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Patrick Pearse

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Patrick Pearse
Pádraig Mac Piarais
Born
Dublin, Ireland
Died
Kilmainham Gaol, Dublin, Ireland
Cause of death
Execution by firing squad
Other namePádraig Pearse
EducationCBS Westland Row
Alma materUniversity College Dublin
King's Inns
Occupation
  • Onye nkuzi
  • onyeisi ụlọ akwụkwọ
  • ọkaiwu
  • onye na-akwado ndị otu Republican
  • onye na-ede uri
MotherMargaret Brady
Military career
AllegianceIrish Republic
ServiceIrish Volunteers
Years of service1913–1916
RankCommandant
Commands
  • Onyeisi nke Òtù, Ndị Ọrụ Afọ Ofufo nke Ireland
  • Onyeisi ndị agha nke Ireland Republic
ConflictsEaster Rising
Memorials
Signature

Patrick Henry Pearse (a makwaara dị ka Pádraig ma ọ bụ Pádraic Pearse; Irish: Pádraig Anraí Mac Piarais; 10 Nọvemba 1879 – 3 Mee 1916) bụ onye nkuzi Irish, ọkaiwu, onye na-ede uri, onye edemede, onye na-ahụ maka mba, Republican onye na-akwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye mgbanwe ọchịchị onye so n'ime ndị ndu nke Easter Rising na 1916. Mgbe e gbusịrị ya na mmadụ iri na ise ndị ọzọ, ọtụtụ mmadụ hụrụ Pearse dị ka onye mere nnupụisi ahụ.

Ndụ mbụ na mmetụta ya

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27 Pearse Street, ebe amụrụ Patrick na Willie Pearse

A mụrụ Pearse, nwanne ya nwoke Willie, na ụmụnne ya nwanyị Margaret na Mary Brigid na 27 Great Brunswick Street, Dublin, okporo ámá a kpọrọ aha ha taa.[2][3] Ọ bụ ebe a ka nna ha, James Pearse, hiwere azụmaahịa nkume n'afọ 1850,[4] azụmahịa nke gara nke ọma ma nye Pearses ọzụzụ dị mma maka ndị nọ n'ọkwa etiti.[5] Nna Pearse bụ onye na-akpụ ihe na onye na-akpụ ihe dị egwu, na mbụ ọ bụ Unitarian si Birmingham na England.[6] Nne ya, Margaret Brady, si Dublin, ezinụlọ nna ya bụkwa ndị na-asụ asụsụ Irish si County Meath. Ọ bụ nwunye nke abụọ nke James; James mụrụ ụmụ abụọ, Emily na James, site na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya (ụmụ abụọ ndị ọzọ nwụrụ mgbe ha bụ nwata). Nna nne Pearse bụ́ Patrick, onye kwadoro mmegharị nke afọ 1848 Young Ireland, ma mesịa bụrụ onye otu Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB). Pearse chetara otu onye na-abụ abụ balad bịara nleta na-abụ abụ ndị Republican n'oge ọ bụ nwata; Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gara gburugburu na-achọ ndị agha dị njikere ịlụ ọgụ, mana ọ hụghị nke ọ bụla, o kwuru n'ụzọ dị mwute nye nna nna ya na "ndị Fenians niile anwụọla". Nwanne nna nne ya, James Savage, lụrụ ọgụ n'agha obodo Agha Obodo Amerịka.[7] Mmetụta nke nwanne nne Pearse bụ Margaret, onye na-asụ asụsụ Irish, tinyere agụmakwụkwọ ya na CBS Westland Row, tinyere ịhụnanya mbụ ya maka asụsụ Irish na omenala.[8]

Pearse toro n'ime akwụkwọ gbara ya gburugburu.[9] Nna ya agụghị akwụkwọ nke ọma, mana ọ gụrụ onwe ya akwụkwọ;[10] Pearse chetara na mgbe ọ dị afọ iri, o kpere ekpere nye Chineke, na-ekwe nkwa ịrara ndụ ya nye nnwere onwe nke ndị Ireland.[11] Ndị dike mbụ nke Pearse bụ oge ochie ndị dike Gaelic dị ka Cúchulainn, ọ bụ ezie na mgbe ọ dị afọ iri atọ, ọ malitere inwe mmasị siri ike n'ebe ndị ndu nke mmegharị Republican gara aga nọ, dịka United Irishmen Theobald Wolfe Tone na Robert Emmet.[12]

Pearse malitere itinye aka na mmeghachi omume Gaelic. Na 1896, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, ọ sonyeere Gaelic League (Conradh na Gaeilge), na 1903, mgbe ọ dị afọ 23, ọ ghọrọ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ya An Claidheamh Soluis ("The Sword of Light").[13][14]

