Onyenwe Ọchịchị Ọjọọ

Na England, Onye-nwe nke Misrule - mara na Scotland dị ka Abbot nke Unreason na France dị ka Prince des Sots – bụ onye ọrụ nza họpụtara n’oge ekeresimesi ka ọ bụrụ onye isi n’ememme nzuzu . Onye-nwe nke Misrule n'ozuzu bụ onye ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ onye isi-deacon họpụtara ka ọ na-elekọta oriri ekeresimesi, nke na-agụnyekarị ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè na oriri oké ọhịa.

Chọọchị Katọlik dị n'England mere ememme yiri nke ahụ nke metụtara otu nwoke bishọp . ^[1] Henry nke Asatọ kagburu omenala a na 1541, bụ́ nke onye Katọlik bụ́ Mary nke Mbụ weghachiri eweghachi, nke Protestant Elizabeth nke Mbụ kagburu ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na n’ebe a na n’ebe ahụ ọ dịgidere ruo ogologo oge. ^[2] Na kọntinent Europe, Kansụl Basel kwụsịrị ya na 1431, mana e megharịrị ya n'ebe ụfọdụ site n'oge ruo n'oge, ọbụlagodi na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ. Na oge Tudor, Onyenwe Misrule (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ Abbot nke Misrule ma ọ bụ Eze Misrule) ^[1] na-akpọ ọtụtụ ugboro site na akwụkwọ ndị dị ugbu a na-ezo aka na oriri na ọṅụṅụ ma n'ụlọ ikpe ma n'etiti ndị nkịtị. ^[3] ^[4] ^[5]

Ọ bụ ezie na a maara ọtụtụ n’ime ha dị ka omenala ezumike ndị Britain, ụfọdụ ndị na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, dị ka James Frazer na Mikhail Bakhtin (bụ́ ndị e kwuru na ọ gbaziri echiche ọhụrụ ahụ n’aka Frazer), ekwuola na nhọpụta nke Onyenwe Misrule sitere n’otu omenala ndị Rom na-eme n’oge ememe Saturnalia . ^[6] ^[7] Na Rome oge ochie, site na 17 ruo 23 Disemba (na kalenda Julian ), a họpụtara nwoke a họọrọ ịbụ eze na-akwa emo maka oriri Saturnalia, n'ụdị chi Rom Saturn . ^[1] ^[6] William Warde Fowler katọrọ echiche a nke ukwuu na n'ihi nke a, omenala Krismas nke Onyenwe nke Misrule n'oge oge Ndị Kraịst na omenala Saturnalian nke oge ochie nwere ike ịmalite kpamkpam; ^[6] Otú ọ dị, a pụrụ iji tụnyere omenala abụọ ahụ dị iche iche. ^[6] ^[8] Ọtụtụ omenala ndị metụtara Onyenwe Misrule abanyela n'ememme Carnival na Mardi Gras nke oge a. ^[9]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Rome oge ochie

Na 1 Jenuarị, AD 400, bishọp Asterius nke Amasea ^[10] na Pọntọs ( Amasya nke oge a, Turkey ) kwusara okwuchukwu megide mmemme Kalenda ("ụtọ nzuzu a na-emerụ ahụ") ^[11] nke na-akọwa ọrụ nke eze na-akwa emo na Late Antiquity . Ememme Afọ Ọhụrụ gụnyere ụmụaka na-abịarute n'ọnụ ụzọ ọ bụla, na-agbanwe onyinye ha maka ụgwọ ọrụ:

N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, n'ihi na Asterius ndị Christian oriri bụ n'ụzọ doro anya na ntinye si ọchịchịrị n'ime ìhè, na ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị maara anyanwụ ọdịdị nwere ike e kwuru, ọ bụ n'ezie ọhụrụ ìhè na midwinter na-eme ememe n'etiti Roman na-ekpere arụsị, eze site n'oge nke Aurelian, dị ka "ememme nke ọmụmụ nke na-enweghị mmeri Sun" . Ka ọ dị ugbu a, n'obodo Amasea dum, ọ bụ ezie na a machibidoro ịbanye n'ụlọ nsọ na ebe dị nsọ iwu nke Theodosius I (391), ememe nke inye onyinye mgbe "ihe niile bụ mkpọtụ na ọgba aghara" na "ọṅụ n'afọ ọhụrụ" na nsusu ọnụ na onyinye nke otu mkpụrụ ego, wee na gburugburu, na oké ịkpọasị na shop nke biscorn: O yikarịrị ka a ga-akwa ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eme ihe n'eziokwu na-abata n'obodo ahụ emo, tie ihe ma zuo ohi. Nke ka njọ, Na Golden Bough, James Frazer zoro aka n'ihe banyere okwukwe ndị Gris nke na-ekwu na n'oge Saturnalia na Durostorum na Danube ( Silistra nke oge a), ndị agha Rom ga-ahọrọ otu nwoke n'etiti onwe ha ka ọ bụrụ "eze nwa oge" ememe maka ụbọchị iri atọ. Ná ngwụsị nke okwu ahụ, onye agha a ga-ebipụ akpịrị ya n'elu ebe ịchụàjà Saturn. Onye Kraịst Saint Dasius chere na a họpụtara maka emume a, mana ọ jụrụ isonye, ma gbuo ya n'ihi nke a. Frazer kwuru na ụdị emume ndị ahụ e ji achụ àjà mmadụ nwere ike ịbụ mmalite nke Onyenweanyi nke Misrule nke Britain.

