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Osimiri Pangani

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Pangani River
Pangani River in Bushiri ward.
Map of River Pangani
Native nameMto Pangani (Swahili)
Location
Country Tanzania
RegionTanga Region, Arusha Region, Manyara Region, Kilimanjaro Region
DistrictArusha District Council, Meru District, Arusha City Council, Hai District, Moshi District, Mwanga District, Same District, Korogwe District, Korogwe Town, Muheza District, Pangani District,
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationArusha District, Arusha Region
Mouth 
 • location
Indian Ocean at the town of Pangani, Pangani District, Tanga Region
Length500km
Basin size43,650 km2 (16,850 sq mi)[1]
Discharge 
 • average27 m3/s (950 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries 
 • leftMkomazi; Luengera
 • rightLumoromo; Fukda; Mkalami
Atụmatụ Eletriki Pangani

Osimiri Pangani (Mto Pangani, na Swahili), (a na-akpọkwa ya Luffu na Jipe Ruvu, karịsịa n'ebe ndị ochie, ma eleghị anya a kpọrọ ya otu ugboro Rhaptus) bụ nnukwu osimiri nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Tanzania. O nwere isi iyi abụọ:[2] Ruvu, nke na-ebili dị ka Lumi na Kilimanjaro, gafere Ọdọ Mmiri Jipe, wee wụsa n'ime Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir, na Osimiri Kikuletwa, nke si n'ọdịda anyanwụ na-abịa ma osimiri nke Ugwu Meru dị na Mpaghara Arusha na-azụkarị ya, nke na-abanyekwa na Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir na Mpaghara Kilimanjaro. Ozugbo ha si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ pụta, iyi ahụ ghọrọ Pangani bụ́ isi, nke na-asọba n'ime Oké Osimiri India na Mpaghara Tanga n'obodo ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Tangan nke Pangani.[3]

Ruo ọtụtụ n'ogologo ya, osimiri ahụ na-asọfe n'ókèala mpaghara nke Mpaghara Kilimanjaro na Mpaghara Manyara, tupu ọ banye na Mpaghara Tanga, nke nwere Ọdụ Ọkụ Pangani nke dị 68 MW na Ọdọ Mmiri Pangani Falls. E nwere ọtụtụ agwaetiti ndị mmadụ bi n'ime osimiri ahụ. Osimiri ahụ jupụtara na agụ iyi; hippopotami dị ụkọ n'akụkụ ala ya.

Etymology nke aha ya

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Isi iyi Pangani sitere na Kilimanjaro, ebe ọ bụ Osimiri Lumi. A pụrụ iwere Ọdọ Mmiri Jipe dị ka mmiri dị n'azụ Lumi.[4] N'okpuru ọdọ mmiri Jipe na n'elu mmiri iyi mmiri, a na-akpọ osimiri ahụ "Ruvu".[5]

N'oge gara aga, a na-akpọ ụzọ isi gaa n'oké osimiri "Ruvu" na "Pangani".[6] Taa, a na-akpọ ya "Pangani" site na ebe nchekwa mmiri Nyumba ya Mungu ruo n'Oké Osimiri. Ọ bụ ezie na Swahili na-akpọ ya "Pangani" (nke pụtara kesaa ma ọ bụ hazie),[7] a na-akpọkwa ya "Luffu" site n'aka Wasambara (ndị si n'ógbè Nderema, n'ugwu atọ dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri) na Zigua (ndị bi n'agwaetiti osimiri ahụ).[3][5] Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị ọchịchị niile kwenyere na osimiri "Rhaptus" nke maapụ Ptolemy topographical bụ Pangani nke maapụ nke oge a.[8]

Ọdịdị ala

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Pangani ahụ dị 500 kilometres (310 mi) n'ogologo.[9]

Isi mmalite

Otu isi iyi nke osimiri ahụ na-ebili na Kilimanjaro, ihe dị ka 120 miles (190 km) site n'oké osimiri. A maara ya dị ka Lumi n'ógbè a, ụzọ ya na-agafe n'Ọdọ Mmiri Jipe. Nke ọzọ dị n'Ugwu Meru n'ọdịda anyanwụ, a makwaara ya dị ka Kikuletwa. Dịka osimiri niile dị n'Africa, omimi ya na-agbanwe agbanwe dịka oge si dị. Osimiri ahụ na-adị elu karịa n'ọnwa Mee, nke kacha ala na-adịkwa nso n'ọnwa Ọktoba. Ebe ọzọ bụ Saunyi River na Kilindi District.

