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Osimiri Congo

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Osimiri Kongo dị nso Kisangani, DR Congo
Congo River
Fleuve Congo
Rio Congo
Mto Kongo
Zaire River
Fleuve Zaïre
Rio Zaire
The drainage basin of the Congo River
Map
Congo (red) and Lualaba (blue) rivers
Physical characteristics
SourceBoyoma Falls
 • locationKisangani
 • coordinates0°29′34″N 25°12′25″E / 0.49278°N 25.20694°E / 0.49278; 25.20694
 • elevation373 m (1,224 ft)
2nd sourceLualaba
 • locationKatanga Plateau
 • coordinates11°45′53″S 26°30′10″E / 11.76472°S 26.50278°E / -11.76472; 26.50278
 • elevation1,420 m (4,660 ft)
3rd sourceChambeshi
 • coordinates9°6′23″S 31°18′21″E / 9.10639°S 31.30583°E / -9.10639; 31.30583
 • elevation1,760 m (5,770 ft)
MouthAtlantic Ocean
 • coordinates
06°04′30″S 12°27′00″E / 6.07500°S 12.45000°E / -6.07500; 12.45000
 • elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Length2,300 km (1,400 mi)[1]

Congo–Lualaba–Luvua–Luapula–Chambeshi 4,700 km (2,900 mi);

Congo–Lualaba 4,374 km (2,718 mi)[2]
Basin size4,014,500 km2 (1,550,000 sq mi)[3]
Width 
 • minimum200 m (660 ft) (Lower Congo); 1,440 m (4,720 ft) (Middle Congo)[4][5][6]
 • maximum19,000 m (62,000 ft) (mouth)
Depth 
 • average12 to 75 m (39 to 246 ft) (Lower Congo); 5 to 22 m (16 to 72 ft) (Middle Congo)[4][5][6]
 • maximum220 m (720 ft) (Lower Congo); 50 m (160 ft) (Middle Congo)[4][5][6]
Discharge 
 • locationBanana (near mouth)
 • average1,308 km3/a (41,400 m3/s)[7][3] 41,860 m3/s (1,478,000 cu ft/s)[8]
 • minimum23,000 m3/s (810,000 cu ft/s)[3]
 • maximum75,000 m3/s (2,600,000 cu ft/s)[3]
Discharge 
 • locationKinshasa, Brazzaville
 • average(Period: 1902–2019)40,500 m3/s (1,430,000 cu ft/s)[9][10] (Period: 1947–2023)41,268 m3/s (1,457,400 cu ft/s)[11]
 • minimum22,000 m3/s (780,000 cu ft/s) (1905)[10]
 • maximum77,000 m3/s (2,700,000 cu ft/s) (1961)[10]
Discharge 
 • locationKisangani
 • average(Period: 1951–2012)7,640 m3/s (270,000 cu ft/s)[9][10]
 • minimum3,240 m3/s (114,000 cu ft/s)[12]
 • maximum13,930 m3/s (492,000 cu ft/s)[12]
Discharge 
 • locationKindu
 • average2,213 m3/s (78,200 cu ft/s)[12]
 • minimum640 m3/s (23,000 cu ft/s)[12]
 • maximum7,640 m3/s (270,000 cu ft/s)[12]
Discharge 
 • locationBukama
 • average322 m3/s (11,400 cu ft/s)[12]
 • minimum52 m3/s (1,800 cu ft/s)[12]
 • maximum1,229 m3/s (43,400 cu ft/s)[12]
Basin features
ProgressionAtlantic Ocean
River systemCongo River
Tributaries 
 • leftLubudi, Lovoi, Luvidjo, Kasuku, Lomami, Lulonga, Ikelemba, Ruki, Irebu, Kasai, Lufimi, Inkisi
 • rightLufira, Luvua, Lukuga, Luama, Elila, Ulindi, Lowa, Maiko, Lindi, Aruwimi, Itimbiri, Mongala, Ubangi, Sangha, Likouala, Alima, Nkeni, Léfini, Djoué

Osimiri Congo,[lower-alpha 1] a makwaara ya na mbụ dị ka Osimiri Zaire, bụ osimiri nke abụọ kachasị ogologo na Afrịka, dị mkpụmkpụ karịa Naịl, yana oke osimiri nke atọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa site na mwepụ, na-eso osimiri Amazon na Ganges–Brahmaputra. Ọ bụ osimiri kachasị omimi n'ụwa, nke nwere omimi gburugburu 220 m (720 ft).[13] Sistemụ Congo–Lualaba–Luvua–Luapula–Osimiri Chambeshi nwere ogologo zuru oke nke 4,700 km (2,900 mi), nke mere ka ọ bụrụ nke itoolu n'ụwa -osimiri kachasị ogologo. Chambeshi bụ ndị na-asọba nke Osimiri Lualaba, Lualaba bụkwa aha Osimiri Congo dị n'elu Boyoma Falls, nke gbasaara ruo 1,800 km (1,100 mi).

A tụrụ Osimiri Congo ya na Lualaba, bụ́ isi iyi mmiri, ogologo ya bụ 4,370 km (2,720 mi). Ọ bụ naanị nnukwu osimiri gafere equator ugboro abụọ.[14] Mpaghara Congo nwere mkpokọta obosara ihe dị ka 4,000,000 km2 (1,500,000 sq mi), ma ọ bụ 13% nke ala Afrịka dum.

Aha

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Aha ahụ bụ Congo/Kongo sitere na Alaeze Kongo nke dịbu n'akụkụ ndịda nke osimiri ahụ. A kpọrọ alaeze ahụ aha ndị Bantu ndị Kongo, nke a maara na narị afọ nke 17 dị ka "Esikongo".[15] N'ebe ndịda nke Alaeze Kongo dị n'okpuru alaeze a kpọrọ aha Kakongo, nke a kpọtụrụ aha na 1535. Abraham Ortelius kpọrọ "Manicongo" dị ka obodo dị n'ọnụ osimiri ahụ na maapụ ụwa ya nke 1564.[lower-alpha 2] Aha ebo dị na Kongo nwere ike ịpụta site na okwu na-egosi nzukọ ọha ma ọ bụ mgbakọ ebo. Aha ndị Kongo ma ọ bụ Bakongo nke oge a malitere na mmalite narị afọ nke 20.

Aha ahụ bụ Zaire sitere na asụsụ Portuguese nke okwu Kikongo, nzere ("osimiri"), mbelata nke nzadi o nzere ("osimiri na-elo osimiri").[16] A maara osimiri ahụ dị ka "Zaire" n'oge narị afọ nke 16 na nke 17; "Congo" yiri ka ọ nọchiri "Zaire" nwayọ nwayọ n'asụsụ Bekee n'oge narị afọ nke 18, na "Congo" bụ aha Bekee a kacha mara amara n'akwụkwọ narị afọ nke 19, ọ bụ ezie na ebe a na-akpọ "Zahir" ma ọ bụ "Zaire" ka aha ndị bi ebe ahụ na-akpọ ka bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị.[17] Aha ya bụ Democratic Republic of the Congo na Republic of the Congo, dịka Republic of the Congo gara aga nke nwetara nnwere onwe na 1960 site na Belgian Congo. Aha osimiri ahụ Republic of Zaire n'afọ 1971–1997 bụkwa aha osimiri ahụ n'asụsụ French na Portuguese.

