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Osimiri Orange

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Osimiri Orange

  

Osimiri Orange (site na Afrikaans / Dutch: Oranjerivier) bụ osimiri dị na Southern Africa. Ọ bụ osimiri kachasị ogologo na South Africa. N'inwe ngụkọta 2,432 mi), Orange River Basin si Lesotho banye South Africa na Namibia n'ebe ugwu. Ọ na-ebili n'ugwu Drakensberg na Lesotho, na-aga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ site na South Africa ruo n'Oké Osimiri Atlantic. Osimiri ahụ bụ akụkụ nke ókèala mba ụwa n'etiti South Africa na Lesotho na n'etiti Sud Africa na Namibia, yana ọtụtụ ókèala mpaghara n'ime South Africa. Ewezuga Upington, ọ naghị agafe obodo ukwu ọ bụla.Osimiri Orange na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'akụ na ụba South Africa n'ihi na ọ na-enye mmiri maka ịgba mmiri n'ubi na imepụta ọkụ eletrik sitere n'ike mmiri.Onye nchọpụta Dutch, Robert Jacob Gordon, kpọrọ ya Osimiri Orange iji sọpụrụ Ụlọ Orange, ezinụlọ eze na-achị Netherlands n'oge ahụ. Aha ndị ọzọ e ji mara osimiri ahụ gụnyere naanị okwu pụtara "osimiri". N'asụsụ Khoekhoegowab, a na-ede ya !Garib, nke e mesịrị gbanwee n'asụsụ Afrikaans ka ọ bụrụ Osimiri Gariep, ebe e jiri ụda mkpụrụedemede dị iche dochie ụda mkpọtụ nke dị na mbụA na-akpọkwa ya Groote River (aha sitere na Kai !Garib) ma ọ bụ Osimiri Senqu, nke bụ aha a na-ejikarị ya na Lesotho, sitere n'okwu ǂNū, nke pụtara "oji" ma ọ bụ "nwa." N'asụsụ isiXhosa, a na-akpọ osimiri ahụ iGqili. [1] . [2] [3]

Ụzọ

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Ụzọ na mmiri nke Osimiri Orange, Osimiri Caledon na Osimiri Vaal. Map a na-egosi ókèala na-agbaso omenala maka mmiri. N'ụzọ doro anya, ewepụghị ọdọ mmiri Kalahari, dịka ụfọdụ isi mmalite na-ekwu na ọ bụ endorheic. Ụfọdụ isi mmalite ndị ọzọ na-eji usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ na-egosi ọdọ mmiri nke gụnyere akụkụ nke Botswana (ya mere nke Kalahari).

Orange na-ebili n'Ugwu Drakensberg n'akụkụ ókèala dị n'etiti South Africa na Lesotho, ihe dị ka kilomita 193 (120 mi) n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Oké Osimiri India na n'ịdị elu nke ihe karịrị 3,000 m (9,800 . A maara nsọtụ Osimiri Orange n'ime Lesotho dị ka Senqu. Akụkụ nke Osimiri Senqu na-ajụ oyi n'oge oyi n'ihi ịdị elu ya. na-akpata ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na-agbadata, nke na-emetụta mmepụta ewu na ehi.[4]

Osimiri Orange n'ebe ndịda Rosh Pinah
Osimiri Senqu Near Ha Potomane (Ogige Ịkpụcha) na Quthing, Lesotho
Osimiri Orange dị nso na Hopetown

Osimiri Orange na-aga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ site na South Africa, na-emepụta ókèala ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke mpaghara Free State. N'akụkụ a, osimiri ahụ na-ebu ụzọ banye na Gariep Dam ma mesịa banye na Vanderkloof Dam. Site n'ókè Lesotho ruo n'okpuru Vanderkloof Dam, a na-egbutu ala osimiri ahụ nke ukwuu. Ka ọ na-agbadata, ala ahụ dị larịị, a na-ejikwa osimiri ahụ eme ihe nke ukwuu maka ịgba mmiri.[5]