Osimiri Pangani site na ngalaba Bushiri nke mpaghara Pangani
Ngalaba etiti

A na-eji ya aga obere ụgbọ mmiri dị n'etiti ọdọ mmiri ahụ na Höhnel Cataracts, usoro ọsọ mmiri.[10] N'okpuru Höhnel Cataracts, o nwere ọtụtụ mmiri mmiri, yana ọtụtụ agwaetiti nwere obodo nta dị na ha. Iyi mmiri ahụ siri ike karịa Koleni, n'ime maịlụ ise site na Pangani Waterfall, ebe osimiri ahụ dị warara. A naghị aga akụkụ a gaa n'ebe dị anya n'ihi mmiri ozuzo ahụ, nke dị ihe dị ka 30 miles (48 km) site n'ọnụ. Ihe dị ka 4 miles (6.4 km) site n'ọnụ, apịtị mangrove dị oke ọnụ kpuchiri ala dị larịị n'etiti ugwu ndị dị n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. N'ebe a, dị nso na Teufelsfelsen, e nwere ala dị elu, ebe na-eme nri nke ọma, na ala kpọrọ nkụ Masai Steppe.[9] N'akụkụ a bụ Ugwu Kovu Kovu, 360 feet (110 m) n'ịdị elu, ebe n'akụkụ ndịda bụ ugwu 400 feet (120 m) dị elu. Pombwe, otu n'ime ebe obibi ndị bụ isi dị n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ, dị ihe dị ka 1 mile (1.6 km) n'ọdịda anyanwụ Kovu Kovu. N'elu Pombwe, osisi nkwụ nke dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka na-eto, ebe n'okpuru Pombwe, osisi ndị a bụ osisi areca na aki oyibo.[11] Obodo Lemkuna na obodo nta Ngage dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke osimiri ahụ, ebe Mvungwe na Meserani dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ ya.[12]

Ọnụ

Ọnụ ahụ dị 52 kilometres (32 mi) n'ebe ndịda Tanga.[7] Osimiri ahụ jupụtara n'oké osimiri ruo ebe dị anya site na 22 miles (35 km) site n'ọnụ ụzọ mbata ahụ.[11] Akụkụ ndịda nke ọnụ ụzọ ámá ahụ nwere akara nke bluff kwụ ọtọ aha ya bụ Bweni, ihe dị ka 200 feet (61 m) elu; e nwere obodo nwere otu aha ahụ, Bweni, dị ebe a. Akụkụ ugwu nke ọnụ ụzọ ámá ahụ bụ osimiri ájá dị larịị nke si n'isi mmiri ahụ pụta. E nwere ọtụtụ ebe obibi n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá ahụ, abụọ dị n'ebe ugwu na abụọ dị n'akụkụ ndịda. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, obodo Pangani, nke dị n'akụkụ aka ekpe nke osimiri ahụ, nwere aha ọma maka ahụ ọkụ.[13] N'ebe osimiri ahụ dị, n'akụkụ obodo Pangani, ọ dị ihe dịka 600 feet (180 m) n'obosara, ọ dịkwa omimi karịa 12–15 feet (3.7–4.6 m).

Osimiri ndị na-asọ asọ

Ọtụtụ mmiri si n'ugwu Pare, ugwu Usambara na ọhịa Wasegiia bịa na-esonyere Pangani n'ụzọ ya. Ndị a gụnyere Kibaya, Komkuza, Kwachigulu, Kwamwadyau na Mnyusi.[14]

Hydrometry

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A tụrụ nkezi mmiri Pangani kwa ọnwa n'ọdụ mmiri dị na Korogwe Estate, ihe dị ka kilomita 110 n'elu ọnụ na m³ / s (1959–77).[15] Mmiri Pangani na-akpali oge, dịka ọtụtụ osimiri dị na mpaghara ahụ.

Pangani Basin

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Pangani Basin (PB) bụ otu n'ime ebe ndọba mmiri itoolu dị na Tanzania. Site n'ugwu ugwu ruo n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Tanzania, PB dị ihe dịka 56,300 square kilometres (21,700 sq mi) n'ogo, nke 4,880 square kilometres (1,880 sq mi) dị n'ime Kenya.[16] E nwere obere ọdọ mmiri ise dị n'okpuru mmiri ahụ: Osimiri Pangani (43,650 square kilometres (16,850 sq mi)), Osimiri Umba (8,070 square kilometres (3,120 sq mi)), Osimiri Msangazi (5,030 square kilometres (1,940 sq mi)), Osimiri Zigi, na Osimiri Mkulumuzi tinyere osimiri ndị ọzọ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri (2,080 square kilometres (800 sq mi)).[17] Ihe ndị a niile na-abanye n'ime oke osimiri India.[18]

E guzobere Pangani Basin Water Board (PBWB) na Julaị 1991 n'okpuru Iwu Iji Mmiri (Njikwa na Iwu) Nke 42 nke 1974. Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Moshi dị na Mpaghara Kilimanjaro. Ụlọ ọrụ abụọ ndị ọzọ dị na Arusha na Tanga.[18] PBWB nwere ndị ọkachamara iri sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze na LGA nkeonwe, UWSA, na kọmitii ndị ọzọ.