Basin na ụzọ

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Foto elu site n'ọdịda anyanwụ nke Osimiri Congo nwere ọkara nke Pool Malebo na Mbamu n'elu mmiri
Kinshasa dịka a hụrụ site na Brazzaville, gafee Pool Malebo

Drainage basin nke Congo na-ekpuchi 4,014,500 km2 (1,550,000 sq mi),[3] mpaghara fọrọ nke nta ka ọ hà nhata nke European Union. ịgbapụta mmiri nke Congo na-eru site na 23,000–75,000 m3/s (810,000–2,650,000 cu ft/s), nkezi ya bụ 41,000 m3/s (1,400,000 cu ft/s).[3] Osimiri ahụ na-ebuga nde tọn ihe e ji kpuchie ájá 86 kwa afọ gaa na Oké Osimiri Atlantic yana pasentị isii ọzọ nke ihe e ji kpuchie ájá.[18]

Osimiri na ndị na-asọfe ya na-asọfe site na oké ọhịa Congo, mpaghara oké ọhịa nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, mgbe e mesịrị Amazon rainforest na South America. Osimiri nke atọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa site na olu mmiri na-asọpụta (n'ọnụ mmiri 41,860 m3/s), na-eso Amazon (219,530 m3/s) na Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna (mkpokọta mmiri na delta 43,950 m3/s) osimiri;[8] nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ime mmiri mmiri n'ime osimiri ọ bụla, n'azụ Amazon; ọ bụkwa otu n'ime osimiri kachasị omimi n'ụwa, n'ime omimi karịrị 220 m (720 ft).[13][19] Ebe ọ bụ na ebe mmiri ya na-asọpụta mmiri gụnyere ebe dị iche iche ma n'ebe ugwu ma n'ebe ndịda nke Equator, mmiri ya na-asọpụta nke ọma, ebe ọ bụ na ọ dịkarịa ala otu akụkụ nke osimiri ahụ na-enwe oge mmiri ozuzo.[20]

Isi iyi nke Congo dị n'ugwu na ugwu nke East Africa Rift, yana Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika na Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru, nke na-azụ Osimiri Lualaba, nke mechara bụrụ Congo dị n'okpuru Boyoma Falls. A na-ewerekarị Osimiri Chambeshi dị na Zambia dị ka isi iyi nke Congo dịka usoro a nabatara n'ụwa niile nke iji mmiri kachasị ogologo, dịka ọ dị na Osimiri Naịl.

Congo na-asọba n'ozuzu ya gaa n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ site na Kisangani dị n'okpuru mmiri mmiri Boyoma, wee jiri nwayọ gbadaa n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, na-agafe Mbandaka, isonyere Osimiri Ubangi wee gbaa ọsọ banye na Pool Malebo (Stanley Pool). Kinshasa (nke bụbu Léopoldville) na Brazzaville dị n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke osimiri ahụ n'Ọdọ Mmiri ahụ, ebe osimiri ahụ na-ebelata ma na-ada site na ọtụtụ cataracts n'ime ndagwurugwu miri emi (a na-akpọ ya Livingstone Falls), na-agba ọsọ site na Matadi na Boma, ma banye n'oké osimiri na Muanda.

Ndịda Kongo mejupụtara akụkụ "ala" nke nnukwu osimiri ahụ; nke ahụ bụ akụkụ nke osimiri ahụ site na ọnụ osimiri na Atlantic Coast ruo isi obodo abụọ nke Brazzaville na Kinshasa. N'akụkụ a nke osimiri ahụ, e nwere ihe abụọ dị mkpa, ma n'akụkụ aka ekpe ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ndịda. Osimiri Kwilu malitere n'ugwu ndị dị nso na Angolan Angola-Democratic Republic of the Congo ma banye na Congo ihe dị ka kilomita 100 site na Matadi. Nke ọzọ bụ Osimiri Inkisi, nke na-asọ site na Uíge Province dị na Angola gaa na confluence na Congo na "'Zongo ụfọdụ 80 km (50 mi) n'ala site na isi ala abụọ ahụ. N'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke mmiri mmiri, karịsịa Livingstone Falls, akụkụ a nke osimiri anaghị arụ ọrụ mgbe niile site n'ụgbọ mmiri.

Drainage basin

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Ógbè Congo kpuchiri mba iri ma ihe dị ka pasentị iri na atọ nke Afrịka. Ebe kachasị elu n'ime ala Congo dị na Ugwu Ruwenzori, n'elu ihe dịka 4,340 m (14,240 ft) dị n'elu oke osimiri.

Nkesa nke mpaghara mmiri Congo n'etiti mba dị iche iche:[21]

Country Area %
Templeeti:Km2 Templeeti:Mi2
Templeeti:Noflag 3,712,3161,433,333 100.00
Angola305,760118,0508.24
Burundi18,7287,2310.50
Cameroon85,30032,9002.30
Central African Republic402,000155,00010.83
Democratic Republic of the Congo2,307,800891,00062.16
Gabon1,1464420.03
Republic of the Congo248,40095,9006.69
Rwanda3821470.01
Tanzania166,80064,4004.49
Zambia176,60068,2004.76
Ọdụ mmiri kacha mkpa n'akụkụ Osimiri Congo bụ[21]
Station Distance
along river		 Altitude Basin size Multiannual
average discharge
km mi m ft km2 sq mi Start
year		 m3/s cu ft/s
Lower Congo
Banana 00 00 3,730,7401,440,450 1915 41,4001,460,000
Inga 188117 78256 1959 41,1001,450,000
Kinshasa,

Brazzaville

 498309 269883 3,659,9001,413,100 1902 40,5001,430,000
Middle Congo
Mossaka 898558 289948 2,490,000960,000
Mbandaka 1,157719 303994 1,683,800650,100 1907 19,000670,000
Yangambi 2,1331,325 3711,217 1,069,100412,800 1907 8,358295,200
Kisangani 2,2401,390 3801,250 974,330376,190 1907 7,079250,000
Upper Congo
(Lualaba)
Boyoma Falls 2,3101,440 4001,300 1907 6,550231,000
Ubundu 2,3901,490 4181,371 1907 6,378225,200
Kindu 2,7051,681 4481,470 810,440312,910 1912 2,21378,200
Ankoro 3,4552,147 5561,824 171,00066,000 1935 90131,800
Bukama 3,6952,296 5671,860 63,09024,360 1933 32211,400

