Olive Swezy

Olive Swezy (1878–1963) bụ onye America na-arụ ọrụ sayensị anụmanụ. Ọ gụrụ dinoflagellata na amoebas. Swezy na-arụkarị ọrụ ọnụ na Charles Kofoid na isiokwu gbasara sayensị anụmanụ a na-etinye n'ọrụ. Ọ mere nchọpụta banyere amoebas na-akpata ọrịa ma mee nchọpụta mbụ na oogenesis na Herbert McLean Evans. N'ime afọ 1940s, Swezy dere akwụkwọ na-emegide Nazism na ijide ndị Japan America n'ọgụ idebe ha n'ogige.

Ndụ na ọrụ

A mụrụ Swezy na Shohola, Pennsylvania, na afọ 1878. Swezy gara Mahadum California, Berkeley, maka akwụkwọ ya na agụmakwụkwọ kọleji ya. Ọ nwetara BS na 1913, soro ya MS na 1914. Na 1915, a họpụtara ya PhD na akwụkwọ ndụ ihe ọmụma na Berkeley, ya na ọrụ nyocha ya aha ya bụ The Kinetonucleus of Flagellates and the Binuclear Theory of Hartmann. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị agụmakwụkwọ ya, Swezy gara n'ihu na nchọpụta ya n'okpuru nduzi Charles Kofoid, onye bụ onye isi nke abụọ nke akwụkwọ ndụ ihe ọmụma.

E mechara họpụta Swezy dịka onye enyemaka na Ngalaba Zoology na Berkeley tupu ọ malite ọrụ dịka onye nduzi enyemaka, ya na William Ritter, na Marine Biological Laboratory (nke a maara dị ka 'Scripps') na La Jolla. Swezy rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ nnyocha Kofoid. Akwụkwọ ozi ya na Ritter gosiri na o siri ike igosi onwe ya dị ka onye ọkà mmụta sayensị kama ịbụ onye a na-ahụ dịka onye na-ede akwụkwọ Scripps nke na-arụ ọrụ nwa oge.[1] N'ihe dị ka afọ 1917, n'okpuru nduzi nke Kofoid, ọ malitere ịmụ dinoflagellata na Scripps. Onyinye Kofoid na-enwetakarị nkwanye ùgwù karịa nke Swezy.[1] Na 1921, a nabatara Swezy dị ka onye edemede so dee akwụkwọ na peeji 583 nke aha ya bụ The Free-Living Unarmed Dinoflagellata, nke dabere na nyocha iri afọ abụọ. N'akụkọ ya nye onyeisi oche nke Mahadum California, Ngalaba Zoology kpọrọ akwụkwọ ahụ "ihe omume kachasị mkpa n'otu ọganihu" n'afọ ahụ.[1] Otu akụkọ ndụ sitere na National Academy of Sciences gbasara Kofoid mesiri ike ọrụ nke mgbalị mmekorita dị n'etiti Swezy na Kofoid rụrụ n'ọrụ ọkachamara ya: "Otuto kachasị mkpa o nyere na nhazi protozoan bụ n'oge mmekọrịta ya na Olive Swezy".[1] N'ime afọ 1920 niile, Swezy gara n'ihu na-arụkọ ọrụ na Kofoid, na-ebipụta akwụkwọ gbasara ọtụtụ isiokwu metụtara ọrụ anụmanụ e tinyere n'ọrụ ya. O dekwara ma soro dee ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na-elekwasị anya na nje na amoebae eriri afọ.[1]

Swezy na Kofoid chọpụtara ụdị ọhụrụ nke amoebic dysentery, nke metụtara amoebic dysentery nke metụtara ndị agha America na Philippines n'oge Agha Spanish-American. Ọ bụ ihe kpatara isii nke ọrịa dysentery ka e chọpụtara.[1] Na 1924, Swezy na Kofoid nyochara amoebae ndị nwere ike ịbanye n'ime ahụ mmadụ site n'ịga n'ime mmiri ma ọ bụ nri ndị e mebiri emebi wee bute ọnya ma ọ bụ abscesses n’ime afọ, arthritis na rheumatism.[2] Na 1929, a kọrọ na Swezy na Herbert McLean Evans chọpụtara na ndị mmadụ na-enwekarị kromosome iri anọ na asatọ, nke kpebisiri ike ụdị nwoke na nwanyị nke mmadụ, na na ha adịghị ejikọta ya na cancer.[3] Ọ bụghị ruo 1955 ka Joe Hin Tjio chọpụtara na e nwere kromosome mmadụ iri anọ na isii n'ozuzu ya.[4]

N'afọ 1940, Swezy dere akwụkwọ ozi o degaara Oakland Tribune banyere "ihe ize ndụ nke Nazism". O dere otu edemede na 1942 nke mere mkpesa megide ndị Japan America a manyere ịbanye n'ogige ndị mkpọrọ. Ọ pụtara na 1944 American Men of Science . Swezy nwụrụ na 1963.