Na 1900, e nyere Pearse nzere B.A. na Asụsụ Ọgbara Ọhụrụ (Irish, Bekee na French) site na Royal University of Ireland, nke ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ maka ya afọ abụọ n'onwe ya na otu n'ime University College Dublin. N'otu afọ ahụ, e debanyere aha ya dị ka Ọkaiwu-iwu na Ụlọ Nkwari Akụ King.[15] A kpọrọ Pearse ka ọ bịa n'ụlọ mmanya n'afọ 1901. Na 1905, Pearse nọchitere anya Neil McBride, onye na-ede uri na onye na-ede abụ si Feymore, Creeslough, County Donegal, onye a tara ahụhụ maka ide aha ya n'ihe odide "a na-apụghị ịgụta" (ya bụ, Irish) n'ụgbọ ịnyịnya ibu ya. A nụrụ mkpesa ahụ n'ihu Ụlọikpe Eze dị na Dublin. Ọ bụ nke mbụ Pearse pụtara n'ụlọikpe dịka ọkaiwu. E furu ikpe ahụ mana ọ ghọrọ ihe nnọchianya nke mgba maka nnwere onwe nke ndị Ireland. N'akwụkwọ ya nke June 27, 1905, Pearse dere gbasara mkpebi ahụ, "e kpebiri na asụsụ Irish bụ asụsụ mba ọzọ n'otu ọkwa ya na asụsụ Yiddish."[16][17]

St Enda's

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Ụlọ Akwụkwọ St. Enda, ugbu a Pearse Museum

Dịka onye na-ahụ maka ọdịmma omenala nke Ụmụnna Ndị Kraịst Irish kụziiri, dịka nwanne ya nwoke nke nta bụ́ Willie, Pearse kwenyere na asụsụ bụ ihe dị mkpa n'ihe gbasara njirimara mba. O kwenyere na usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị Ireland zụlitere ndị ntorobịa Ireland ka ha bụrụ ezigbo Ndị Bekee ma ọ bụ ndị Ireland na-erube isi, a chọkwara ihe ọzọ. Ya mere, nye ya na ndị ọzọ na-eme ka asụsụ dịghachi ndụ, ịzọpụta asụsụ Irish pụọ na mbibi bụ ihe kacha mkpa n'ọdịbendị. Isi ihe ga-eme ka asụsụ ahụ dịgide, o chere, bụ usoro mmụta nwere ọmịiko. Iji gosi ụzọ o si malite ụlọ akwụkwọ asụsụ abụọ nke ya maka ụmụ nwoke, Ụlọ Akwụkwọ St. Enda (Scoil Éanna) na Cullenswood House na Ranelagh, mpaghara dị nso na County Dublin, na 1908.[18]

Echiche Pearse nke enweghị nchekasị mere ka ọ chọọ ebe obibi mara mma karịa maka ụlọ akwụkwọ ya. Ọ hụrụ ya n'ime Hermitage dị na Rathfarnham, County Dublin, ebe obibi nke Pearse Museum ugbu a. N'afọ 1910, Pearse dere na Hermitage bụ ebe "kachasị mma" n'ihi ịma mma nke ala ahụ, nakwa na ọ bụrụ na ọ nwee ike idobe ya, "ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ga-adị n'ọkwa dị elu na" ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ka guzobere n'oge ahụ dịka "Clongowes Wood College na Castleknock College".[19] Pearse sokwa na ntọala nke Scoil Íde (Ụlọ Akwụkwọ St Ita) maka ụmụ agbọghọ, ụlọ ọrụ nwere ebumnuche yiri nke St Enda's.[18]

Ndị Ọrụ Afọ Ofufo na Iwu Ụlọ

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N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1912, onye ndu John Redmond nke Irish Parliament Party, nke nwere nguzozi nke ike na Ụlọ Ndị Omeiwu tinyere aka na ọchịchị nke United Kingdom iwebata Iwu Ụlọ Ireland. Pearse nabatara iwu ahụ nke ọma. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị ọkà okwu anọ, gụnyere Redmond, Joseph Devlin MP, onye ndu nke ndị Northern Nationalists, na Eoin MacNeill onye otu Gaelic Leaguer a ma ama, onye kwuru okwu n'otu nnukwu ngagharị iwe maka iwu ụlọ na Dublin na ngwụcha Maachị 1912. N'ikwu okwu n'asụsụ Irish, Pearse kwuru na o chere na "enwere ike inweta ezigbo ihe ma ọ bụrụ na anyị enwee obi ike zuru oke", mana ọ dọrọ aka ná ntị, sị, "Ka ndị Bekee ghọta na ọ bụrụ na a ghọgbuo anyị ọzọ, agha ga-adị n'Ayland niile".[20]