Nwepụ

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Kinshasa na Brazzaville

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Obosara na omimi

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Mmiri Osimiri Congo na-asọpụta n'ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Kinshasa na Brazzaville kemgbe mmalite nke nha (1902 ruo 2021):[9][10][22]
Water
year 		Discharge in m3/s (cu ft/s) Water
year 		Discharge in m3/s (cu ft/s) Water
year 		Discharge in m3/s (cu ft/s)
Min Mean Max Min Mean Max Min Mean Max
1902/03 30,850
(1,089,000) 		38,670
(1,366,000) 		51,020
(1,802,000) 		1942/43 31,190
(1,101,000) 		42,150
(1,489,000) 		55,200
(1,950,000) 		1982/83 24,360
(860,000) 		35,560
(1,256,000) 		49,020
(1,731,000)
1903/04 28,700
(1,010,000) 		40,680
(1,437,000) 		53,850
(1,902,000) 		1943/44 27,090
(957,000) 		39,360
(1,390,000) 		50,270
(1,775,000) 		1983/84 24,000
(850,000) 		33,310
(1,176,000) 		51,700
(1,830,000)
1904/05 22,350
(789,000) 		34,710
(1,226,000) 		49,960
(1,764,000) 		1944/45 30,960
(1,093,000) 		38,890
(1,373,000) 		56,250
(1,986,000) 		1984/85 27,000
(950,000) 		38,810
(1,371,000) 		51,300
(1,810,000)
1905/06 27,280
(963,000) 		38,820
(1,371,000) 		48,310
(1,706,000) 		1945/46 28,120
(993,000) 		38,820
(1,371,000) 		61,300
(2,160,000) 		1985/86 24,200
(850,000) 		36,740
(1,297,000) 		55,400
(1,960,000)
1906/07 23,980
(847,000) 		34,190
(1,207,000) 		45,680
(1,613,000) 		1946/47 34,900
(1,230,000) 		43,470
(1,535,000) 		50,350
(1,778,000) 		1986/87 24,900
(880,000) 		38,700
(1,370,000) 		60,400
(2,130,000)
1907/08 28,350
(1,001,000) 		38,950
(1,376,000) 		65,760
(2,322,000) 		1947/48 33,560
(1,185,000) 		44,210
(1,561,000) 		62,740
(2,216,000) 		1987/88 25,700
(910,000) 		39,110
(1,381,000) 		57,300
(2,020,000)
1908/09 35,460
(1,252,000) 		45,330
(1,601,000) 		54,350
(1,919,000) 		1948/49 29,080
(1,027,000) 		39,610
(1,399,000) 		53,960
(1,906,000) 		1988/89 25,600
(900,000) 		37,830
(1,336,000) 		62,800
(2,220,000)
1909/10 29,960
(1,058,000) 		41,920
(1,480,000) 		60,160
(2,125,000) 		1949/50 29,480
(1,041,000) 		42,140
(1,488,000) 		56,940
(2,011,000) 		1989/90 24,300
(860,000) 		35,970
(1,270,000) 		55,800
(1,970,000)
1910/11 26,080
(921,000) 		38,220
(1,350,000) 		55,440
(1,958,000) 		1950/51 28,150
(994,000) 		39,610
(1,399,000) 		62,780
(2,217,000) 		1990/91 33,600
(1,190,000) 		40,880
(1,444,000) 		54,100
(1,910,000)
1911/12 30,930
(1,092,000) 		40,240
(1,421,000) 		53,260
(1,881,000) 		1951/52 31,900
(1,130,000) 		40,360
(1,425,000) 		55,020
(1,943,000) 		1991/92 24,000
(850,000) 		34,640
(1,223,000) 		49,100
(1,730,000)
1912/13 27,730
(979,000) 		36,380
(1,285,000) 		42,280
(1,493,000) 		1952/53 25,850
(913,000) 		37,100
(1,310,000) 		49,370
(1,743,000) 		1992/93 27,100
(960,000) 		36,790
(1,299,000) 		58,100
(2,050,000)
1913/14 26,280
(928,000) 		35,860
(1,266,000) 		56,810
(2,006,000) 		1953/54 27,690
(978,000) 		37,870
(1,337,000) 		51,450
(1,817,000) 		1993/94 30,100
(1,060,000) 		38,730
(1,368,000) 		53,000
(1,900,000)
1914/15 25,220
(891,000) 		34,090
(1,204,000) 		47,450
(1,676,000) 		1954/55 32,220
(1,138,000) 		44,130
(1,558,000) 		60,790
(2,147,000) 		1994/95 28,500
(1,010,000) 		39,970
(1,412,000) 		65,400
(2,310,000)
1915/16 27,760
(980,000) 		38,500
(1,360,000) 		59,680
(2,108,000) 		1955/56 30,490
(1,077,000) 		42,420
(1,498,000) 		55,490
(1,960,000) 		1995/96 29,500
(1,040,000) 		40,860
(1,443,000) 		58,900
(2,080,000)
1916/17 29,270
(1,034,000) 		42,200
(1,490,000) 		55,920
(1,975,000) 		1956/57 32,840
(1,160,000) 		42,300
(1,490,000) 		54,520
(1,925,000) 		1996/97 28,400
(1,000,000) 		38,370
(1,355,000) 		57,600
(2,030,000)
1917/18 27,440
(969,000) 		34,850
(1,231,000) 		43,840
(1,548,000) 		1957/58 26,010
(919,000) 		35,330
(1,248,000) 		50,870
(1,796,000) 		1997/98 32,100
(1,130,000) 		45,000
(1,600,000) 		71,000
(2,500,000)
1918/19 23,740
(838,000) 		33,650
(1,188,000) 		44,630
(1,576,000) 		1958/59 25,440
(898,000) 		36,500
(1,290,000) 		57,720
(2,038,000) 		1998/99 31,100
(1,100,000) 		41,230
(1,456,000) 		62,200
(2,200,000)
1919/20 27,230
(962,000) 		37,880
(1,338,000) 		59,540
(2,103,000) 		1959/60 35,380
(1,249,000) 		46,450
(1,640,000) 		59,540
(2,103,000) 		1999/00 28,700
(1,010,000) 		40,120
(1,417,000) 		69,300
(2,450,000)
1920/21 30,590
(1,080,000) 		40,940
(1,446,000) 		55,850
(1,972,000) 		1960/61 35,060
(1,238,000) 		47,410
(1,674,000) 		80,830
(2,854,000) 		2000/01 33,900
(1,200,000) 		42,960
(1,517,000) 		55,800
(1,970,000)
1921/22 25,830
(912,000) 		37,980
(1,341,000) 		58,140
(2,053,000) 		1961/62 40,420
(1,427,000) 		55,240
(1,951,000) 		76,300
(2,690,000) 		2001/02 29,600
(1,050,000) 		43,070
(1,521,000) 		66,800
(2,360,000)
1922/23 29,540
(1,043,000) 		41,080
(1,451,000) 		59,870
(2,114,000) 		1962/63 39,630
(1,400,000) 		51,230
(1,809,000) 		67,950
(2,400,000) 		2002/03 33,600
(1,190,000) 		43,120
(1,523,000) 		64,800
(2,290,000)
1923/24 30,610
(1,081,000) 		42,620
(1,505,000) 		63,370
(2,238,000) 		1963/64 32,930
(1,163,000) 		48,510
(1,713,000) 		69,410
(2,451,000) 		2003/04 25,800
(910,000) 		38,150
(1,347,000) 		56,700
(2,000,000)
1924/25 32,180
(1,136,000) 		41,330
(1,460,000) 		64,170
(2,266,000) 		1964/65 28,370
(1,002,000) 		43,100
(1,520,000) 		62,350
(2,202,000) 		2004/05 25,600
(900,000) 		37,640
(1,329,000) 		57,500
(2,030,000)
1925/26 31,770
(1,122,000) 		43,920
(1,551,000) 		61,660
(2,178,000) 		1965/66 36,670
(1,295,000) 		48,380
(1,709,000) 		63,040
(2,226,000) 		2005/06 26,800
(950,000) 		38,090
(1,345,000) 		53,100
(1,880,000)
1926/27 27,000
(950,000) 		37,710
(1,332,000) 		47,350
(1,672,000) 		1966/67 31,420
(1,110,000) 		41,770
(1,475,000) 		65,540
(2,315,000) 		2006/07 31,900
(1,130,000) 		42,160
(1,489,000) 		63,900
(2,260,000)
1927/28 31,430
(1,110,000) 		41,120
(1,452,000) 		51,730
(1,827,000) 		1967/68 36,970
(1,306,000) 		46,960
(1,658,000) 		58,560
(2,068,000) 		2007/08 30,700
(1,080,000) 		41,590
(1,469,000) 		62,000
(2,200,000)
1928/29 29,080
(1,027,000) 		39,280
(1,387,000) 		57,930
(2,046,000) 		1968/69 43,170
(1,525,000) 		51,830
(1,830,000) 		66,420
(2,346,000) 		2008/09 29,900
(1,060,000) 		41,160
(1,454,000) 		56,800
(2,010,000)
1929/30 27,860
(984,000) 		40,130
(1,417,000) 		48,210
(1,703,000) 		1969/70 34,480
(1,218,000) 		47,290
(1,670,000) 		62,820
(2,218,000) 		2009/10 32,100
(1,130,000) 		42,010
(1,484,000) 		54,600
(1,930,000)
1930/31 28,850
(1,019,000) 		37,480
(1,324,000) 		49,130
(1,735,000) 		1970/71 28,180
(995,000) 		40,040
(1,414,000) 		54,330
(1,919,000) 		2010/11 22,000
(780,000) 		35,480
(1,253,000) 		56,300
(1,990,000)
1931/32 29,860
(1,054,000) 		40,700
(1,440,000) 		56,380
(1,991,000) 		1971/72 29,380
(1,038,000) 		38,470
(1,359,000) 		55,880
(1,973,000) 		2011/12 24,800
(880,000) 		37,070
(1,309,000) 		54,900
(1,940,000)
Obosara na omimi nke etiti na ala Congo:
Location Width Average depth Max depth
m ft m ft m ft
Lower Congo
5°08′55.3″S 13°59′20.5″E / 5.148694°S 13.989028°E / -5.148694; 13.989028 1,0703,510 49.3162 87.1286
Ile Soka