N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Free State, n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Kimberley, Osimiri Orange na-ezukọta na isi iyi ya kachasị ukwuu, Osimiri Vaal, nke na-emekwa nnukwu akụkụ ókè ugwu nke mpaghara ahụ.Site n'ebe ahụ, osimiri ahụ na-aga n'ihu n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ, na-agafe ọzara akọrọ nke mpaghara ndịda Kalahari na Namaqualand n'ime ógbè Northern Cape, ruo mgbe ọ rutere ókè ya na Namibia n'ogo ogologo 20°E.Site n'ebe ahụ, ọ na-aga n'ihu n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ihe dị ka kilomita 550 (maili 340),ma bụrụ ókè mba ụwa n'etiti ógbè Northern Cape na ǁKaras Region nke Namibia.A pụrụ ịgafe osimiri ahụ n'okporo ụzọ site na Vioolsdrif / Noordoewer, nakwa na Alexander Bay / Oranjemund ebe a na-agafe ókèala, nakwa Sendlingsdrif, ebe a na-eji ụgbọ mmiri ebu ndị mmadụ agafe osimiri ahụ.

Ihe oyiyi a na-egosi 100 kilomita ikpeazụ (62 mi) ma ọ bụ karịa nke Osimiri Orange, ebe nkume dị n'ala osimiri na n'akụkụ osimiri jupụtara na diamond, na ọtụtụ ebe a na-egwupụta diamond na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ a.

N'ime kilomita 800 (maili 500) ikpeazụ nke ụzọ Osimiri Orange si aga, ọ na-anata ọtụtụ iyi mmiri na-asọpụta naanị n'oge ụfọdụ (dịka Osimiri Fish), ebe ọtụtụ nnukwu ndagwurugwu mmiri akọrọ na-abanyekwa n'ime ya.N'akụkụ a, Ọzara Namib na-akwụsị n'akụkụ ugwu nke osimiri ahụ. N'ihi ya, n'ọnọdụ nkịtị, oke mmiri nke iyi ndị a na-agbakwunye n'osimiri ahụ pere mpe nke ukwuu.N'akụkụ a kwa, ala osimiri ahụ na-adịkwa omimi ọzọ n'ihi mmebi ala nke mmiri mere. Ọ bụkwa ebe Augrabies Falls dị, ebe Osimiri Orange na-adaba mita 56 (ụkwụ 184) n'ime ogologo ụzọ dị ihe dị ka kilomita 18 (maili 11).[6]

Orange na-abanye n'Oké Osimiri Atlantic n'etiti obere obodo Oranjemund (nke pụtara "ọnụ Orange") na Namibia na Alexander Bay na South Africa, banyere equidistant n'etiti Walvis Bay na Cape Town. Ọnụ osimiri Orange bụ ebe dị iche iche dị iche iche ma bụrụ ebe obibi nke ụdị nnụnụ 57 dị iche iche na 20 653-26 653 nnụnụ n'otu n'otu edere na 1985. Ọ bụ ebe a ma ama na Ramsar bụ otu n'ime ala mmiri ole na ole na-adịgide adịgide n'ụsọ oké osimiri South-West Africa.[7] Ihe dị ka 33 (21 mi) site n'ọnụ ya, ọ na-egbochi ya site na rapids na sand bars ma n'ozuzu ya anaghị agafe agafe ogologo oge. Osimiri ahụ nwere ngụkọta ,432 km (1,511 mi). [4]

Mmiri ozuzo na mmiri ozuzo

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Ọda Mmiri Augrabies na-asọba

N'Oge ọkọchị, ọnụ ọgụgụ mmiri dị n'osimiri ahụ na-ebelata nke ukwuu n'ihi ọsọ ọsọ na evaporation. Na isi iyi nke Orange, mmiri ozuzo bụ ihe dị ka 2,000 in) kwa afọ, mana mmiri ozuzo na-ebelata ka osimiri ahụ na-aga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ; n'ọnụ ya, mmiri ozu na-erughị 50 in) kwa shekara. Otú ọ dị, ihe ndị na-akwado evaporation na-abawanye n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ. N'Oge mmiri ozuzo (oge okpomọkụ), osimiri Orange na-aghọ iyi na-acha nchara nchara. Nnukwu ihe ndị e bu n'ime ala na-eme ka ọrụ injinia dị n'osimiri ahụ bụrụ ihe iyi egwu ogologo oge.