Tudor England

N'oge Tudor, John Stow na nyocha ya nke London, nke e bipụtara na 1603, na-enye nkọwa nke Onyenwe nke Misrule: ^[1]

[M] n'ememme ekeresimesi, e nwere n'ụlọ eze, ebe ọ bụla ọ nọ n'ụlọ, Onye-nwe nke ajọ omume, ma ọ bụ onye-isi nke egwuregwu añụrị, na ihe ndị dị otú ahụ nwere n'ụlọ onye ọ bụla dị ebube, nke nsọpụrụ, ma ọ bụ ezi ofufe, ọ bụ ihe ime mmụọ ma ọ bụ anụ ahụ. N'ime nke onye isi obodo London na eyther nke shiriffe nwere seuerall Lordes of Misrule, na-alụ ọgụ n'enweghị esemokwu ma ọ bụ mmejọ, onye kwesịrị ime ihe omume ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe iji tọọ ndị na-ekiri ihe ụtọ. Ndị nwe ndị a na-amalite ọchịchị ha na Alhollon Eue [Halloween], gara n'ihu n'otu oge ahụ ruo n'echi nke ememe nke ịdị ọcha, nke a na-akpọkarị Candlemas ụbọchị: N'ime ebe niile, e nwere ezigbo nhụsianya na aghụghọ, Maskes na Mummeries, na-egwu egwu na Cardes maka Counters, Nayles na pointes na ụlọ ọ bụla, ọzọ maka ihe ntụrụndụ mgbe ahụ maka egwuregwu.

Onye nwe Misrule bụkwa onye Philip Stubbes kpọtụrụ aha na Anatomie of Abuses (1585), ebe ọ na-ekwu na "ndị isi ọhịa nke parishe conventynge ọnụ, na-achụpụ ha nnukwu Capitaine (nke ihe ọjọọ) onye ha na-enye aha Lorde of Misrule." Ọ kọwaziri otú ha si eji ejiji dị mma, kee mgbịrịgba n’ụkwụ ha, na “na-aga chọọchị (ọ bụ ezie na onye ozi na-anọ n’ekpere ma ọ bụ na-ekwusa ozi ọma) na-ama jijiji ma na-efegharị handercheefes ha.”

Ọdịda nke omenala na Britain

Site na ịrị elu nke otu Puritan na narị afọ nke 17 nke England, omenala nke Onyenwe anyị nke Misrule ka amachibidoro dịka e weere ya dị ka "akpaghasị"; ọbụna mgbe mweghachi ahụ, omenala nọgidere na-amachibidoro na n'oge na-adịghị anya chefuo. ^[13] Na mmalite narị afọ nke 19, Oxford Movement na Chọọchị Anglịkan webatara na "mmepe nke ụdị ofufe ka mma na nke ihe atụ, iwu ụlọ ụka Neo-Gothic, na mmaliteghachi na ịba ụba nke idebe ekeresimesi n'onwe ya dị ka ememme Ndị Kraịst" yana "ọrụ ebere pụrụ iche maka ndị ogbenye" na mgbakwunye na "ọrụ pụrụ iche na ihe omume egwu". ^[12] Charles Dickens na ndị edemede ndị ọzọ nyere aka na mweghachi nke ezumike a site na "ịgbanwe nghọta nke ekeresimesi na ụzọ e si eme ya" ka ha na-ekwusi ike na ezinụlọ, okpukperechi, inye onyinye, na mmekọrịta ọha na eze megidere oriri na ọṅụṅụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-emekarị n'ebe ụfọdụ. ^[12]

