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Osimiri Tana (Kenya)

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Osimiri Tana (Kenya)
main stem, osimiri
Mmalite nke usoro mmiriAberdare Range Dezie
Ọnụ ụzọ mmiriÒrìmìlì India Dezie
TributaryOsimiri Thika, Osimiri Kathita Dezie
Mba/obodoKenya Dezie
Nhazi ọnọdụ2°31′54″S 40°31′40″E Dezie
Map
 

Osimiri Tana bụ osimiri kachasị ogologo na Kenya, a na-akpọkwa ya Osimiri Sagana na mpaghara Ugwu Kenya ma nye aha ya Obodo Osimiri Tana.[1] Ogologo ya dị ihe dị ka kilomita 1000, ebe mmiri ya dị ihe dị ka kilomita 100,000, enwere ike kewaa ya n'ime isi mmiri na Tana dị ala nke mejupụtara akụkụ dị n'okpuru ala Kora ebe osimiri ahụ na-asọ ihe dị ka kilomita 700 site na mbara ala kpọrọ nkụ.[2] Osimiri ya gụnyere ụfọdụ osimiri dị mkpa na Mpaghara Etiti dịka Thika, Osimiri Ragati, Nyamindi, Thiba, Mathioya, Chania, Thuci na Mutonga. The river rises from Mt Kenya in Nyeri. Ọ na-amalite ịgbaga ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ tupu ọ tụgharịa gaa ndịda gburugburu massif nke Ugwu Kenya wee gbadaa ruo Oké Osimiri India.

N'okpuru dams, osimiri ahụ na-atụgharị gaa n'ebe ugwu ma na-asọfe n'ókèala ugwu-ndịda n'etiti Meru na Ugwu Kitui na Bisanadi, Kora na Rabole National Reserve. N'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri ahụ, osimiri ahụ na-atụgharị ọwụwa anyanwụ, wee gaa ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ọ na-agafe obodo ndị dị na Garissa, Hola na Garsen tupu ọ banye na Oké Osimiri India na mpaghara Ungwana Bay-Kipini, na njedebe nke osimiri delta nke ruru ihe dị ka kilomita iri atọ site n'ọnụ osimiri ahụ n'onwe ya.[1] Ọ na-agafe n'ebe kpọrọ nkụ ma na-agba mmiri n'ala gbara ya gburugburu.

Mmiri mmiri kwa afọ karịrị nde 5,000 cubic mita (MCM) na nkezi, mana ọ na-agbanwe nke ukwuu ma n'ime na n'ime afọ niile, ọ na-agụnyekwa oge idei mmiri abụọ kwa afọ. N'agbata afọ 1944 na 1978, nkezi mmiri zuru oke (na Garissa) bụ MCM 6,105, nke dị iche site na naanị MCM 1,789 na 1949 ruo MCM 13,342 na 1968.[3] N'oge 1982-1996, mmiri kwa afọ dị n'elu 5,000 MCM.[4] A na-esi n'osimiri ahụ enweta mmiri site na ọrụ ịgba mmiri ndị a dị mkpa: Ọrụ Ịgba Mmiri N'Ala na Ịkwụ Ala na Bura, Atụmatụ Ịgba Mmiri N'Ala na Tana na Ọrụ Ịgba Mmiri N'Ala na Tana Delta.[5]

E nwere ihe akaebe na-egosi na mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-emebi Osimiri Tana na ebe obibi ya.[6][7][8]

Dam

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E wuru ọtụtụ dam mmiri hydroelectric (Ụlọ ọrụ Seven Forks Hydro Stations ma ọ bụ Seven Forks Scheme) n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. Ndị a gụnyere (n'usoro e si agbaze) Masinga Dam (e nyere ọrụ na 1981 nke nwere ikike arụnyere nke 40MW), Mdam Kamburu (1974, 94.20MW), Mdam Gitaru (1978, 225.25MW), Mdam Kindaruma (1968, 72MW) na Mdam Kiambere (1988, 168MW).[9][10] en[11][12] Ọdọ Mmiri Masinga na Ọdọ Mmiri Kiambere, nke Masinga na Kiambere dam mepụtara n'otu n'otu, na-arụ ọrụ abụọ: ike mmiri na ọkụ eletrik (HEP) mmepụta na ịgba mmiri n'ọrụ ugbo. A na-eji atọ ndị ọzọ eme ihe nanị maka mmepụta HEP. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2003 gosiri na usoro ihe mgbochi mmiri dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Tana nyere ụzọ abụọ n'ime atọ nke mkpa ọkụ eletrik nke Kenya. Ọtụtụ mmadụ kwenyere na mmiri dị n'okpuru osimiri a dị n'okpuru ya, mana ọ dịghị otú ahụ.[13] A na-enye ọkụ eletrik ahụ na sistemụ grid mba ma kesaa ya n'ofe mba ahụ site na usoro nke obere ọdụ, transformer na waya.[14]