Mkpokọta mpaghara mmiri nke Osimiri Orange, tinyere Osimiri Vaal, na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka 973,000 km² (376,000 square miles). Nke a hà ka ihe dị ka 77% nke mkpokọta ala South Africa, nke nwere mpaghara ruru 1,221,037 km² (471,445 square miles).Otú ọ dị, ihe dị ka 366,000 km² (141,000 square miles), ya bụ ihe dị ka 38% nke mpaghara mmiri a, dị n'èzí South Africa, n'ime mba Lesotho, Botswana, na Namibia.[8]

Ụtụ isi

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  • Osimiri Vaal - 1,458 km (906 mi)
  • Osimiri Caledon - 642 km (399 mi)
  • Osimiri Khubelu - 144 km (89 mi)

Usoro ụtụ isi

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A na-enye mmiri n'elu akụkụ Osimiri Orange site n'ọtụtụ osimiri nta na iyi mmiri ndị na-amalite n'ugwu ndị dị na Lesotho na South Africa.N'ime isi iyi ndị kachasị mkpa dị n'elu akụkụ osimiri ahụ bụ Osimiri Caledon, Osimiri Little Caledon, Osimiri Kraai, Kornetspruit, na Osimiri Senqunyane. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-anakọta mmiri sitere n'Ugwu Maloti, tupu ha ejikọọ na ọwa mmiri bụ isi nke Osimiri Orange. [9]

Mmiri ndị a na-enye ọtụtụ n'ime mmiri Orange River na-agba kwa afọ n'ihi na mmiri ozuzo kachasị elu na ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-eme n'elu ugwu Lesotho. Snowfall na oge mmiri ozuzo na-enye aka nke ukwuu na iyi na-asọba n'oge ọkọchị. [10]

Ọtụtụ mmiri ndị dị n'elu na-achịkwa site na ọdọ mmiri ndị metụtara Lesotho Highlands Water Project, nke na-enye South Africa mmiri mgbe ọ na-emepụta ike eletrik maka Lesotho.[11]

Ihe mgbochi mmiri

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  • Ọdọ Mmiri Armenia
  • Ọdọ Mmiri Egmont
  • Ọdọ Mmiri Gariep
  • Ọdọ Mmiri Newberry
  • Ọdọ Mmiri Vanderkloof
  • Ihe mgbochi mmiri Welbedacht
  • Ọdọ Mmiri Knellport
  • Ọdọ Mmiri Kalkfontein
  • Ihe mgbochi mmiri Teirpoort
  • Ọdọ Mmiri Mohale
  • Ihe Mmiri Katse
  • Ọdọ Mmiri Rustfontein

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Okwu mmalite

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Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị bi na mbụ tupu ọchịchị ndị mmadụ achịkwa ha kpọrọ osimiri ahụ, na-ezo aka na ụcha ojii ya, ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ naanị Kai ! Arib ("Great River"), nke sitere na ya na nsụgharị Afrikaans Gariep, na nsụgharị "Groote Rivier". Aha Dutch mbụ maka osimiri ahụ bụ naanị nsụgharị ahụ, Groote Rivier, nke pụtara "Osimiri Ukwu". Colonel Robert Gordon, onye isi nke United East India Company (VOC) na Cape Town, kpọrọ osimiri ahụ Osimiri Orange, na njem n'ime ime obodo na 1779.[12] Gordon kpọrọ osimiri ahụ iji sọpụrụ William V nke Orange.[12] Nkwenye a ma ama ma ọ bụghị nke ziri ezi bụ na a na-akpọ osimiri ahụ aha ya site na ụcha Oroma nke mmiri ya, n'adịghị ka ụcha nke mmiri ya na-esote, Osimiri Vaal, nke aha ya sitere na aha ahụ bụ "osimiri na-acha odo odo" (vaal bụ Afrikaans maka ntụ ma ọ bụ ntụ). Kemgbe njedebe nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, aha "Gariep" enweela ihu ọma ka ukwuu na akwụkwọ ozi gọọmentị na South Africa, ọ bụ ezie na aha "Orange" nwere nkwado mba ụwa ka ukwuu.[12] Na Lesotho, ebe osimiri ahụ na-ebili, a maara ya dị ka Osimiri Senqu, nke sitere na aha Khoemana mbụ.

