Ozizi nke ịbịanye aka
Ozizi nke mbinye aka, nke malitere n’oge Dioscorides na Galen, na-ekwu na ahịhịa ndị yiri akụkụ ahụ́ dị iche iche pụrụ iji ahịhịa agwọ ọrịa n’akụkụ ahụ́ ndị ahụ. Nkwenye nke nkà mmụta okpukpe, dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ dị ka William Coles si kwuo, bụ na Chineke gaara achọ igosi ụmụ mmadụ ihe osisi ga-aba uru.
Taa, a tụlere pseudoscience,[1] [ka mma dị mkpa chọrọ] omume ahụ ebutela ọtụtụ ọnwụ na ọrịa siri ike n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-ejikarị birthwort (nke a na-akpọ n'ihi ọdịdị ya na akpanwa) maka afọ ime, mana ọ bụ ọrịa carcinogenic na-emebi akụrụ, n'ihi ọdịnaya nke aristolochic acid.[2]. Dị ka ihe nchebe megide predation, ọtụtụ osisi nwere kemịkal na-egbu egbu, nke omume ya na-apụtaghị ozugbo, ma ọ bụ na-ejikọta ya na osisi ahụ karịa ihe ndị ọzọ.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Echiche a sitere n'oge Dioscorides na Galen. Paracelsus (1493-1541) mepụtara echiche ahụ, na-ede na "Nature na-egosi uto ọ bụla ... dịka uru ọgwụgwọ ya si dị", [1] Giambattista della Porta sochiri ya na Phytognomonica ya (1588).
Ihe odide nke Jakob Böhme (1575-1624) gbasaa ozizi nke mbinye aka. Ọ tụrụ aro na Chineke ji akara, ma ọ bụ "mbanye aka", mee ihe maka ebumnuche ha.[2]A na-eche na osisi ndị nwere akụkụ ndị yiri akụkụ ahụ mmadụ, anụmanụ, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ihe bara uru na akụkụ ndị ahụ, anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ndị ahụ. A pụkwara ịchọpụta "mkpịsị aka" mgbe ụfọdụ na gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ebe ụfọdụ osisi na-eto. Akwụkwọ Böhme dere n'afọ 1621 bụ The Signature of All Things nyere nkuzi ahụ aha ya.[1] Onye dibịa na ọkà ihe ọmụma Bekee Sir Thomas Browne n'okwu ya The Garden of Cyrus (1658) na-eji usoro Quincunx dị ka ihe atụ nke 'ozizi nke mbinye aka' nke na-emetụta imewe nke ogige na ubi mkpụrụ osisi, botany na Macrocosm n'ozuzu.
Onye ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ nke narị afọ nke iri na asaa bụ William Coles chere na Chineke emeela 'Herbes maka iji mmadụ mee ihe, ma nye ha akara aka ụfọdụ, nke mmadụ nwere ike ịgụ ... iji ha mee ihe.' [1] Coles's The Art of Simpling and Adam in Eden, kwuru na walnuts dị mma maka ịgwọ ọrịa isi n'ihi na n'echiche ya, "ha nwere akara aka zuru oke nke isi". Banyere Hypericum, o dere, "Otu oghere ndị akwụkwọ Saint Johns wort jupụtara, yiri oghere niile nke akpụkpọ ahụ, ya mere ọ bara uru maka ihe mgbu na ọnyá niile nwere ike ime n'ebe ahụ".[2]
E mere nkwupụta nkà mmụta okpukpe maka nkà ihe ọmụma a: "A tụgharịrị uche na Onye Pụrụ Ime Ihe Niile ga-etinye akara ya n'ụzọ dị iche iche nke ịgwọ ọrịa ọ nyere". [5]
Maka onye na-ekiri oge ochie, ụwa okike nwere ihe oyiyi nke chi: 'dị ka n'elu, n'okpuru ebe a,' ụkpụrụ Hermetic gosipụtara dị ka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti macrocosm na microcosm; A na-asụgharị ụkpụrụ ahụ sicut na terra. Michel Foucault kwuputara ojiji nke nkuzi nke mbinye aka, nke mere ka ihe atụ dị adị n'ezie na karịa ka ọ dị n'anya ọgbara ọhụrụ:
Mkpịsị aka nke ụfọdụ osisi eji eme ọgwụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Echiche nke mbinye aka gosipụtara na aha ndị a na-ahụkarị nke ụfọdụ osisi ndị ọdịdị na ụcha ha na-echetara ndị na-ahụ maka ọgwụ akụkụ ahụ ebe a na-eche na ha na-eme nke ọma, dịka ọmụmaatụ:
- Eyebright, nke a na-eji maka ọrịa anya [1]
- Hedge woundwort, nke a na-eche na ọ nwere àgwà antiseptic[3]
- Liverwort, ma ọ bụ Marchantiophyta ma ọ bụ Hepatica - nke a na-eji agwọ imeju [7]
- Lungwort - eji maka ọrịa akpa ume [4]
- Spleenwort, Asplenium - nke a na-eji agwọ ọkpụkpụ [5]
- Toothwort, Dentaria - eji eme ihe maka ọrịa ezé
Enwere ike ịchọta echiche ndị yiri ozizi nke mbinye aka na ọgwụ ọdịnala ma ọ bụ nke ụmụ amaala, na Ọgwụ ndị ọzọ nke oge a. [citation needed]
N'akwụkwọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Okwu ahụ bụ "ntinye aka nke ihe niile" pụtara na mmalite nke ihe omume nke 3 na akwụkwọ akụkọ James Joyce bụ Ulysses. Onye Stephen Dedalus na-agagharị n'ụsọ osimiri, na-eche n'onwe ya "Ihe ngosi nke ihe niile m nọ ebe a iji gụọ, seaspawn na seawrack, ebili mmiri na-abịanụ, buutu ahụ na-agba nchara". Onye Canada na-ede uri Anne Szumigalski, 1922-1999, kpọrọ nchịkọta nke atọ ya zuru oke Doctrine of Signatures.
Obi abụọ sayensị
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-akọwa mbinye aka ahụ dị ka njirimara post hoc na mnemonics, [6] nke bara uru naanị n'ịmepụta usoro maka icheta omume ndị a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ahịhịa ọgwụ. Enweghị ihe akaebe sayensị na ọdịdị osisi na ụcha na-enyere aka na nchọpụta nke ojiji ọgwụ nke osisi.[6]
Nkọwa ọzọ bụ na uche mmadụ, n'ịgbalị ịchọta usoro iji kọwaa ihe omume, mgbe enweghị ihe ọmụma sayensị zuru oke, na-agagharị na anthropomorphism.[7]
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Tebụl nke akwụkwọ ozi anwansi
- Ime anwansi nwere ọmịiko
- Njehie Okike
- Ihe osise
Edemsibia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Doctrine of Signatures. Science Museum. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved on February 8, 2014.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Pearce, J.M.S. (May 16, 2008). "The Doctrine of Signatures". European Neurology 60 (1): 51–52. DOI:10.1159/000131714. PMID 18520149. Retrieved on August 31, 2008.
- ↑ McDougal, Kevin (2013). Hedge Woundwort. Archived from the original on December 15, 2013. Retrieved on February 8, 2014.
- ↑ The Tudors. Birmingham Botanical Gardens. Archived from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved on 11 November 2014.
- ↑ Irvine (1860). The Phytologist: A Botanical Journal, Volume 4. William Pamplin. “As late as 1657 we find William Coles, who was a herbarist ... speaking of Spleenwort, or Miltwort, tells us that the learned Crollius, amongst the signatures of parts, doth set down Ceterach to have the signature of the spleen, and that therefore it is profitable for all diseases thereof;”
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Bennett (2007). "Doctrine of Signatures: An Explanation of Medicinal Plant Discovery or Dissemination of Knowledge?". Economic Botany 61 (3): 246–255. DOI:[246:DOSAEO2.0.CO;2 10.1663/0013-0001(2007)61[246:DOSAEO]2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 0013-0001. Retrieved on 2008-08-31.
- ↑ Buchanan (2014). The Doctrine of Signatures, A Defence of Theory in Medicine. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0415614153.