5°08′30.4″S 13°59′27.9″E / 5.141778°S 13.991083°E / -5.141778; 13.991083

1,0203,350 57.4188 92.9305

5°02′57.3″S 13°59′28.2″E / 5.049250°S 13.991167°E / -5.049250; 13.991167

4501,480 165541
Bulu

5°01′49.5″S 14°01′37.2″E / 5.030417°S 14.027000°E / -5.030417; 14.027000

4291,407 62.3204 102335
5°01′58.6″S 14°01′37.2″E / 5.032944°S 14.027000°E / -5.032944; 14.027000 3841,260 43.2142 78.1256
5°02′07.8″S 14°01′50.3″E / 5.035500°S 14.030639°E / -5.035500; 14.030639 3881,273 44.1145 78.5258
Ile Banza

5°2′20.6″S 14°02′09.2″E / 5.039056°S 14.035889°E / -5.039056; 14.035889

5401,770 44.1145 79.2260
Luozi

4°56′50.7″S 14°09′21.2″E / 4.947417°S 14.155889°E / -4.947417; 14.155889

2,1907,190 11.738 24.279
Muhambi

4°55′38.5″S 14°15′16.5″E / 4.927361°S 14.254583°E / -4.927361; 14.254583

1,0103,310 33.9111 78.2257
Pioka

4°54′03.3″S 14°24′18.2″E / 4.900917°S 14.405056°E / -4.900917; 14.405056

1,4604,790 75.3247 118387
Kinshasa–

Brazzaville 4°16′47.3″S 15°18′32.8″E / 4.279806°S 15.309111°E / -4.279806; 15.309111

3,26410,709 9.029.5 15.752
Middle Congo
Maloukou

4°05′24.4″S 15°30′39.1″E / 4.090111°S 15.510861°E / -4.090111; 15.510861

 14.849 36.3119
Léchia

3°52′43.4″S 15°55′11.6″E / 3.878722°S 15.919889°E / -3.878722; 15.919889

 21.571 50.3165
Kounzoulou–Miranda

3°33′18.7″S 16°05′32.2″E / 3.555194°S 16.092278°E / -3.555194; 16.092278

 20.969 45.0147.6
Kunzulu

3°28′52.5″S 16°07′18.3″E / 3.481250°S 16.121750°E / -3.481250; 16.121750

1,5405,050 16.855
Kwamouth

3°11′23.7″S 16°11′09.6″E / 3.189917°S 16.186000°E / -3.189917; 16.186000

1,9056,250 12.742
Kasai at mouth

3°10′36.4″S 16°11′41.5″E / 3.176778°S 16.194861°E / -3.176778; 16.194861

6061,988 12.742
Congo at Kasai mouth

3°09′59.7″S 16°10′51.7″E / 3.166583°S 16.181028°E / -3.166583; 16.181028

1,8516,073 12.9–15.342–50 39.9131
Mbali–Mosebwaka

2°48′33.9″S 16°11′40.1″E / 2.809417°S 16.194472°E / -2.809417; 16.194472

 8.428 26.788
Bouemba

2°12′22.9″S 16°10′49.0″E / 2.206361°S 16.180278°E / -2.206361; 16.180278

 7.023.0 22.273
Bolobo

2°09′28.5″S 16°12′16.5″E / 2.157917°S 16.204583°E / -2.157917; 16.204583

4,11913,514 7.224
Yumbi

1°52′15.5″S 16°30′43.4″E / 1.870972°S 16.512056°E / -1.870972; 16.512056

 7.123 19.765
Bounda

1°37′55.5″S 16°37′59.4″E / 1.632083°S 16.633167°E / -1.632083; 16.633167

 8.026.2 19.765
Mossaka

1°14′22.2″S 16°47′44.5″E / 1.239500°S 16.795694°E / -1.239500; 16.795694

 7.625 19.263
Lukolela

1°03′13.5″S 17°08′58.0″E / 1.053750°S 17.149444°E / -1.053750; 17.149444

1,7575,764 8.0–11.726.2–38.4 32.0105.0
Bweta–Manga

0°54′39.2″S 17°23′27.1″E / 0.910889°S 17.390861°E / -0.910889; 17.390861

1,865–5,0836,119–16,677 5.0–6.116.4–20.0
Yambe

0°43′38.5″S 17°33′02.9″E / 0.727361°S 17.550806°E / -0.727361; 17.550806

2,4688,097 11.839
Liranga

0°41′00.4″S 17°36′43.7″E / 0.683444°S 17.612139°E / -0.683444; 17.612139

 7.926 32.7107
Bomenenge–Mikuka

0°25′58.1″S 17°50′13.3″E / 0.432806°S 17.837028°E / -0.432806; 17.837028

 7.625 23.778
Mbandaka

0°01′17.4″N 18°13′10.9″E / 0.021500°N 18.219694°E / 0.021500; 18.219694

 8.528 31.8104
Kisangani

0°30′22.1″N 25°11′03.4″E / 0.506139°N 25.184278°E / 0.506139; 25.184278

1,4404,720 6.0–7.519.7–24.6
Sources:[4][5][6]