Panorama e si n'ugwu jupụtara na fluorspar na-ele anya n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ, nke jupụtara na mmiri ozuzo n'ihi mmiri ozuzo karịrị nke ọma

Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Aha Ala nke Eastern Cape akpọsawo ebumnuche ya ịtụle mgbanwe aha site na aha ọchịchị, maka akụkụ osimiri ahụ nke na-eme ka ókèala dị n'etiti Eastern Cape na Free State, na aro ndị bụ IGqili ma ọ bụ Senqu.[13][14] Mgbasa ozi e tinyere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Aliwal Weekblad na-ekwu na "a na-eche na aha a dị ugbu a nwere njikọ siri ike na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmeri ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ma ya mere enweghị ọnọdụ n'okpuru ikike ọchịchị onye kwuo ike ugbu a".[14]

Grootslang

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N'akụkọ ọdịnala nke South Africa, a na-ejikọta Osimiri Orange na Grootslang, ihe e kere eke a na-akọ n'akụkọ ifo nke yiri nnukwu agwọ. A na-ejikọtakwa ya na dayamọnd ndị a na-ahụ n'ájá na nkume ndị mmiri osimiri na-eburu. A na-ekwu na Grootslang bi n'ime ọgba jupụtara na nkume dị oké ọnụ ahịa, nke ejikọtara na Osimiri Orange site n'okporo mmiri eke nke dayamọnd ndị ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-abanye n'ime osimiri ahụ.Ebe ndị ọzọ a na-ekwu na ha bụ ebe Grootslang na-ebi gụnyere ọdọ mmiri dị n'okpuru King George Cataract na Aughrabies Falls, nke a na-ekwukwa na ọ bụ ebe dayamọnd si apụta,[1] nakwa nnukwu nkume dị n'etiti osimiri ahụ n'onwe ya. N'ụdị a nke akụkọ ifo ahụ, a na-ekwukwa na Grootslang na-achụ ma na-eri ehi ndị na-ata ahịhịa n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ.[15].[16]

Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba

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Àkwà Mmiri General Hertzog n'elu Osimiri Orange na Aliwal North n'ókè ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ na Free State: Rịba ama ihe ndị fọdụrụ na Frere Bridge n'aka ekpe.

Dị ka isi iyi mmiri maka ọtụtụ ndị South Africa, Osimiri Orange na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwado ọrụ ugbo, ụlọ ọrụ, na igwu ala. Iji nyere aka na nke a, e mepụtara nnukwu atụmatụ mmiri abụọ, Orange River Project na Lesotho Highlands Water Project. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, osimiri ahụ keere òkè dị mkpa na South African diamond rush, na diamond mbụ na mba ahụ ka a chọtara na alluvial deposits na Orange. Taa, ebe a na-egwupụta diamond na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ ikpeazụ nke Osimiri Orange na gburugburu ọnụ ya, ebe e nyere ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ikike na ikikere maka nchọpụta mmanụ na gas. [17]

N'ihi enweghị anụmanụ dị ize ndụ na oke mmiri n'oge ọkọchị, a na-eji osimiri ahụ eme ihe maka ntụrụndụ na rafting. Orange River rafting aghọwo ihe a ma ama n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-eji ogige ha n'akụkụ osimiri iji rụọ ọrụ. Njem ndị kachasị ewu ewu bụ njem osimiri ụbọchị anọ na ụbọchị isii nke na-ewere ọnọdụ ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ndagwurugwu dị n'okpuru Augrabies Falls ma ọ bụ na mpaghara Richtersveld.[18]

