Oscine itoolu

Oscines nke itoolu bụ otu ezinụlọ nnụnụ na suborder Passeri (oscines) nke Passeriformes. Ngwakọta nke otu a Aha nke otu a sitere na eziokwu ahụ bụ na ụdị niile dị n'ime ya nwere naanị nku isi itoolu a na-ahụ anya nke ọma na nku ọ bụla (n'ezie ọtụtụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ihe niile, nwekwara isi nke iri, ma ọ na-ebelata nke ukwuu ma na-ezobe ya).agbanweela kemgbe ewepụtara okwu ahụ mana ugbu a a na-ewere ya na ọ nwere ezinụlọ asaa -Fringillidae, Emberizidae, Cardinalidae, Thraupidae, Passerellidae, Parulidae na Icteridae—tinyere ụfọdụ obere ezinụlọ. Mgbe ewepụrụ Frigillidae ezinụlọ isii fọdụrụ ka a na-akpọ "Ụwa Ọhụrụ" oscines itoolu.^[1]

Nchịkọta nke Wallace

N'afọ 1874, onye Britain na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke bụ Alfred Russel Wallace kewara ụmụ nnụnụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ nk ábụ́bà ndị bụ isi ma tinye ezinụlọ iri n'ime ìgwè ya itoolu, ndị Tanagroid Passeres: ^[2]

Motacillidae - wagtails na pipits
Mniotiltidae - New World warblers, ugbu a na Parulidae
Coerebidae - ndị na-azụ mmanụ aṅụ, ugbu a na Thraupidae
Drepanidae - ndị na-eme mmanụ aṅụ na Hawaii, mgbe e mesịrị Drepanididae, ugbu a na Fringillidae
Dicaeidae - okooko osisi
Ampelidae - waxwings, ugbu a na Bombycillidae
Hirundinidae - ụmụ nnụnụ na martins
Tanagridae - tanagers, ugbu a na Thraupidae, na euphonias, ugbu a dị na Fringillidae
Fringillidae - finches, tinyere buntings, ugbu a na Emberizidae, na nza America, ugbu a bụ na Passerellidae
Icteridae - grackles, New World blackbirds na orioles

Ìgwè nke oge a

Isii n'ime ezinụlọ Wallace gụnyere ugbu a na oscines itoolu: Mniotiltidae, Coerebidae, Drepanidae, Tanagridae, Fringillidae na Icteridae. A maara ezinụlọ anọ ndị ọzọ ugbu a dị ka ndị na-enweghị njikọ chiri anya.^[1]

Ọ bụ ezie na oscines itoolu dị iche iche dị iche iche n'ebe ugwu South America, ha gbasara n'ụwa ọhụrụ gụnyere Greater na Lesser Antilles. Ha enwekwara Galapagos (Darwin's finches) na otu Tristan da Cunha na South Atlantic (Nesospiza na Rowettia na Thraupidae). Ezinụlọ abụọ, Emberizidae (buntings) na Calcariidae (longspurs na snow buntings), achịla Ụwa Ochie.^[3]

Ìgwè na-enweghị Fringillidae, New World oscines itoolu, bụ superfamily Emberizoidea. Superfamily nwere ihe dị ka ụdị 870 ma ọ bụ 8% nke nnụnụ niile. E kewara ya n'ime ezinụlọ iri na isii: ^[4]^[5]Templeeti:Cladogram

Fringillidae - ụdị 228: finches na euphonias
Rhodinocichlidae - rosy thrush-tanager
Calcariidae - ụdị isii: longspurs na snow buntings
Emberizidae - 44 ụdị: buntings
Cardinalidae - ụdị 53: cardinals
Mitrospingidae - 4 ụdị: mitrospingid tanagers
Thraupidae - ụdị 383: tanagers na ndị enyi
Passerellidae - ụdị 136: New World sparrows, bush tanagers
Parulidae - ụdị 119: New World warblers
Icteriidae - nkata ara na-acha odo odo
Icteridae - ụdị 109: grackles, New World blackbirds, na New World orioles
Calyptophilidae - ụdị abụọ: chat-tanagers
Zeledoniidae - wrenthrush
Teretistridae - ụdị abụọ: Cuban warblers^{[lower-alpha 1]}
Nesospingidae - Puerto Rican tanager
Spindalidae - ụdị anọ: spindalises
Phaenicophilidae - ụdị anọ: Hispaniolan tanagers

Ihe edeturu

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Hall (2005). "Do nine-primaried passerines have nine or ten primary feathers? The evolution of a concept". Journal of Ornithology 146 (2): 121–126. DOI:10.1007/s10336-004-0070-5.
↑ Wallace (1874). "On the arrangement of the families constituting the Order Passeres". Ibis 4: 406–416 [410].
↑ Barker (2015). "New insights into New World biogeography: An integrated view from the phylogeny of blackbirds, cardinals, sparrows, tanagers, warblers, and allies". The Auk 132 (2): 333–348. DOI:10.1642/AUK-14-110.1.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Oliveros (2019). "Earth history and the passerine superradiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States 116 (16): 7916–7925. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1813206116. PMID 30936315.
↑ Gill:IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union (July 2020). Retrieved on 30 November 2020.
↑ (2013) "Going to extremes: contrasting rates of diversification in a recent radiation of New World passerine birds". Systematic Biology 62 (2): 298–320. DOI:10.1093/sysbio/sys094. PMID 23229025.

Edemsibia

Kpọpụta njehie: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found

[hall2005-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Hall (2005). "Do nine-primaried passerines have nine or ten primary feathers? The evolution of a concept". Journal of Ornithology 146 (2): 121–126. DOI:10.1007/s10336-004-0070-5.

[2] Wallace (1874). "On the arrangement of the families constituting the Order Passeres". Ibis 4: 406–416 [410].

[barker2015-3] Barker (2015). "New insights into New World biogeography: An integrated view from the phylogeny of blackbirds, cardinals, sparrows, tanagers, warblers, and allies". The Auk 132 (2): 333–348. DOI:10.1642/AUK-14-110.1.

[oliveros-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Oliveros (2019). "Earth history and the passerine superradiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States 116 (16): 7916–7925. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1813206116. PMID 30936315.

[ioc-5] Gill:IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union (July 2020). Retrieved on 30 November 2020.

[barker2013-6] (2013) "Going to extremes: contrasting rates of diversification in a recent radiation of New World passerine birds". Systematic Biology 62 (2): 298–320. DOI:10.1093/sysbio/sys094. PMID 23229025.

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