Hụkwa

Nri abalị Bracebridge
Nkuzi itoolu na Carols
Kanival

Ihe ndetu

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Love (20 December 2013). History of Christmases Past: History Events (in en). Suzi Love. ISBN 9780992345686. Love, Suzi (20 December 2013). History of Christmases Past: History Events. Suzi Love. ISBN 9780992345686. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Tudor Christmas, The Anne Boleyn Files. Archived from the original on 16 January 2012. Retrieved on 10 January 2012.
↑ Stow. A Survey of London (1603). British History Online. Retrieved on 16 October 2013.
↑ Hadfield (1961). The Twelve Days of Christmas. London: Cassell, 134–135.
↑ Higginbotham. The Lord of Misrule Comes to Court: 1551/52. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved on 16 October 2013.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 Miles (25 November 2016). Christmas in Ritual and Tradition (in en). Xist Publishing. ISBN 9781681955988. “A striking feature of the Saturnalia was the choosing by lot of a mock king, to preside over the revels. ... This king may have been originally the representative of the god Saturn himself. In the days of the classical writers he is a mere 'Lord of Misrule', but Dr. Frazer has propounded the very interesting theory that this time of privilege and gaiety was once the prelude to a grim sacrifice in which he had to die in the character of the god, giving his life for the world. Dr. Frazer's theory, dependent for its evidence upon the narrative of the martyrdom of a fourth-century saint, Dasius by name, has been keenly criticized by Dr. Warde Fowler. ... Still, in whatever way the king of the Saturnalia may be explained, it is interesting to note his existence and compare him with the merry monarchs whom we shall meet at Christmas and Twelfth Night.”
↑ Bagshaw (8 April 2016). Religion in the Thought of Mikhail Bakhtin (in en). Routledge. ISBN 9781317067450. “This appears to be an unacknowledged borrowing from Frazer, which would be hard to explain in any other way than direct or indirect transmission of Frazer's ideas. Material on Saturnalia alone might well come from a different source, but the association of Saturnalia and the medieval carnival is strongly suggestive of affiliation to Frazer. Bakhtin picks up, and reinforces, the idea taken from Saturnalia, that the festive period is a time when political order is overturned, slavery was temporarily abolished and hierarchies may have been inverted.”
↑ Jeffrey (27 September 2008). The Everything Family Christmas Book (in en). Everything Books. ISBN 9781605507835. “The Lord of Misrule was ... appointed by the king and nobility to reign over the twelve days of Christmas. ... Much of the custom surrounding the Lord of Misrule had parallels with the Roman Saturnalia, during which masters and slaves changed places, with general rowdiness abounding.”
↑ McMahon (May 1931). "Gargoyles, Chimeres, and the Grotesque in French Gothic Sculpture". Parnassus 3 (5): 38. DOI:10.2307/770541.
↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named AA
↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named AS
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 Rowell (December 1993). "Dickens and the Construction of Christmas" (in en). History Today 43 (12). Retrieved on 28 December 2016. Rowell, Geoffrey (December 1993). "Dickens and the Construction of Christmas". History Today. 43 (12). Retrieved 28 December 2016. There is no doubt that A Christmas Carol is first and foremost a story concerned with the Christian gospel of liberation by the grace of God, and with incarnational religion which refuses to drive a wedge between the world of spirit and the world of matter. Both the Christmas dinners and the Christmas dinner-carriers are blessed; the cornucopia of Christmas food and feasting reflects both the goodness of creation and the joy of heaven. It is a significant sign of a shift in theological emphasis in the nineteenth century from a stress on the Atonement to a stress on the Incarnation, a stress which found outward and visible form in the sacramentalism of the Oxford Movement, the development of richer and more symbolic forms of worship, the building of neo-Gothic churches, and the revival and increasing centrality of the keeping of Christmas itself as a Christian festival. ... In the course of the century, under the influence of the Oxford Movement's concern for the better observance of Christian festivals, Christmas became more and more prominent. By the later part of the century cathedrals provided special services and musical events, and might have revived ancient special charities for the poor – though we must not forget the problems for large: parish-church cathedrals like Manchester, which on one Christmas Day had no less than eighty couples coming to be married (the signing of the registers lasted until four in the afternoon). The popularity of Dickens' A Christmas Carol played a significant part in the changing consciousness of Christmas and the way in which it was celebrated. The popularity of his public readings of the story is an indication of how much it resonated with the contemporary mood, and contributed to the increasing place of the Christmas celebration in both secular and religious ways that was firmly established by the end of the nineteenth century. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Rowel1993" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Jeffrey (17 September 2008). The Everything Family Christmas Book (in en). Everything Books, 46–. ISBN 9781605507835.

Ntụaka

Asterius nke Amasia, AD 400, Asterius nke Amasea: Ozizi (mbipụta 1904) p. 111–129, “Ozizi 4: Na Ememme Calends” sitere na Latin “Oratio 4: Adversus Kalendarum Festum” nke Roger Pearse, Ipswich, UK degharịrị, 2003.

Njikọ mpụga

"N'ememme nke kalenda", Asterius nke Amasea, AD 400, nke Roger Pearse, Ipswich, UK dere, 2003, ibe weebụ: Asterius-4 .
James Frazer, Ụlọ ahịa ọla edo : "Saturnalia Roman," nke na-ekwu banyere Onyenwe nke Misrule.