Ọrụ Osimiri Orange

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Orange River Project (ORP) bụ otu n'ime nnukwu ọrụ na nke kachasị mma nke ụdị ya na South Africa. Ọ bụ gọọmentị Hendrik Verwoerd wuru ya n'oge Oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. E wuru ORP iji mebie mmiri nke Osimiri Orange - nke, na-enweghị Osimiri Vaal, na-anọchite anya ihe dị ka 14.1% nke ngụkọta mmiri na South Africa - na n'ime usoro ahụ, iji gboo mkpa na-arịwanye elu maka mmiri. Ebumnuche ndị bụ isi nke ọrụ ahụ bụ: [19][20]

  • iji mee ka mmiri na-asọsi ike,
  • mmepụta na nnyefe nke ike eletrik mmiri,
  • iji nye ndị ọrụ mmiri a pụrụ ịdabere na ya na ndagwurugwu Osimiri Orange, na
  • iji nye ndụ ọhụrụ na mpaghara ndị na-enweghị mmiri na Eastern Cape, dị ka Great Fish na Sundays River valleys.

Gariep Dam, nke dị nso na Colesberg, bụ ebe kachasị ukwuu a na-echekwa mmiri n'ime usoro Osimiri Orange.Site na dam a, a na-ebuga mmiri n'akụkụ abụọ:N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ, mmiri na-eso Osimiri Orange gaa n'ihu (na-agafe ebe a na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik site n'ike mmiri) ruo Vanderkloof Dam.N'akụkụ ndịda, a na-ebufe mmiri ahụ site na Orange–Fish Tunnel ruo ógbè Eastern Cape.

Gariep Dam nke dị na Osimiri Orange bụ nnukwu mmiri na South Africa, ọ bụkwa akụkụ dị mkpa nke Orange River Project.

Mmiri eletrik

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Eskom na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na Gariep Dam na Vanderkloof Dam. Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik mmiri dị na Vanderkloof Dam bụ ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletriki mbụ na South Africa nke dị kpamkpam n'okpuru ala. E guzobere obodo Oviston na Oranjekrag iji mee ka iwu na ịrụ ọrụ nke akụrụngwa ọhụrụ dị mfe.[21]

Nlegharị anya n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mmiri ahụ, na mmiri na-abanye na Oviston

Ịgba mmiri

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Ubi vaịn dị n'Osimiri Orange
Ọrụ ịgba mmiri dị iche iche n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ

Ịgba mmiri n'ebe sara mbara dị n'okpuru mmiri nke Vanderkloof Dam, nke mere ka ọtụtụ puku hekta nke ala kpọrọ nkụ ghọọ ala ọrụ ugbo na-amị mkpụrụ nke ukwuu, mere ka o kwe omume site na iwu Gariep na Vanderk loof Dam. Atụmatụ ịgba mmiri ochie dị ka ndị dị na Buchuberg, Upington, Kakamas, na Vioolsdrif enwetala uru n'ihi na ịchịkwa mmiri ahụ ga-ekwe omume ugbu a. N'akụkụ osimiri Namibia, Aussenkehr na-emepụta mkpụrụ vaịn site na enyemaka nke mmiri sitere na Orange.[22]

N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ebe ndị na-emepụta mmanya n'akụkụ Osimiri Orange amụbaala n'ịdị mkpa. Ịgba mmiri n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Cape enwetala nnukwu mmụba, ọ bụghị naanị site na mmiri a na-eme ka ọ dị, kamakwa n'ihi mmelite nke mmiri. Enweghị mmelite a, ndị ọrụ ugbo citrus nọ n'akụkụ Osimiri Lower Sundays ga-anọgide na-ata ahụhụ mmepụta ihe.[23][24]

Ọrụ Mmiri nke Highlands

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E chepụtara Lesotho Highlands Water Project iji gbakwunye mmiri na Vaal River System. A na-ebute mmiri na South Africa site na ọwa mbufe -agafe n'okpuru ókèala Lesotho South Africa na Osimiri Caledon, wee gaa n'okpuru Osimiri Little Caledon n'ebe ndịda Clarens na Free State, ma na-abanye na Osimiri Ash ihe dị ka kilomita 30 (19 mi) n'ebe ugwu. Atụmatụ ahụ ghọrọ ihe ga-ekwe omume mgbe mmiri achọrọ na Gauteng ruru ọkwa ndị a na-enweghịzi ike ịkwado n'ụzọ akụ na ụba site na atụmatụ nchekwa ọzọ dị ka Tugela River-Vaal River, nke jiri Sterkfontein Dam, nke dị nso na Harrismith na Free State.[25]