Aha ndị yiri ya

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A na-akpọ ụdị anụ abụọ dị n'Africa aha Osimiri Tana: Mochlus tanae na Myriopholis tanae.[15][16]

Leekwa

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Edensibia

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  1. 1 2 Nakaegawa T., Wachana C. and KAKUSHIN Team-3 Modeling Group. (2012). "First impact assessment of hydrological cycle in the Tana River Basin, Kenya, under a changing climate in the late 21st Century," Hydrological Research Letters, 6, pp. 29–34. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid parameter "=nakaegawa2012" in <ref> tag. The supported parameters are: details, dir, follow, group, name.
  2. ↑ (Omengo, Fred & Geeraert, Naomi & Bouillon, Steven & Govers, Gerard. (2016). Sediment deposition patterns in a tropical floodplain, Tana River, Kenya. Catena. 143. 57–69. 10.1016/j.catena.2016.03.024.)
  3. ↑ Hughes, F. (1990). "The Influence of Flooding Regimes on Forest Distribution and Composition in the Tana River Floodplain, Kenya," Journal of Applied Ecology, 27(2), pp. 475–491.
  4. ↑ Maingi, J.K. and Marsh, S.E. (2002). "Quantifying hydrologic impacts following dam construction along the Tana River, Kenya," Journal of Arid Environments, 50, pp. 53–79.
  5. ↑ Government of Kenya 2007. Kenya Vision 2030: a Globally Competitive and Prosperous Kenya.
  6. ↑ Jenkins, Rhosanna L. M.; Warren, Rachel F.; Price, Jeff T. (2021-07-21). "Addressing risks to biodiversity arising from a changing climate: The need for ecosystem restoration in the Tana River Basin, Kenya". PLOS ONE (in Bekee). 16 (7) e0254879. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1654879J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254879. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8294490. PMID 34288974.
  7. ↑ Muthuwatta, Lal; Sood, Aditya; McCartney, Matthew; Silva, Nishchitha Sandeepana; Opere, Alfred (2018-06-05). "Understanding the Impacts of Climate Change in the Tana River Basin, Kenya". Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (in English). 379. Copernicus GmbH: 37–42. Bibcode:2018PIAHS.379...37M. doi:10.5194/piahs-379-37-2018. hdl:10568/96602. S2CID 51999648.{{cite cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  8. ↑ Nakaegawa, Tosiyuki; Wachana, Calistus (2012). "First impact assessment of hydrological cycle in the Tana River Basin, Kenya, under a changing climate in the late 21st Century". Hydrological Research Letters. 6: 29–34. Bibcode:2012HRL.....6...29N. doi:10.3178/hrl.6.29.
  9. ↑ Adams, W.M.; Hughes, F.M.R. (1986). "The environmental effects of dam construction in tropical Africa: Impacts and planning procedures". Geoforum. 17 (3–4): 403–410. doi:10.1016/0016-7185(86)90007-2.
  10. ↑ Galadin, H.; Bidault, N.; Stephen, L.; Watkins, B.; Dilley, M.; Mutunga, N. (2006). "Reducing the Impacts of Floods through Early Warning and Preparedness: A Pilot Study for Kenya" (PDF). Arnold, Chen, Deichmann, Dilley, Lerner-Lam, Pullen, and Trohanis. Natural Disaster Hotspots Case Studies. The World Bank. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
  11. ↑ "KenGen".
  12. ↑ "Hydropower Stations in Kenya - energypedia".
  13. ↑ "Tana River, Kenya: integrating downstream values into hydropower planning" (PDF). Case Studies in Wetland Valuation #6. International Union for Conservation of Nature. May 2003. Retrieved 2012-06-24.
  14. ↑ "KenGen increases hydropower output". Daily Nation (in Bekee). Retrieved 2020-02-21.
  15. ↑ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Tana", p. 260).
  16. ↑ Malonza, Patrick K.; Wasonga, Victor D.; Muchai, Vincent; Rotich, Damaris; Bwong, Beryl A.; Bauer, Aaron M. (July 2006). "Diversity and Biogeography of Herpetofauna of the Tana River Primate National Reserve, Kenya". Journal of East African Natural History (in Bekee). 95 (2). doi:10.2982/0012-8317(2006)95[95:DABOHO]2.0.CO;2.full. ISSN 1026-1613. Archived from the original on 2022-01-20.

Ịgụkwu ihe

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Njikọ mpụga

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