Osimiri ndị na-asọ asọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ọwara mmiri na ọdọ mmiri nke Osimiri Congo nwere mba akara akara
Ọwara mmiri na drainage nke Osimiri Congo nwere onyinyo ọdịdị ala
A na-ahazi osimiri na mmiri ndị bụ isi (n'usoro site n'ọnụ na-aga n'elu mmiri):
Left tributary Right tributary Length Basin size Average discharge
km mi km2 sq mi m3/s cu ft/s
Congo 4,3742,718 3,712,3161,433,333 41,4001,460,000
Lower Congo
(river mouth to Kinshasa)
Luki 14.4510
Lué-Grande 2,786.71,076.0 25.7910
Fuila 15093 1,051.5406.0 8.9310
M'pozo 170110 6,932.52,676.7 78.82,780
Lufu 190120 2,586.3998.6 27.7980
Kwilu 284176 6,5002,500 89.43,160
Lwala 2,322.2896.6 26.6940
Lukunga 221137 2,166.9836.6 25.1890
Yambi 6540 1,262.3487.4 19.4690
Mpioka 3119 788.7304.5 10.1360
Lunzadi 753.9291.1 11.1390
Inkisi 559347 13,5005,200 291.110,280
Foulakary 12779 3,230.51,247.3 51.11,800
Djoué 175109 6,2252,403 158.45,590
Middle Congo
(Kinshasa to the Boyoma Falls)
N'djili 9358 2,258.9872.2 38.51,360
Nsele 193120 4,5001,700 77.12,720
Djiri 6339 1,395.5538.8 31.31,110
Yana 663.3256.1 15.1530
Lufimi 268167 11,5004,400 1997,000
Mary 3,5291,363 84.62,990
Mai Mpili 6239 759.7293.3 13460
Lidji 10867 1,686651 24.5870
Kasai 2,1531,338 884,370341,460 11,600410,000
Gam-bomba 1,372.7530.0 29.31,030
Léfini 418260 14,951.15,772.7 423.114,940
M'Pouya 1,175.5453.9 21.2750
N'Goindi 1,537.2593.5 301,100
Gampoka 1,036.8400.3 10.7380
Nkeni 331206 8,249.63,185.2 209.57,400
Nkeme 3,1541,218 39.41,390
Nsolu 4,1292,566 39.11,380
Sangasi 6440 2,020.9780.3 19.4690
Alima 577359 23,192.78,954.8 70025,000
Likouala 615382 69,80026,900 1,053.537,200
Sangha 1,395867 191,95374,113 2,47187,300
Pama 5031 2,202.7850.5 24.7870
Manga 4327 1,337.7516.5 17.7630
Irebu 3522 7,3802,850 105.53,730
Ubangi 2,2991,429 651,918251,707 5,936209,600
Ruki 1,200750 173,79067,100 4,500160,000
Ikelemba 345214 12,5104,830 222.17,840
Lulonga 705438 76,95029,710 2,04072,000
Moeko 190120 4,346.31,678.1 40.51,430
Mongala 663412 52,20020,200 708.625,020
Lofofe 1,333.8515.0 22.5790
Mioka 9358 1,872723 30.21,070
Isambi 2,135.7824.6 36.61,290
Molua 7144 1,566.6604.9 24.7870
Itimbiri 700430 50,49019,490 773.227,310
Makpulu 1,279.1493.9 22.6800
Loie 682.3263.4 12.5440
Moliba 1,363.2526.3 24.8880
Ikot 987.2381.2 20.3720
Mokeke 695268 12.9460
Lula 582225 10.9380
Lunua 612.3236.4 12.5440
Aruwimi 1,287800 116,10044,800 2,20078,000
Loleka 1,349.6521.1 27.1960
Lukombe 2,931.81,132.0 53.31,880
Lomami 2,0631,282 109,08042,120 2,061.872,810
Lubilu 1,222.3471.9 20710
Romée 601.9232.4 10350
Lubania 743.1286.9 11.5410
Lindi 797495 60,30023,300 1,20042,000
Upper Congo
(Lualaba; upstream from the Boyoma Falls)
Yoko 866.1334.4 15.5550
Maiko 516321 13,935.75,380.6 318.711,250
Oluka 495.2191.2 10350
Obiautku 1,290.1498.1 33.91,200
Lilu 281175 6,381.52,463.9 192.46,790
Ruiki 203126 5,540.22,139.1 125.84,440
Lilo 202126 3,684.81,422.7 92.83,280
Lowa 615382 49,59019,150 1,624.857,380
Ulindi 803499 30,24011,680 901.731,840
Kasuku 397247 11,468.14,427.9 175.86,210
Ambe 9660 2,231.8861.7 69.12,440
Luti 771298 22.4790
Elila 670420 27,36010,560 678.123,950
Lueki 205127 6,494.32,507.5 58.82,080
Kiha-muwa 182113 1,362526 23.8840
Kabila 7043 2,229.6860.9 22780
Lowe 4930 2,306.4890.5 16.3580
Ganze 2516 1,331.6514.1 8.7310
Lubutu 212132 8,419.53,250.8 572,000
Kunda 9660 5,749.12,219.7 41.41,460
Mulongoi 219136 4,754.51,835.7 21.9770
Lulindi 190120 3,5151,357 17.4610
Luama 741460 25,099.19,690.8 2217,800
Luika 223139 6,214.22,399.3 17.6620
Luvilo 1,126.5434.9 4.1140
Lufutuka 1,792.7692.2 6.9240
Lukuga 350220 271,580104,860 2719,600
Lubanzi 3,045.71,176.0 19.3680
Kay 1,742673 8.6300
Lukuswa 1,822.1703.5 7.7270
Luboy 1,644.3634.9 4.4160
Luvidjo 240150 11,312.44,367.7 69.72,460
Kalongwe 1,208.1466.5 3.7130
Luvua 388241 265,260102,420 60021,000
Kai 1,142.7441.2 6.5230
Lubumbu 1,342.4518.3 8.8310
Kalumen-
gongo 		329204 8,069.33,115.6 66.92,360
Lovoi 385239 19,624.67,577.1 185.86,560
Lufira 911566 51,48019,880 50217,700
Lubudi 490300 27,50010,600 191.56,760
Kalule 172107 4,208.81,625.0 28.61,010
Musonoi 1,539.7594.5 7.7270
Lufupa 15596 5,070.71,957.8 36.81,300
Kando 191119 2,455.5948.1 16.1570
Nyund-welu 1,319.4509.4 10.1360
Lukonga 13181 1,721.2664.6 10.2360
Mukwishi 6138 1,562603 12.2430
Source:[23][24][25][26][27][1][28]

Ndịda Kongo (ọnụ osimiri ruo Kinshasa) N'ala Kinshasa, site n'ọnụ osimiri dị na Banana, e nwere obere mmiri ole na ole dị mkpa.

Etiti Kọngo (Kinshasa rụọ Boyoma Falls)

Kọngo Elu (Lualaba; site na elu Boyoma Falls)

Mkpa akụ na ụba

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Obodo Mbandaka bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri jupụtara n'ihe ndị dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Congo.
Osimiri Congo na Maluku.

Ọ bụ ezie na Mmiri Mmiri Livingstone na-egbochi mmadụ ịbanye n'oké osimiri, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ Congo dum dị n'elu ha dị mfe navigable n'akụkụ dị iche iche, karịsịa n'etiti Kinshasa na Kisangani. Nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri na-ekuru mmiri na-arụ ọrụ n'osimiri ahụ ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Osimiri Congo ka bụ ebe obibi n'ala ebe okporo ụzọ ma ọ bụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè pere mpe.[29] Ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-agafe isi iyi mmiri atọ dị mkpa ugbu a, ọtụtụ azụmaahịa nke Central Africa na-agafekwa n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ, gụnyere ọla kọpa, mmanụ nkwụ (dị ka mkpụrụ osisi), shuga, kọfị, na owu.[30]

Ike mmiri eletrik

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Osimiri Kongo bụ osimiri kachasị ike n'Afrịka. N'oge mmiri ozuzo, ihe karịrị 50,000 cubic metres (1,800,000 cu ft) mmiri kwa sekọnd na-asọba n'Oké Osimiri Atlantic. Ya mere, ohere dị ukwuu maka Osimiri Congo na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya iji mepụta ike mmiri. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị agbakọọla na mpaghara Congo dum bụ pasent iri na atọ nke ike hydropower zuru ụwa ọnụ. Nke a ga-enye ike zuru oke maka mkpa ọkụ eletrik niile Saharan Africa.[31]

Ugbu a, e nwere ihe dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ike mmiri iri anọ na Congo Basin. Ndị kacha ibu bụ Inga dam, ihe dị ka 200 kilometres (120 mi) na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Kinshasa. E bidoro ọrụ a na mbido afọ 1970, mgbe e mechara dam mbụ ahụ.[32] Atụmatụ ahụ (dịka e chepụtara na mbụ) chọrọ ka e wuo dam ise nke ga-enwe ike imepụta ihe ruru megawatt 34,500 (MW). Ruo ugbu a, ọ bụ naanị mmiri mmiri Inga I na Inga II ka arụrụla, na-emepụta ike 1,776 MW.[31]

Na Febụwarị 2005, ụlọ ọrụ ike nke gọọmentị South Africa, Eskom, kwupụtara atụmatụ ịgbasa ọgbọ site na mmezi na iwuli ọrụ mmiri eletrik ọhụrụ. Ọrụ a ga-eme ka mmepụta kachasị elu nke ebe a ruo megawatts 40,000 (MW).[33] A na-atụ egwu na ọwa mmiri eletrik ọhụrụ ndị a nwere ike ibute mbibi nke ọtụtụ ụdị azụ̀ ndị sitere na osimiri.[34]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke okike

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mmalite nke Livingstone Falls (Lower Congo Rapids) dị nso na Kinshasa

Ụzọ Osimiri Congo dị ugbu a malitere n'etiti afọ nde 1.5 na 2 BP, n'oge Pleistocene.[35][36] O yikarịrị ka n'oge a, ọtụtụ mmiri ndị dị n'elu nke Congo ihe e ji ejide mmiri site na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya, gụnyere Uele na elu Ubangi site na usoro Chari[37] na Osimiri Chambeshi[38] tinyere ọtụtụ mmiri mmiri dị n'elu osimiri Kasai site na usoro Zambezi.[39]

O nwere ike ịbụ na nhazi Congo mere ka e nwee ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke bonobo na chimpanzee nkịtị site na nna nna ochie ha kacha ọhụrụ.[40] Bonobo bụ [[Endemism|nke jupụtara ebe niile] n'ime oke ọhịa mmiri dị na mpaghara ahụ, dịka ụdị anụmanụ ndị ọzọ a ma ama dịka Allen's swamp enwe, dryas enwe, aquatic genet, okapi, na Congo peafowl.[41][42]