Usoro osimiri ahụ nọ n'okpuru nrụgide n'ihi ojiji mmiri na-adịghị mma na oke oke nke mmiri ya. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-adabere n'osimiri maka ịgba mmiri. Ọrụ ndị e mere n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ emeela ka mmiri na-asọfe n'osimiri ahụ site na ọtụtụ narị cubic mita kwa sekọnd gaa na ihe na-erughị 40 cubic metres per second (1,400 cu ft/s). Nke a emetụtala obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, bụ́ ndị hụworo mbelata dị ukwuu n'ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ̀ na mbata mmiri nnu[19] Na 2002, e guzobere Ọrụ Njikwa Osimiri Pangani iji jikwaa akụ mmiri nke mpaghara ahụ. Ọ na-enweta enyemaka teknụzụ site n'aka International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), SNV Netherlands Development Organisation, German Development Organisation GIZ na otu na-abụghị nke gọọmentị ime obodo PAMOJA.[19] Ọrụ a na-enwetakwa ego site n'aka gọọmentị Tanzania, IUCN, European Commission, na Global Environment Facility site na United Nations Development Programme.[19]

Azụmahịa

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E nwere ọtụtụ azụmaahịa ebe a, ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu ma na-ebudata n'osimiri ahụ. A na-ebuga ihe ọkụkụ n'osimiri ahụ, karịsịa n'elu ụgbọ mmiri e ji osisi Moale mee, a na-agbaji ha wee ghọọ ihe a na-azụ ahịa. N'afọ 1878, a kọrọ na ihe ọkụkụ a na-akọkarị n'akụkụ osimiri bụ shuga.[13]

Ntụaka

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  1. ↑ Pangani basin: a situation analysis. 2003. ISBN 9782831707600. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
  2. ↑ "Entry "Pangani" in the German Koloniallexikon". Archived from the original on 2014-10-11. Retrieved 2011-12-10. {{cite cite web}}: More than one of |accessdate= and |access-date= specified (help); More than one of |archivedate= and |archive-date= specified (help); More than one of |archiveurl= and |archive-url= specified (help)
  3. 1 2 THE CHRISTIAN MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCER (Now in the public domain. ed.). 1852. pp. 93–. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  4. ↑ Meyer, Hans (1891). Across East African glaciers: an account of the first ascent of Kilimanjaro. G. Philip & son. pp. 321–. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
  5. 1 2 New, Charles (1875). "Journey from the Pangani, via Wadigo, to Mombasa". Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 19 (5): 317–323. doi:10.2307/1799979. JSTOR 1799979.
  6. ↑ cf the map Sheet SB 37/2, Series Y401, by War Office 1946 of 1946 and this map from 1960 Sheet SB-37-2 Series Y503, Edition 1-TSD, Published by the Survey Division, Ministry of Lands, Survey and Water, Tanganyika 1960, both showing "Pangani or Ruvu River" as name
  7. 1 2 Hodd, Michael (22 March 2002). East Africa handbook. pp. 383–. ISBN 978-1-900949-65-1. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
  8. ↑ Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain) (1891). Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and monthly record of geography (Now in the public domain. ed.). Edward Stanford. pp. 524–. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  9. 1 2 "Pangani Basin". IWMNet. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2011. {{cite cite web}}: More than one of |accessdate= and |access-date= specified (help); More than one of |archivedate= and |archive-date= specified (help); More than one of |archiveurl= and |archive-url= specified (help)
  10. ↑ Lewin, Evans (1924). Africa (Now in the public domain. ed.). Clarendon press. p. 108. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
  11. 1 2 United States. Hydrographic Office (1916). Africa Pilot: South and east coasts of Africa from Cape of Good Hope to Ras Hafun (Now in the public domain. ed.). Hydrographic office under the authority of the secretary of the navy. pp. 392–. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  12. ↑ Catchment ecosystems and downstream water : the value of water resources in the Pangani basin, Tanzania. IUCN. pp. 34–. ISBN 978-955-8177-49-5. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
  13. 1 2 Great Britain. Hydrographic Office (1878). Africa pilot: South and east coasts of Africa, from the Cape of Good Hope to Cape Guardafui, including the islands in Mozambique Channel (Now in the public domain ed.). Printed for the Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. pp. 327, 328–. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  14. ↑ Journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. Staples and Staples, Ltd. 1959. p. 40. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  15. ↑ GRDC - The Pangani in Korogwe
  16. ↑ Bhatt, Yogesh Chandra; Bossio, Deborah; Enfors, E.; Gordon, L.; Kongo, V.; Kosgei, J. R.; Makurira, H.; Masuki, K.; Mul, M.; Tumbo, S. D. (2006). Smallholder system innovations in integrated watershed management (SSI): Strategies of water for food and environmental security in drought-prone tropical and subtropical agro-ecosystems. International Water Management Institute. p. 10. ISBN 978-92-9090-634-6. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  17. ↑ "Pangani Basin Water Board". Mini Grids Information Portal. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2018. {{cite cite web}}: More than one of |accessdate= and |access-date= specified (help); More than one of |archivedate= and |archive-date= specified (help); More than one of |archiveurl= and |archive-url= specified (help)
  18. 1 2 "Pangani Basin". Pangani Basin Water Board. Archived from the original on 2011-10-21. Retrieved 9 October 2011. {{cite cite web}}: More than one of |accessdate= and |access-date= specified (help); More than one of |archivedate= and |archive-date= specified (help); More than one of |archiveurl= and |archive-url= specified (help)
  19. 1 2 3 "Pangani River Basin". International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 July 2018.

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