyi a na-ama nke neologisms na lexical mkpa anya.
Ihe kpatara ya na ebumnuche ya
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ihe na iwu na-esi mkpa na mkpa ọ dị iju onyonyo isiokwu ndị a edemede iwu. Otu echiche nke echiche nke ihe akụkọ iwu na-ele ya anya dị ka mmachibido iwu maka omume ma ọ bụ ihe a machibido iwu, n'ihi na a na-ele ha anya dị ize ndụ ma ọ bụ dị nsso. Onye ọlụ nọ n'obodo ahụ nke na-emetụta ihe ndị isi isiokwu dị mkpa nke iwu ahụ ga-enweta ụfọdụ ụfọdụ, ọ gwụla ma hagbaghara maka akwụkwọ ahụ..[1]
Enwere ike iwere akwụkwọ iwu dị ka ụzọ isi isi, ma ọ bụ ma ọ chọrọ ala zere mkpa aha isiokwu a machibido iwu, n'ihi egwu nke iwu ahụ n'onwe ya. Site n'ịgbasawanye, akara nke dị ka okwu, aha ma ọ bụ ụfọdụ nwere ike iji ihe ederede iwu n'onwe ha, ebe a na-ahụ ha dị ka a na-ahụ apụ nke ihe a machibido iwu..[2]
Ihe omuma nke asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ihe mgbochi asụsụ bụ ihe ọ bụla nke asụsụ nwere àgwà nke na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ ihe a machibidoro iwu.
Okwu mkparị
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Okwu mkparị na-ezo aka n'okwu a na-ewere n'ozuzu ya dị ka nke na-adịghị mma, nke na-achọ isi, ma ọ bụ nke na-akpasu iwe. Okwu mkparị nwere ike ike ọrụ mkparị, ọ bụ ebe na a na-eme ya akparị onye ọzọ. Ya mere, dị ka ụdị ime ihe ike, a na-elekarị ya anya dị ka ihe iwu iwu na dị mma ma bụrụ nke a na-egosi (ma ọ bụ site n'aka ndị ọkà okwu n'onwe ha, ma ọ bụ site na ikike ụfọdụ). [3]
Ọ bụ na okwu ndị na- ọcha narị na-esikarị n'ihe ndị a akwụkwọ iwu, dị ka ebe ahụ na akụrụngwa, ọ bụghị ihe niile a na-ezo aka na ihe ndị a machibido iwu ka a na-ewere dị ka okwu mkparị. mkpụrụ akwụkwọ, n'asụsụ Bekee, okwu ndị na-ahọpụta maka ọrụ ahụ arụ ọrụ nke ọma dị ka okwu mkparị, ọ bụ ebe na tinye a nwere ike ọ-eji emetụta ụdị iwu ndị ọzọ, dị ka omume ike. A tụwo aro na ma a ga-ewere okwu dị ka mkparị nwere ike traktị ma akara ya n'ụzọ ihe atụ ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ.[3]
Aha a machibidoro iwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'ọdịbendị ụfọdụ, ikwu na aha a ndekọ iwu yiri ịwakpo onye nwe aha ahụ, a ga- Nwe onye mebiri iwu . Enwere ike ịta ụdị maka ibé iwu n'ime idebe maka ihe ihe nye onye e mebiri, ma ọ bụ ime ka ike mebiri emebi dị iche. N'ụdị ụfọdụ, ị ga-adị anya mebie aha a akụkọ iwu emeela ka mmadụ site na igbu ọchụ ma ọ bụ igbu onwe ya n'ihi ihere.[1] N'otu ihe atụ, otu nwoke si n'obodo nta na-asụ Adzera na Papua New Guinea emebiela aha siri ike n'ihu nna ya. N'ime ihere, ọ gbagara n'ugwu ndịsị na-anya ya, kpachapụrụ anya kwe ka ndị iro gbuo ya..[4]