Maka ihe gbasara ndụ mmiri, Osimiri Congo nwere oke ụdị bara ụba na otu n'ime ebe kachasị elu a maara nke ọma nke ndị na-enweghị isi.[43] As of 2009, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị azụ 800 ka edekọworo site na Osimiri Osimiri Congo (anaghị agụta Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika, nke jikọtara ọnụ mana ọ dị iche na gburugburu ebe obibi),[44] a ka na-amụkwa akụkụ buru ibu nke ihe ndị a.[45] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a kabeghị ihe nlele ahụ n'akụkụ dị na Salonga National Park, nke dị ihe dị ka nha Belgium, na 2006.[46] A kọwara ụdị azụ ọhụrụ n'ụzọ sayensị site na obere oge site na Osimiri Congo, a makwaara ọtụtụ undescribed species.[47]

Congo nwere ụdị azụ̀ kachasị elu karịa usoro osimiri ọ bụla dị n'Africa; ma e jiri ya tụnyere ya, ndị ọzọ bara ọgaranya bụ Niger, Volta na Naịl nwere ihe dị ka ụdị azụ 240, 140 na 130, n'otu n'otu.[44][48] N'ihi nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'etiti mpaghara dị na mpaghara Congo—gụnyere ebe obibi dị ka mmiri mmiri, osimiri miri emi, apịtị, na ọdọ mmiri—a na-ekewa ya n'ọtụtụ ecoregion (kama iwere ya dị ka otu ecoregion). N'ime mpaghara ndị a dị n'ime ala, cataracts nke Livingstone Falls nwere ihe karịrị ụdị azụ 300,[49] gụnyere ihe dị ka endemic iri asatọ[34] ebe akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ (mpaghara osimiri Kasai) nwere ihe karịrị ụdị azụ 200, nke ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ha jupụtara na ya.[50]

Nnukwu azụ tiger

Ezinụlọ azụ̀ ndị kacha nwee ike ịkụ azụ—ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'akụkụ osimiri—bụ Cyprinidae (carp/cyprinids, dịka ọmụmaatụ Labeo simpsoni), Mormyridae (elephant fishes), Alestidae (African tetras), Mochokidae (squeaker catfishes), na Cichlidae (cichlids).[51] N'ime ndị bi n'osimiri ahụ bụ nnukwu anụ na-eri anụ nke ukwuu nnukwu azụ tigerfish. Atọ n'ime ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe bụ ọcha (anaghị agba agba) na Lamprologus lethops kpuru ìsì, nke a kwenyere na ọ dị ndụ n'ime miri emi dịka 160 metres (520 ft) n'okpuru ala,[34] Heterochromis multidens, nke nwere njikọ chiri anya na cichlids nke Amerịka karịa cichlids ndị ọzọ dị n'Africa,[52] na Caecobarbus geertsii, naanị azụ mmiri a maara na Etiti Afrịka.[53] E nwekwara ọtụtụ akịrị na ejula ndị a na-ahụkarị.[51][54] A na-eme atụmatụ ịrụ ọtụtụ hydroelectric dam n'osimiri ahụ, nke a nwekwara ike ibute mkpochapu nke ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị.[34]

Ọtụtụ ụdị mbe na mkpụrụ mmiri dị nro, Agụ iyi dị na Naịl na agụ iyi dị egwu bụ ndị sitere na Osimiri Congo. Afrịka manatee bi n'akụkụ ala nke osimiri ahụ.[55]

Idei mmiri

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) na Republic of Congo (RoC) enweela idei mmiri ugboro ugboro n'akụkọ ihe mere eme n'akụkụ Osimiri Congo na isi iyi mmiri ya n'oge mmiri ozuzo, na-akpata mbuze na mbuze ala, ma na-emetụta ebe obibi mmadụ, ọrụ ugbo, na ahụike ọha na eze n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma.[56][57] A na-atụ anya na mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-emetụta Osimiri Congo nke ukwuu ka okpomọkụ na-arị elu, mmiri ozuzo na-arị elu ma n'ike na oge oge.[57][58]

Site na Ọktoba 2019 ruo Jenụwarị 2020, oke mmiri ozuzo metụtara mpaghara 16 n'ime 26 nke DRC na ngalaba asatọ n'ime 12 nke RoC, nke butere idei mmiri 2019–2020 Congo River. Mmiri ozuzo ahụ mere ka Osimiri Congo na Osimiri Ubangi ju ebe niile, idei mmiri na ala ọma jijiji mere n'ofe DRC na RoC ma dugara na mgbapụ nke ọtụtụ narị puku mmadụ.[59]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme tupu ọchịchị obodo

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Maapụ nke narị afọ nke 17 nke osimiri Congo
Na maapụ Afrịka a nke afọ 1853, Mpaghara A Na-enyochaghị fọdụrụnụ kwekọrọ na ala Congo.

Ndị Bantu bi na mpaghara Congo dum, e kewara ha n'ime ọtụtụ narị agbụrụ. A na-eme atụmatụ na mgbasawanye Bantu erutela etiti Congo ihe dị ka afọ 500 Tupu Kraịst na elu Congo na narị afọ mbụ AD. Ndị fọdụrụ n'ime ndị obodo ahụ chụpụrụ site na njem Bantu, Pygmies/Abatwa nke Ubangian phylum, ka dị n'ime oke ọhịa dị anya nke Congo Basin.

Ka ọ na-erule narị afọ nke 13, e nwere njikọ atọ dị mkpa nke steeti dị na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Congo. N'ọwụwa anyanwụ e nwere Alaeze Asaa nke Kongo dia Nlaza, ndị a na-ewere dị ka ndị kacha ochie na ndị kacha ike, nke nwere ike ịgụnye Nsundi, Mbata, Mpangu, na ikekwe Kundi na Okanga. Ndịda nke ndị a bụ Mpemba nke gbasaara site na Angola nke oge a ruo Osimiri Congo. Ọ gụnyere alaeze dị iche iche dịka Mpemba Kasi na Vunda. N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ya gafee Osimiri Congo bụ otu mba nke steeti nta atọ jikọrọ aka; Vungu (onye ndu ya), Kakongo, na Ngoyo.[60]: 24–25 

E guzobere Alaeze Kongo na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 14 site na njikọta nke alaeze nke Mpemba Kasi na Mbata Kingdom n'akụkụ aka ekpe nke Osimiri Congo dị ala. Njikwa ókèala ya n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ ka dị naanị n'ihe kwekọrọ na mpaghara Kongo Central nke oge a. Nlegharị anya ndị Europe na Congo malitere na 1482 mgbe onye na-eme nchọpụta Portuguese Diogo Cão chọpụtara n'akụkụ osimiri[61] (ikekwe n'August 1482), nke o jiri Padrão, ma ọ bụ ogidi nkume (ka dị, mana naanị n'ime iberibe) wuo n'elu Shark Point. Cão ji ụgbọ mmiri rịgoro osimiri ahụ ruo obere oge, wee malite ịkpọtụrụ Alaeze Kongo. A ka na-amaghị ụzọ zuru oke nke osimiri ahụ n'oge mmalite nke oge a.[lower-alpha 3]

Oke osimiri Congo dị n'elu na-aga n'ọdịda anyanwụ nke Albertine Rift.[61] Amaghị njikọ ya na Congo ruo afọ 1877. Mgbasa Nilotic ruru oke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ala Congo n'oge dị n'etiti narị afọ nke 15 na nke 18, site n'aka ndị nna nna nke Ndị Ndịda Luo na-asụ Ndị Alur. Francisco de Lacerda sooro Zambezi wee ruo n'akụkụ kachasị elu nke ala Congo (Kazembe dị na ala Luapula dị elu) na 1796.

