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Opioid riri ahụ na West Africa

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N'afọ 2023, ndị ọchịchị na-achịkwa ọgwụ ọjọọ n'Africa mejupụtara ọkara nke ọgwụ opioids zuru ụwa ọnụ, ọkachasị tramadol.[1] E nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke iji tramadol eme ihe na ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè na Ghana, Togo, Nigeria na Benin. [2] Na West Africa, opiates na-ewu ewu karịsịa n'etiti ndị na-eto eto, karịsịa ụmụ okorobịa, na n'etiti mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ aka na ọrụ ndị ọrụ.[2][3][4]

Site na mba

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Naịjirịa

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N'afọ 2024, opioids bụ isi ihe na-akpata oke ọgwụ na Naịjirịa.[5] N'afọ 2024, opioids dị ka tramadol na codeine dị n'ọtụtụ ebe na Naịjirịa.[4] Opiates ndị ọzọ dịnụ gụnyere pentazocin na morphine. [4] Opiate na-eji ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe, ma n'obodo ukwu ma n'ime ime obodo.[4] N'obodo ụfọdụ, a na-ejikarị opioid eme ihe, a na'ahụkwa ya dị ka ụzọ a na-adịghị emebi emebi iji dozie nrụgide onwe onye.[4]

N’afọ **2024**, e nwere obere ebe a na-agwọ ọrịa[4] Ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa iwu lekwasịrị anya karị n’ịkụpụta iji ọgwụ eme mpụ, kama igbochi ma ọ bụ igbutu ụzọ e si ebugharị na ikesa ọgwụ ndị ahụ.[4]

Na nzaghachi, gọọmentị Naijiria enyewo National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) ọrụ iji dozie nsogbu opiate. [5] A na-ejide ọgwụ ọjọọ, a na-ejikwa ndị ọrụ.[5] A na-eme mkpọsa mmata ọha na eze banyere ihe ize ndụ nke ọgwụ ọjọọ. [5] A machibidoro ahịa ọgwụ na-emeghe, ebe ụlọ ahịa na ụlọ ahịa na-ere ọgwụ n'oge gara aga n'enweghị iwu ọ bụla.[5] A machibidoro mmepụta na ire codeine n'ógbè ahụ na-enweghị ọgwụ.[5]

Ghana

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N’afọ **2021**, e chere na n’etiti pasent **24.9% na 77.6%** nke ndị ntorobịa Ghana na-eji **tramadol** eme ihe ntụrụndụ.[2] Ụmụ nwoke ji ọgwụ ahụ karịrị ụmụ nwanyị, ọkachasị ndị nwoke na-arụ ọrụ n’akụkụ ọrụ na-abụghị nke gọọmenti (informal sector)..[2]

Na mgbasa ozi Ghana, a na-etinye ndị na-eto eto na tramadol n'ụzọ omume ọma, kama ịbụ nsogbu ahụike.[2] Ihe ndị dị n'etiti ndị Ghanian nke nwere ike imetụta iji Tramadol eme ihe, gụnyere ọnọdụ ọrụ na-adịghị mma, nchegbu na ejighị n'aka nke ọrụ.[2]

E nwere ndị na-eji tramadol eme ihe ntụrụndụ n'etiti ndị nọ na Ghana.[2] E nwere "iji ọrụ eme ihe" kwa ụbọchị n'etiti ndị na-arụ ọrụ siri ike.[2] E nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke iji tramadol eme ihe n'etiti ndị na-enweghị ọrụ.[2]

Ihe kpatara iji tramadol, gụnyere ịkwalite ọnọdụ uche, enyemaka nrụgide, ntachi obi n'ọrụ, yana dị ka ihe na-eme ka mmekọahụ dịkwuo mma.[6] Ụfọdụ ndị na-eji tramadol eme ihe kọrọ na ndị were ha n'ọrụ na-amanye ha ịṅụ ọgwụ ahụ, ka ha wee nwee ike ịrụsi ọrụ ike, na ogologo oge.[6]

Liberia

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"Kush”** bụ ọgwụ emegharịrị (synthetic drug) a na-ere na Liberia n’ụdị obere mkpụrụ (pellet), maka **100 dollar Liberia** kwa otu pellet n’afọ **2023**, nke hà yiri **sen 50 US[7] Ọ bụ otu "Kush" ahụ dị na Sierra Leone.[7]N’afọ **2024**, ule e mere na Kush dị na **Sierra Leone** na **Guinea-Bissau** gosiri na o nwere **cannabis**, e jikọtara ya na ihe sitere na **nitazene**, **tramadol**, na **formaldehyde**.[8] Na Sierra Leone na 2024, 83% nke samples Kush nwere Nitazenes, nke bụ opiates siri ike.[8] Na Guinea n’afọ 2024, *55%* nke ihe nlele ahụ nwere **nitazenes**.

Ivory Coast

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[9] [9]N’afọ 2025, tapentadol bụ ọgwụ opioid a na-enweta na Ivory Coast. [1] N’ime Ivory Coast, ọgwụ a dị ọnụ ala ma dịkwa mfe inweta n’ebe niile. [1] N’afọ 2025, nnyocha BBC World News chọpụtara na a na-enweta tapentadol a na-ere na Ivory Coast site n’aka ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ọgwụ (pharmaceutical manufacturers) dị na India.