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Love (20 December 2013). History of Christmases Past: History Events (in en). Suzi Love. ISBN 9780992345686. Love, Suzi (20 December 2013). History of Christmases Past: History Events. Suzi Love. ISBN 9780992345686. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content

[2] Tudor Christmas, The Anne Boleyn Files. Archived from the original on 16 January 2012. Retrieved on 10 January 2012.

[3] Stow. A Survey of London (1603). British History Online. Retrieved on 16 October 2013.

[4] Hadfield (1961). The Twelve Days of Christmas. London: Cassell, 134–135.

[5] Higginbotham. The Lord of Misrule Comes to Court: 1551/52. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved on 16 October 2013.

[Miles2016-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 Miles (25 November 2016). Christmas in Ritual and Tradition (in en). Xist Publishing. ISBN 9781681955988. “A striking feature of the Saturnalia was the choosing by lot of a mock king, to preside over the revels. ... This king may have been originally the representative of the god Saturn himself. In the days of the classical writers he is a mere 'Lord of Misrule', but Dr. Frazer has propounded the very interesting theory that this time of privilege and gaiety was once the prelude to a grim sacrifice in which he had to die in the character of the god, giving his life for the world. Dr. Frazer's theory, dependent for its evidence upon the narrative of the martyrdom of a fourth-century saint, Dasius by name, has been keenly criticized by Dr. Warde Fowler. ... Still, in whatever way the king of the Saturnalia may be explained, it is interesting to note his existence and compare him with the merry monarchs whom we shall meet at Christmas and Twelfth Night.”

[Bagshaw2016-7] Bagshaw (8 April 2016). Religion in the Thought of Mikhail Bakhtin (in en). Routledge. ISBN 9781317067450. “This appears to be an unacknowledged borrowing from Frazer, which would be hard to explain in any other way than direct or indirect transmission of Frazer's ideas. Material on Saturnalia alone might well come from a different source, but the association of Saturnalia and the medieval carnival is strongly suggestive of affiliation to Frazer. Bakhtin picks up, and reinforces, the idea taken from Saturnalia, that the festive period is a time when political order is overturned, slavery was temporarily abolished and hierarchies may have been inverted.”

[Jeffrey2008-8] Jeffrey (27 September 2008). The Everything Family Christmas Book (in en). Everything Books. ISBN 9781605507835. “The Lord of Misrule was ... appointed by the king and nobility to reign over the twelve days of Christmas. ... Much of the custom surrounding the Lord of Misrule had parallels with the Roman Saturnalia, during which masters and slaves changed places, with general rowdiness abounding.”

[:4-9] McMahon (May 1931). "Gargoyles, Chimeres, and the Grotesque in French Gothic Sculpture". Parnassus 3 (5): 38. DOI:10.2307/770541.

[AA-10] Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named AA

[AS-11] Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named AS

[Rowel1993-12] 12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 Rowell (December 1993). "Dickens and the Construction of Christmas" (in en). History Today 43 (12). Retrieved on 28 December 2016. Rowell, Geoffrey (December 1993). "Dickens and the Construction of Christmas". History Today. 43 (12). Retrieved 28 December 2016. There is no doubt that A Christmas Carol is first and foremost a story concerned with the Christian gospel of liberation by the grace of God, and with incarnational religion which refuses to drive a wedge between the world of spirit and the world of matter. Both the Christmas dinners and the Christmas dinner-carriers are blessed; the cornucopia of Christmas food and feasting reflects both the goodness of creation and the joy of heaven. It is a significant sign of a shift in theological emphasis in the nineteenth century from a stress on the Atonement to a stress on the Incarnation, a stress which found outward and visible form in the sacramentalism of the Oxford Movement, the development of richer and more symbolic forms of worship, the building of neo-Gothic churches, and the revival and increasing centrality of the keeping of Christmas itself as a Christian festival. ... In the course of the century, under the influence of the Oxford Movement's concern for the better observance of Christian festivals, Christmas became more and more prominent. By the later part of the century cathedrals provided special services and musical events, and might have revived ancient special charities for the poor – though we must not forget the problems for large: parish-church cathedrals like Manchester, which on one Christmas Day had no less than eighty couples coming to be married (the signing of the registers lasted until four in the afternoon). The popularity of Dickens' A Christmas Carol played a significant part in the changing consciousness of Christmas and the way in which it was celebrated. The popularity of his public readings of the story is an indication of how much it resonated with the contemporary mood, and contributed to the increasing place of the Christmas celebration in both secular and religious ways that was firmly established by the end of the nineteenth century. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Rowel1993" defined multiple times with different content

[Jeffrey-13] Jeffrey (17 September 2008). The Everything Family Christmas Book (in en). Everything Books, 46–. ISBN 9781605507835.

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