Ihe omuma ndi ozo na-abụghị nke asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Non-linguistic taboos are terms or topics that are believed to be impolite or unacceptable for use due to social context. In contrast to profanity, they are not intrinsically impolite.[citation needed][citation needed] Rather, they are perceived to be so in specific circumstances, as determined by the culturally-contingent beliefs or concepts of politeness held by a speaker or their listener(s). Coincidentally, this sometimes results in the acceptability of their use varying relative to the register that a culture considers appropriate when conversing within a given implicit stratum of social interaction.[citation needed]
Okwu Mma
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-ejikarị okwu ndị ọzọ eme ihe iji zere ịkpọ aha n'ụzọ doro anya nke isiokwu ndị a machibidoro iwu, kama izere iji ihe ndị a machibido iwu nke asụsụ ahụ. Na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, a na-eji okwu euphemisms eme ihe iji zere ikwu okwu n'onwe ya banyere isiokwu ndị a ga-ewere dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma, ihe ihere, ma ọ bụ ihe na-enye onye na-ekwu okwu ma ọ bụ ndị na-ege ha ntị obi ụtọ. [citation needed]
Ihe atụ nke isiokwu a n'akwụkwọ iwu n'etiti ọtụtụ ndepụta nke a na-ezere n'asụsụ bụ ọrịa. Ọ bụ ebe a na-egosila ọtụtụ ọrịa ma ekiri ha ekiri ọtụtụ iri afọ, na-ekwu otú ahụ dị ka syphilis ka na-aga n'ihu. N'oge a, ndị mgbasa na- amfanin na-ezere okwu syphilis na ndị ọrịa ha , na-eji akara ndị ọzọ dị ka echiche treponemal, ọrịa luetic (site na Latin lues 'm echiche, ihe otiti'), na ihe ndị ọzọ. N'ụzọ yiri nke ahụ, isiokwu ndị dị ka ịhụ nsasị ka a na-ewere dị ka ihe a ntụgharị iwu n'ihe mere eme, si otú a na-enweta okwu dị ka inwe nsogbu na osisi (Levitikọs 15: 1 19-24 [1]). N'ịbụ onye ọkpụkpọ, "m obi" ahụ bụ ihe akụkọ iwu n'ihi na a na-ewere ha dị ka ihe ize ndụ; a na-eche na ịhụ nsasị na-ebu ọrịa na-efe efe dị ka syphilis.[3]
A pụkwara iji okwu ndị ọzọ mee ihe iji belata oke ikpe na-ezighị ezi, mpụ agha, ma ọ bụ ihe omume ndị ọzọ na-eme ka a zere ya na nkwupụta ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, otu ihe kpatara ụkọ ihe akaebe edere edere edeturu na-edekọ mkpochapụ na Auschwitz, n'ihe gbasara ọnụ ọgụgụ ha, na-agụnye "ntụziaka maka usoro mkpochapụ nke kpuchiri na bureaucratic euphemisms".