Otu akara jikọtara ọnụ a na-ere na Ivory Coast, bụ "Tramaking".[3] A na-emepụta ya na India, ma nwee tapentadol na carisoprodol.[3] Carisoprodol bụ ihe na-eme ka uru ahụ dị jụụ.[3] Ọgwụ abụọ ahụ jikọtara ọnụ, opiate na muscle relaxant, nwere ike ịkpata nkụchi na ọnwụ.[3] N'ógbè, a na-akpọ ya "apụl", ma ọ bụ "225".[3]

N'afọ 2023, otu abụ kwalitere ụdị tramadol, nke a na-akpọ "kadhafi".[3] N'ịbụ nke e mere maka ndị na-eto eto, okwu abụ ahụ kwughachiri ahịrịokwu ahụ bụ "Achọrọ m ịba elu na kadhafi".[3] Kadhafi na-efu n'etiti 200 na 500 CFA francs, n'etiti € 0.30 na € 0.76 euro, kwa mbadamba. [3] N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2023, ndị uwe ojii Ivory Coast malitere mkpọsa megide ọgwụ ọjọọ. [3] N'otu mwakpo naanị, e jidere 927 kilogram nke mbadamba.[3]

Sierra Leone

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"Kush" bụ ọgwụ aka mere nke jupụtara na Sierra Leone, nke nwere opioids aka mere n'ụdị Nitazenes, na / ma ọ bụ cannabinoids aka mere.[10] A na-enye iwu kemịkal site na China wee gwakọta ya na ụlọ nyocha dị na isi obodo Sierra Leone bụ Freetown.[10] A na-awụsa mmiri ahụ n'elu ihe ọkụkụ, ka a na-ese ya ma ree ya dị ka kush.[10]

Opioids sintetịk na cannabinoids** dị n’ime ọgwụ ndị a na-eme ka mmadụ nọrọ na ha ngwa ngwa (highly addictive)..[10] ra Mgbasa nke **Kush** akwalitela mmebi omume (corruption) n’ime ndị uweojii na Sierra Leone. [1] A na-akpọ ebe a na.[10] A na-akpọ ebe a na-asa **Kush** n’aha “Cartels n’asụsụ obodo.[10]

Nnyocha na usoro nri ọhụrụ iji mụbaa oke ọgwụgwọ metụtara Kush, amụbawo ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọgwụgwọ.[10] Kush bụ ihe na-akụda mmụọ.[11] Elu ọ na-enye onye ọrụ ahụ dị mkpụmkpụ.[11] Mgbaàmà nke ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè sitere na ọnyá, ruo na isi mgbaka.[11] Kush nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu imeju, akụrụ na iku ume.[11] Akụkọ 2025 chọpụtara na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara nke Kush nke Sierra Leone nwere opioids ruo okpukpu 25 karịa fentanyl.[11]

N’afọ 2024, gọọmenti Sierra Leone kwupụtara na iji Kush bụ mberede ahụike ọha mmadụ (public health emergency), ma webatakwa usoro iwu, ahụike, na mgbochi iji luso ya ọgụ.. [11]

Ụmụ nwanyị nọ na Sierra Leone n'okpuru mmetụta nke Kush, enweela ike idina mmadụ n'ike.[11] Ụmụ nwanyị anọwo na-atụrụ ime mgbe ha nọ na Kush, ha amaghịkwa ndị ikom kpatara ya.[11]

Ụmụ nwoke ji Kush karịa ụmụ nwanyị.[11] Ụmụ nwanyị ndị adịgboroja ọgwụ a na **Sierra Leone** anaghị agba mbọ ịchọ ọgwụgwọ n’ihi **mmehie mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya** (social stigma).[11]

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ Sharkah. "Tackling Substance Abuse: WHO Supports Efforts to Combat the Kush Epidemic in Sierra Leone", 19 April 2024. Retrieved on 24 April 2025.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Alhassan (December 2022). "“Here in Ghana hard work don’t deserve money”: The uncertainty and precarity of youth who use tramadol". SSM - Qualitative Research in Health. Retrieved on 27 April 2025.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "2022GhanaTramadol" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 Jeannin. "In Côte d'Ivoire, the hunt for 'gaddafi,' the latest hype drug for young people", September 22, 2023. Retrieved on 28 April 2025. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "2023LeMonde" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Alare (October 19, 2024). "The opioid crisis in Nigeria: a call for public health and policy interventions". The Lancet 404 (10462). Retrieved on 27 April 2025.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "NigeriaLancet2024" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Oladapo. "Combating opioid misuse in Nigeria: A comprehensive strategy for public health and social stability". Society for the Study of Addiction. Retrieved on 27 April 2025.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "NigeriaSSA2024" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Peprah (23 July 2020). "“With tramadol, I ride like a Jaguar”: a qualitative study of motivations for non-medical purpose tramadol use among commercial vehicle operators in Kumasi, Ghana". Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy. Retrieved on 27 April 2025. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kane. "Liberia's youth shattered by another war: Drugs", LeMonde, November 24, 2023. Retrieved on 24 April 2025.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Report: Highly potent opioids now show up in drug users in Africa", Voice of America News, June 15, 2024. Retrieved on 24 April 2025.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Wong. "India bans two opioids behind crisis in West Africa", 23 February 2025. Retrieved on 28 April 2025.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 McMakin. "The main ingredients in Sierra Leone’s kush are synthetic opioids and cannabinoids, report finds", February 26, 2025. Retrieved on 24 April 2025. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "2025SierraLeone" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 Kelly. "Sierra Leone declared an emergency over a powerful synthetic drug but women were left behind", April 5, 2025. Retrieved on 24 April 2025. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "2025SierraLeoneWomen" defined multiple times with different content
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