Ahịa ohu nke ndị Arab rutere n'elu Osimiri Congo na mbụ na narị afọ nke 19. E hiwere Nyangwe dị ka ebe ndị ohu na-anọ n'ogige ihe dị ka afọ 1860. David Livingstone bụ onye Europe mbụ rutere Nyangwe na Machị 1871.[61] Livingstone tụrụ aro ka o gosi na Lualaba jikọtara na Naịl, mana na Julaị 15, ọ hụrụ ogbugbu nke ihe dị ka ndị Afrịka 400 site n'aka ndị Arab na-agba ohu na Nyangwe, Ahụmịhe ahụ mere ka ọ tụọ ụjọ ma nwee nkụda mmụọ ịga n'ihu n'ọrụ ya ịchọta ebe Naịl si apụta, ya mere o laghachiri n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika.[62][63]

Mmalite nke ọchịchị ndị Europe

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị Yuropu erutebeghị mpaghara etiti nke osimiri Congo site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ma ọ bụ ọdịda anyanwụ, ruo mgbe Henry Morton Stanley mere njem 1876–77, nke Kọmitii maka Ọmụmụ Ihe nke Upper Congo kwadoro. N'oge ahụ, otu n'ime ajụjụ ikpeazụ e jụrụ gbasara nyocha Europe nke Afrịka bụ ma Osimiri Lualaba ọ̀ na-enye Naịl (ozizi Livingstone), Congo,[64] ma ọ bụ ọbụna Osimiri Naịja. E tinyere ego na 1874, Nnyocha mbụ nke Stanley nke trans-Africa malitere na Zanzibar wee rute Lualaba na 17 Ọktoba 1876. N'elu ala, o rutere Nyangwe, ebe etiti ebe iwu na-anaghị achị nke nwere agbụrụ ndị na-eri anụ ebe Tippu Tip hiwere ọrụ ohu. Stanley nwere ike were ndị agha Tippu Tip ka ha chebe ya ruo ụbọchị iri itoolu ma ọ bụ karịa.

Ndị otu ahụ si n'ime ọhịa Matimba dị oke ọnụ pụọ na Nyangwe. Na ụbọchị iri na itoolu nke ọnwa Nọvemba, ha rutere Lualaba ọzọ. Ebe ọ bụ na njem dị oke njọ n'ime ọhịa ahụ, Tippu Tip tụgharịrị gaa oriri ya na Disemba 28, wee hapụ Stanley naanị ya, ya na mmadụ 143, gụnyere ụmụaka asatọ na ụmụ nwanyị 16. Ha nwere ụgbọ mmiri iri abụọ na atọ. Nzute mbụ ya na otu ebo obodo ahụ bụ na onye na-eri anụ Wenya. N'ozuzu, Stanley kọrọ na nzukọ iri atọ na abụọ na-adịghị mma n'osimiri ahụ, ụfọdụ na-eme ihe ike, n'agbanyeghị na ọ gbalịrị ịkparịta ụka n'okporo ụzọ udo. Ma ebo ndị ahụ kpachara anya n'ihi na naanị ihe ha hụrụ bụ ndị na-azụ ahịa ohu.

Na ụbọchị isii nke ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 1877, mgbe 640 kilometres (400 mi) gasịrị, ha rutere Boyoma Falls (nke a na-akpọ Stanley Falls ruo oge ụfọdụ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị), nke nwere cataracts asaa nke na-agbasa site na 100 kilometres (60 mi) nke ha ga-agafe n'elu ala. O were ha ruo ụbọchị asaa nke ọnwa Febụwarị iji ruo na njedebe nke mmiri ozuzo ahụ. N'ebe a, Stanley nụrụ na aha osimiri ahụ ka a kpọrọ ya Ikuta Yacongo,[65] gosiri ya na o rutela Kongo nakwa na Lualaba anaghị enye Naịl nri.

Site n'oge a, ebo ndị ahụ abụghịzi ndị na-eri anụ mmadụ kama ha nwere egbe, o doro anya na ọ bụ n'ihi mmetụta ndị Portugal nwere. Ihe dị ka izu anọ wee ruo 1,900 kilometres (1,200 mi) mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ rutere Stanley Pool (nke bụzi Pool Malebo), ebe obodo Kinshasa na Brazzaville dị ugbu a. N'akụkụ ala nke ọzọ bụ Livingstone Falls, nke aha ya na-ezighi ezi dịka Livingstone na-agabeghị na Congo: usoro ọdịda 32 na ọsọ mmiri nwere mgbanwe elu nke 270 metres (900 ft) n'elu 350 kilometres (220 mi). Na ụbọchị iri na ise nke ọnwa Maachị ha malitere ịrịda mmiri ahụ, nke were ọnwa ise ma gbuo ọtụtụ mmadụ. Site na Isangile Falls, mmiri ise si n'ụkwụ gbapụta, ha kwọchara ụgbọ mmiri ndị ahụ n'akụkụ osimiri na Lady Alice wee si n'osimiri ahụ pụọ, na-achọ ebe ndị Portugal na-eche nche nke Boma site na ala.

Na ụbọchị atọ nke ọnwa Ọgọstụ, ha rutere n'obodo nta Nsada. Stanley si ebe ahụ zigara mmadụ anọ nwere akwụkwọ ozi gaa Boma, na-arịọ maka nri maka ndị ya agụụ ji. N'abalị asaa nke ọnwa Ọgọst, ndị nnọchiteanya sitere n'ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa Liverpool bụ́ Hatton & Cookson zitere enyemaka ahụ. Na 9 Ọgọst ha rutere Boma, ụbọchị 1,001 kemgbe ha hapụrụ Zanzibar na 12 Nọvemba 1874. Ndị otu ahụ nwere mmadụ 108, gụnyere ụmụaka atọ a mụrụ n'oge njem ahụ. O yikarịrị ka (akwụkwọ Stanley n'onwe ya na-enye ọnụọgụgụ na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe), o furu mmadụ 132 site na ọrịa, agụụ, mmiri iri, igbu mmadụ na mgbahapụ.[66][67]

Stanley hiwere Kinshasa dị ka ebe azụmaahịa n'afọ 1881 ma kpọọ ya Léopoldville iji sọpụrụ Leopold nke Abụọ nke Belgium. Leopold nke Abụọ kwuru na Kọngo Basin dị ka Congo Free State n'onwe ya na 1885 ebe e mere ọtụtụ Mwakpo dị na Kọngo Free State ruo mgbe a kpọrọ mpaghara ahụ Belgian Congo.

Leekwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe ndetu nkọwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. ↑ Kongo: Nzâdi Kôngo, Swahili: Mto Kongo, French: Fleuve Congo, Portuguese: Rio Congo
  2. ↑ Manikongo was properly the title of the kings of Kongo; their capital was at the site of modern M'banza-Kongo, capital of Angola's northwestern Zaire Province. Ortelius had no knowledge of the orography of Africa and drew fictitious courses for its rivers; his Congo upstream of its estuary turns sharply south, flowing through what would correspond to Angola and Botswana.
  3. ↑ The Dieppe maps of the mid-16th century show the Congo only as a minor river while having the Nile run throughout the continent, rising in Southern Africa. The same interpretation is in essence still found in Jan Blaeu's Atlas Maior of 1660. Jacques Bellin's map of the Congo in Histoire Generale Des Voyages by Antoine François Prévost (1754) shows awareness of the river reaching further inland, to the provinces of Sundi and Pango, but has no detailed knowledge of its course.

Ntụaka

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. 1 2 Congo.
  2. ↑ (2016) "Congo River Basin", The Wetland Book, 1–18. DOI:10.1007/978-94-007-6173-5_92-2. ISBN 978-94-007-6173-5. 
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 (1990) Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 338–339. ISBN 978-92-5-102983-1. 
  4. 1 2 3 4 Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River (2009).
  5. 1 2 3 4 Velocity Mapping in the Lower Congo River: A First Look at the Unique Bathymetry and Hydrodynamics of Bulu Reach, West Central Africa (2009).
  6. 1 2 3 4 Multi-threaded Congo River channel hydraulics: Field-based characterisation and representation in hydrodynamic models (2020).
  7. ↑ (2002) "Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations". Journal of Hydrometeorology 3 (6): 660–687. DOI:<0660:EOFDFC>2.0.CO;2 10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0660:EOFDFC>2.0.CO;2. 
  8. 1 2 (2009) Hydrological Cycle Volume III. EOLSS Publications. ISBN 978-1-84826-026-9. 
  9. 1 2 3 (2020) "Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa". Water 12 (9). DOI:10.3390/w12092613. 
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 (2022) A New Look at Hydrology in the Congo Basin, Based on the Study of Multi-Decadal Time series, Geophysical Monograph Series, 121–143. DOI:10.1002/9781119657002.ch8. ISBN 978-1-119-65697-5. 
  11. ↑ (2024) "Congo River: Analysis of suspended sediment flux in a multichannel megasystem in Central Africa". Geography 61: 153–172. DOI:10.5380/raega.v61i1.96047. 
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (2007) "The Congo River, Central Africa", Large Rivers, 293–309. DOI:10.1002/9780470723722.ch14. ISBN 978-0-470-72372-2. 
  13. 1 2 Oberg, Kevin (July 2008). Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River, July 2008. U.S. Geological Survey.
  14. ↑ Forbath 1979, p. 6. "Not until it crosses the Equator will it at last turn away from this misleading course and, describing a remarkable counter-clockwise arc first to the west and then to the southwest, flow back across the Equator and on down to the Atlantic.