Diamonds nke mmiri na-asọ asọ

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N'afọ 1867, a chọtara diamond mbụ a chọtara na South Africa, Eureka Diamond, na nso Hopetown na Osimiri Orange. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, a chọtara diamond buru ibu nke a maara dị ka Star of South Africa n'otu ebe ahụ, na-akpata ọganihu diamond. N'oge na-adịghị anya, diamond rush na-aga na diamond mine kpọmkwem site na kimberlite na Kimberley na 1871, ọ bụ ezie na a nọgidere na-ahụ diamond alluvial na Orange. Taa, ọtụtụ ebe a na-egwupụta diamond na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ ikpeazụ nke osimiri ahụ, yana osimiri ndị gbara ọnụ ya gburugburu. Ebe a na-egwupụta diamond na-arụkwa ọrụ n'etiti osimiri ahụ.[26]

Rafting na Osimiri Orange bụ ọrụ ndị njem nleta na-ewu ewu.

Ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri na ịnya ụgbọ mmiri

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N'oge ọnwa dị jụụ nke Machị na Eprel, nyere ezigbo mmiri ozuzo na oghere nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-emeghe, onye na-agba ụgbọ mmiri (ma ọ bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụgbọ mmiri) nwere ike ịga kilomita 30 (19 mi) kwa ụbọchị. Ebe ndị dị ala nke osimiri ahụ kachasị ewu ewu, n'ihi ọdịdị ala mara mma. A na-enweta njem azụmahịa, njem ndị a na-esi n'obodo Vioolsdrif.[27]

Anụ Ọhịa

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Osimiri Orange enweghị nnukwu anụmanụ. Ọ dị n'èzí Agụ iyi Naịl, ọ bụ ezie na enyí dị ọtụtụ, a chụrụ ha na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Osimiri Orange nwere obere ụdị dị iche iche. Nnyocha site na 1995 ruo 2001 na Lower Orange River chọpụtara ụdị azụ 19 dị iche iche sitere na ezinụlọ asatọ dị iche iche. Ụdị abụọ na-abụghị nke ala e dekọrọ na nyocha ahụ bụ <i id="mwAe4">Cyprinus carpio</i> na Oreochromis mossambicus, nke ikpeazụ n'ime ha mụbara ngwa ngwa n'ụba kemgbe mmalite afọ 1980.[28] A na-ahụ ụdị ọzọ dị iche iche, rainbow trout, na isi mmiri nke osimiri na Lesotho.

Smallmouth yellowfish (Labeobarbus aeneus) bụ Azụ egwuregwu a ma ama nke dị na usoro Osimiri Orange-Vaal.

Ụdị asaa dị na usoro Osimiri Vaal-Orange: [29]

  • Azụ̀ catfish (Austroglanis sclateri)
  • Maluti redfin ma ọ bụ Maloti minnow (Pseudobarbus quathlambae)
  • Namaquab barb (Barbus hospes)
  • Osimiri sardine (Mesobola brevianalis)
  • Azụ̀ na-acha odo odo (Labeobarbus aeneus)
  • Nnukwu azụ na-acha odo odo (Labeobarbus kimberlyensis)
  • Azụ̀ Mudfish nke Osimiri Orange (Labeo capensis)
Twin Falls na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Augrabies Falls

Hụkwa

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  • Ndepụta osimiri dị na South Africa
  • Ndepụta nke osimiri ndị dị n'ókè mba ụwa
  • Ndepụta nke ịgafe Osimiri Orange