Okpukpe
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Okpukpe na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'echiche nke taboo, dị ka egosiri site na okwu taboo, nke a gbaziri site na Tongan tapu ("a akwụkwọ iwu, dị ns"). Echiche ndị na-enwe-enwekarị anya dị ka nke ike ike nke ụmụ. N'ihi ya, ndị na- isi iyi nke ahịa akwụkwọ iwu. [citation needed]
N'ime okwu ndị oge ochie, nke oge ochie, na nke oge a, ihe aha "mmụọ ndị" Setan na- ree ihe a akụkọ ekwensu, nke sitere na ngwaọrụ na ime nke a ga- pastọ na onye na-ekwu okwu na onye na ya na-ekwu. Kama nke ahụ, a na-enweta onye mmegide a site naokpuru nke ịbụ onye na-amaka ma ọ bụ na-agba arọ mgba n'ebe ahụ ahụ nọ. A na-ahụ nke a site na akara ndị ọzọ dị ka feond (ajọ) nke sitere na Old English, enemī (Onye iro) nke sitere n'etiti Middle English na 1382, na onye na-agba mgba okpuru nke sitere na Modern English na 1751, n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ..[5]
Mmetụta na mgbanwe asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mgbanwe okwu nke iwu kwadoro
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mgbanwe okwu nke na-akpali akpali bụ ihe na-eme n'asụsụ dị iche iche ebe ikpughe ihe ndị na-ekwu okwu nwere ike ike iji ike eme ihe. A na-emecha okwu okwu ndị a akụkọ iwu, na-akpata Mgbanwe. Mgbanwe a a na-akpali iwu nwere ike iduga n'ịgbanwe mgbanwe, ma ọ bụ ikike okwu n'ihi iji ihe atụ na euphemisms. ለምሳሌ, okwu ahụ bụ stark gba ọtọ sitere na okwu ahụ bụ mmalite ọtọ, nke na-egosi na Old English na ike adọ nke iri na atọ, ebe mbụ bụ steort nke nwoke 'ọdụ, rump' na Old English.[1] Mgbanwe na /t/ ikpeazụ na /k/ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi iko iji mebie ihe na-ezo aka n'ụdị ahụ, ma ọ bụ n'ihi ụgbọ nke okwu yiri ya bụ stark..[6]
Asụsụ ndị na-esonụ na-egosipụta ihe atụ nke dochie okwu a na-akpali akpali:
Mgbanwe asụsụ n'ozuzu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ihe atụ atụ nwere na-egosi etu omenala ngosi ike isi mee ka ngwaahịa bụ nke iSi-Hlonipha, nke bụ omume n'etiti obodo ndị na-asụ Nguni ebe a redio fim nkiri di ikwu usoro n'aha nna ha. Nke a mere ka ọ dị mkpa ka a mkpa fonemes, nke dugara na mbubata fonemes site na ndị na-agbata obi. N'ihi ya, a na-ebubata ejekwa ozi na saịtị na ọrụ Zulu na Xhosa dị nso n'ime Nguni, nke na-anya isi na mbụ..[11]
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Name taboo
- Avoidance speech
- Expurgation
- Profanity
- Racial slurs
- Un-word of the year
- REDIRECT template:Annotated link
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Ihe odide
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Mead (1937). "Tabu". Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences 7: 502–5.
- ↑ Keesing (1969). "Kwaio word tabooing in its context". Journal of the Polynesian Society 78 (2): 154–77. Retrieved on 11 April 2019.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Allan (2009). Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI:10.1017/CBO9780511617881. ISBN 9780511617881. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "allan&burridge" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Holzknecht (1988). "Word taboo and its implications for language change in the Markham family of languages, PNG". Language and Linguistics in Melanesia (18). Retrieved on 11 April 2019.
- ↑ Esquibel (2012). "Devil aka Satan: An enemy or fiend? On the rivalry between the familiar and the foreign in early English". Token: A Journal of English Linguistics 1: 96–113. Retrieved on 9 April 2019.
- ↑ Allan (2018). "Taboo words and language: an overview", in Allan: The Oxford Handbook of Taboo Words and Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198808190.001.0001. ISBN 9780198808190. Retrieved on 10 April 2019.
- ↑ Elmendorf (1951-01-01). "Word Taboo and Lexical Change in Coast Salish". International Journal of American Linguistics 17 (4): 205–208. DOI:10.1086/464130.
- ↑ Herbert (1990-01-01). "The Sociohistory of Clicks in Southern Bantu". Anthropological Linguistics 32 (3/4): 295–315.
- ↑ Hart (1930-01-01). "Personal Names among the Tiwi". Oceania 1 (3): 280–290. DOI:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1930.tb01650.x.
- ↑ COMRIE (2000-01-01). "Language Contact, Lexical Borrowing, and Semantic Fields". Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics 28: 73–86.
- ↑ Storch (2017). "Typology of Secret Languages and Linguistic Taboos", in Aikhenvald: The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Typology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 287–321. DOI:10.1017/9781316135716.010. ISBN 9781107091955.