    In this the Congo is exceptional. No other major river in the world crosses the Equator even once, let alone twice."
  15. ↑ Anderson, David (2000). Africa's Urban Past. James Currey Publishers. ISBN 978-0-85255-761-7. 
  16. ↑ Forbath 1979, p. 19.
  17. ↑ James Barbot (1746). An Abstract of a Voyage to Congo River, Or the Zair and to Cabinde in the Year 1700. 
    Templeeti:*James Hingston Tuckey (1818). Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire, Usually Called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816. 
    Templeeti:*John Purdy (1822). Memoir, Descriptive and Explanatory, to Accompany the New Chart of the Ethiopic Or Southern Atlantic Ocean. “Congo River, called Zahir or Zaire by the natives” 
  18. ↑ (2019) "Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia (Table 7)". Journal of Hydrology 577. DOI:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968. 
  19. ↑ Monster Fish of the Congo. National Geographic Channel (2009).
  20. ↑ The Congo River Archived 20 Ọktoba 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Rainforests.mongabay.com. Retrieved on 29 November 2011.
  21. 1 2 Congo-HYCOS.
  22. ↑ Longest sediment flow yet measured show how major rivers connect efficiently to deep sea (2022).
  23. ↑ (2017) "Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin (HAL)". International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 66. DOI:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015. 
  24. ↑ Topographic maps.
  25. ↑ Commission Internationale du Bassin Congo-Oubangui-Sangha (CICOS) (2014).
  26. ↑ Congo River.
  27. ↑ Le Fleuve Congo.
  28. ↑ Lwalaba.
  29. ↑ See, for instance, Thierry Michel's film Congo River Archived 29 Novemba 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ↑ DR Congo—AFRICAN FINE COFFEES ASSOCIATION (AFCA) (en-US). AFRICAN FINE COFFEES ASSOCIATION (AFCA) (7 October 2016).
  31. 1 2 Alain Nubourgh, Belgian Technical Cooperation (BTC) Archived 2 Septemba 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Weetlogs.scilogs.be (27 April 2010). Retrieved on 2011-11-29.
  32. ↑ Showers, Kate B. (1 September 2011). "Electrifying Africa: An Environmental History with Policy Implications" (in en). Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 93 (3): 193–221. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0467.2011.00373.x. ISSN 1468-0467. 
  33. ↑ Vasagar, Jeevan. "Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa?", World news, The Guardian, 25 February 2005.
  34. 1 2 3 4 Norlander, Britt (20 April 2009). Rough waters: one of the world's most turbulent rivers is home to a wide array of fish species. Now, large dams are threatening their future. Science World. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved on 10 July 2026.
  35. ↑ Leonard C. Beadle (1981). The inland waters of tropical Africa: an introduction to tropical limnology. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-46341-7. 
  36. ↑ Thieme et al., Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment Ecoregions Assessments, Island Press, 2005, p. 297 Archived 10 Novemba 2023 at the Wayback Machine. "It is hypothesized that in the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene, a coastal Lower Guinean river captured Malebo Pool, connecting the previously interior Congo Basin to the ocean."
  37. ↑ Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials, p. 371 ISBN 9780128020395
  38. ↑ Skelton, P.H. 1994. 'Diversity and distribution of freshwater fishes in East and Southern Africa', in Biological diversity in African fresh and brackish water fishes, Symposium Paradi (G.G. Teugels, J.F. Guégan, and J.J. Albaret, editors), pp. 95–131. Annals of the Royal Central African Museum (Zoology) No. 275.
  39. ↑ Gupta, Avijit (editor); Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management, p. 327 ISBN 9780470849873
  40. ↑ (2008) "Analysis of chimpanzee history based on genome sequence alignments". PLOS Genet. 4 (4). DOI:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000057. PMID 18421364. 
  41. ↑ Kingdon, Jonathan (1997). The Kingdon Guide to African Mammals. London: Academic Press Limited. ISBN 978-0-1240-8355-4. 
  42. ↑ BirdLife International (2022). "Afropavo congensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T22679430A208189646.en. 
  43. ↑ Dickman, Kyle (3 November 2009). Evolution in the Deepest River in the World. Science & Nature. Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 9 November 2011. Retrieved on 10 July 2026.
  44. 1 2 (2009) "Fish Fauna of the Nile", in Henri J. Dumont: The Nile. Springer, 647–675. ISBN 978-1-4020-9725-6. 
  45. ↑ Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). "Sudanic Congo—Oubangi". Archived 5 Ọktoba 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 2 May 2011.
  46. ↑ (2006) "A new species of Nanochromis (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Mai Ndombe, central Congo Basin, Democratic Republic of Congo". Zootaxa 1169: 33–46. DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.1169.1.2. 
  47. ↑ (2011) "Speciation within genomic networks: a case study based on Steatocranus cichlids of the lower Congo rapids". Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25 (1): 138–148. DOI:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02409.x. PMID 22070232. 
  48. ↑ (2008) "Fish Ecology in Tropical Streams", in Dudgeon, D.: Tropical Stream Ecology. Academic Press, 107–146. ISBN 978-0-12-088449-0. 
  49. ↑ Dying Fish Revealed Congo Is World's Deepest River. LiveScience (12 January 2020).
  50. ↑ Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). "Lower Congo Rapids". Archived 5 Ọktoba 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 2 May 2011.
  51. 1 2 Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). "Upper Lualaba". Archived 5 Ọktoba 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 2 May 2011.
  52. ↑ Kullander, S.O. (1998). A phylogeny and classification of the South American Cichlidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). pp. 461–498 in Malabarba, L., et al. (eds.), Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes, Porto Alegre.
  53. ↑ Proudlove, G. (2006). Subterranean fishes of the world. International Society for Subterranean Biology. ISBN 978-2-9527084-0-1. 
  54. ↑ Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). "Lower Congo Rapids". Archived 5 Ọktoba 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 2 May 2011.
  55. ↑ Keith Diagne, L. (2016). "Trichechus senegalensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22104A81904980.en. 
  56. ↑ World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal (en).
  57. 1 2 The World Bank Group (2021). Climate Risk Country Profile - Congo, Democratic Republic.
  58. ↑ UN Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. Fact Sheet: The Congo Basin and Climate Change.
  59. ↑ Republic of Congo : Floods Flash Update n°1, 10 December 2019 - Congo (en) (10 December 2019).
  60. ↑ Thornton, John K., ed. (2020), "The Development of States in West Central Africa to 1540", A History of West Central Africa to 1850, New Approaches to African History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 16–55, ISBN 978-1-107-56593-7, retrieved 21 Septemba 2024
  61. 1 2 3 Cana 1911, p. 917.
  62. ↑ Livingstone, David (2012). Livingstone's 1871 Field Diary. A Multispectral Critical Edition. UCLA Digital Library: Los Angeles, CA. >
  63. ↑ Jeal, Tim (1973). Livingstone. Yale University Press, 331–335. 
  64. ↑ Jeal 2007, pp. 188–219.
  65. ↑ Jeal 2007, p. 199; 7 February 1877.
  66. ↑ Jeal 2007, p. 217.
  67. ↑ Stanley, Henry M. (1988). Through the Dark Continent, Reprint, Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-25667-2. 
  68. ↑ Brussels, Monument to Congo pionniers, 50th Jubileum Park.

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