Edensibịa

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  1. ↑ Travel, Wild Africa. "Wild Africa Travel: Orange River". www.wildafricatravel.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
  2. ↑ "Orange River Basin". www.dwa.gov.za. Archived from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
  3. ↑ Doke, C.M (1972). Zulu-English Dictionary (in Bekee and Zulu). Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-85494-027-8.
  4. 1 2 "Orange River | Physical Features & Exploration | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica (in Bekee). Retrieved 2026-06-01.
  5. ↑ "Orange River | South African History Online". sahistory.org.za (in Bekee). Retrieved 2026-06-01.
  6. ↑ "Augrabies Falls National Park, South Africa - Cedarberg Africa". www.cedarberg-travel.com (in Bekee ndị United Kingdom). Retrieved 2026-06-09.
  7. ↑ Anderson, Mark D (September 2003). "Waterbird populations at the Orange River mouth from 1980–2001: a re-assessment of its Ramsar status". Ostrich (in Bekee). 74 (3–4): 159–172. doi:10.2989/00306520309485389. ISSN 0030-6525.
  8. ↑ "Orange River | South African History Online". sahistory.org.za (in Bekee). Retrieved 2026-06-09.
  9. ↑ The Orange-Senqu River Basin. Orange-Senqu River Commission (ORASECOM). 2015.
  10. ↑ "Hydrology of the Orange-Senqu Basin". Hydrological Sciences Journal.
  11. ↑ The Orange-Senqu River Basin. ORASECOM. 2015.
  12. 1 2 3 Earle, Anton et al. (2005), A preliminary basin profile of the Orange/Senqu River (pdf) Archived 28 Febụwarị 2008 at the Wayback Machine, African Centre for Water Research, retrieved 30 June 2007
  13. ↑ "New name looms for NC River". Diamond Fields Advertiser. 13 June 2013. p. 11.
  14. 1 2 "Statement by Afriforum on proposed name change of Orange River". Polity. 6 June 2013.
  15. ↑ Green, Lawrence G. (1948). Where Men Still Dream. Standard Press Ltd., Cape Town. pp. 125–126.
  16. ↑ Cornell, F. C. (1920). The Glamour of Prospecting. T. Fisher Unwin Ltd., London.
  17. ↑ Sowman, Merle (2023). "Mapping for justice: towards an accessible, transparent database of mining along the West Coast of South Africa". One Ocean Hub. Retrieved 8 June 2026.
  18. ↑ "4-Day Orange River Adventure". Orange River Rafting (in Bekee ndị America). Archived from the original on 2026-01-18. Retrieved 2026-06-09.
  19. ↑ "Orange River - People, Economy, Borders | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica (in Bekee). Retrieved 2026-06-09.
  20. ↑ "Research Portal". ujcontent.uj.ac.za. Retrieved 2026-06-09.
  21. ↑ "Vanderkloof Power Station - Heritage". www.eskom.co.za (in Bekee ndị America). 2023-11-06. Retrieved 2026-06-01.
  22. ↑ "Irrigation Project along the Orange River - NASA Science" (in Bekee ndị America). 2010-03-07. Retrieved 2026-06-01.
  23. ↑ "Wine in the desert". wine.co.za (in Bekee). 2025-01-30. Retrieved 2026-06-09.
  24. ↑ "The Scheme". GFRWUA (in Bekee). Retrieved 2026-06-09.
  25. ↑ "Lesotho Large-Scale Water Transfer Scheme Case Study". Internet Geography (in Bekee ndị United Kingdom). Retrieved 2026-06-01.
  26. ↑ "Eureka Diamond | History of Diamonds". Cairn Diamonds (in Bekee). Retrieved 2026-06-23.
  27. ↑ Butler, Graeme (1997-01-01). "A Study of Places Relating to Selected Historic Forest Themes in the North East Forest Region Victoria (excluding Box Ironbark Area". Volume 2: Place Reports.
  28. ↑ Næsje, T. F. (2007). Fish populations, gill net catches and gill net selectivity in the Lower Orange River, Namibia, from 1995 to 2001. Trondheim: NINR. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-82-426-1791-0.
  29. ↑ Beekman, Hans E. (2006-05-30). Facing the Facts: Assessing the Vulnerability of Africa's Water Resources to Environmental Change. UNEP/Earthprint. ISBN 978-92-807-2574-2.


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