Na Nọvemba 1913, a kpọrọ Pearse òkù ịbịa nzukọ mmalite nke Ndị Ọrụ Afọ Ofufo Irish—nke e guzobere n'ihi okike nke Ndị Ọrụ Afọ Ofufo Ulster—onye ebumnuche ya bụ "ichekwa ma chekwaa ikike na nnwere onwe nke ndị Ireland niile nwere".[21] N'isiokwu akpọrọ "Mgbanwe Na-abịa" (Nọvemba 1913) Pearse dere, sị:

Banyere ọrụ gị dịka onye Ireland Nationalist, enweghị m ike iche n'echiche; Amaara m ihe nke m ga-abụ, m ga-achọkwa ka unu mara nke unu ma jisie ike na ya. O nwere ike ịbụ (ee e, ọ bụ) na gị na nke m ga-edu anyị gaa n'ebe a na-ezukọ, na n'otu ụbọchị anyị ga-eguzo ọnụ, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ nọ anyị nso, dị njikere maka njem ka ukwuu karịa nke onye ọ bụla n'ime anyị nwetụrụla, ule na mmeri a ga-atachi obi ma nweta n'otu aka ahụ.[22]

Iwu Ụlọ agafeghị nke House of Lords, mana ike ndị Onyenweanyị belatara n'okpuru Iwu Ndị Omeiwu 1911 pụtara na a pụrụ igbu oge naanị n'iwu ahụ, ọ bụghị ịkwụsị ya. E tinyere ya n'akwụkwọ iwu ya na Royal Assent na Septemba 1914, mana a kwụsịtụrụ itinye ya n'ọrụ ruo oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ.

John Redmond tụrụ egwu na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo nwere ike igbochi "ikike mba" ya, wee kpebie ịnwa ịchịkwa mmegharị ọhụrụ ahụ. N'agbanyeghị mmegide sitere n'aka Òtù Ụmụnna Republican nke Ireland, Onye Ọrụ Afọ Ofufo kwetara ịkekọrịta ndị ndu na Redmond ma guzobe kọmitii nkwonkwo. Pearse megidere nke a ma chọọ ide:[22]

Ndị isi na Ireland fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ha na-ahapụ ndị mmadụ n'oge dị oke mkpa; ha na-ere ha mgbe ụfọdụ. Ndị isi ha hapụrụ otu ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo mbụ ahụ; O'Connell gbapụrụ n'ihu egbe ndị agha na Clontarf; ugboro abụọ n'ime awa nke mgbanwe ọchịchị Ireland mere n'ime ụbọchị Young Ireland, ugboro abụọ ọ kụrụ n'efu, maka Meagher nwere obi abụọ na Waterford, Duffy na McGee nwere obi abụọ na Dublin. Stephens jụrụ nye okwu ahụ na '65; ọ bịaghị n'afọ 1966 maọbụ 1967. Anaghị m ata ndị ikom a ụta; ma gị maọbụ mụ onwe m emeela otu ihe ahụ. Ọ bụ ọrụ dị oke njọ mmadụ ga-arụ n'ahụ nwoke, nke bụ ịgwa onye ahụ ka o kwuo okwu ma wụpụ grapeshot.[22]

Ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo kewara, otu n'ime okwu ndị a bụ nkwado maka Ndị otu na mbọ agha Britain. Ọtụtụ mmadụ sochiri Redmond banye na Ndị Ọrụ Afọ Ofufo Mba n'echiche na nke a ga-eme ka Iwu Ụlọ sie ike mgbe ha lọtara. Pearse, onye nwere obi ụtọ maka ihe ndị mere n'agha Yuropu, dere n'otu isiokwu na Disemba 1915:

Ọ bụ ịhụ mba n'anya na-akpali ndị mmadụ. Belgium ichebe ala ya bụ dike, otu a ka Turkey dịkwa . . . . . .
Ọ dị mma maka ụwa na e kwesịrị ime ihe ndị dị otu a. Ọ dị mkpa ka e jiri mmanya uhie nke ebe a na-alụ agha kpoo obi ochie nke ụwa ọkụ.
A dịghị enye Chineke nsọpụrụ dị otú a, nsọpụrụ nke ọtụtụ nde mmadụ e ji obi ụtọ nye maka ịhụnanya obodo.
Agha bụ ihe jọgburu onwe ya, nke a bụkwa agha kachasị njọ. Mana agha a adịghị njọ karịa ihe ọjọọ ndị ọ ga-akwụsị ma ọ bụ nyere aka kwụsị.[23]

Irish Republican Brotherhood

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Pearse (yi uwe agha etiti-aka nri) n'oge olili ozu nke O'Donovan Rossa nke o ji kwuo okwu n'akụkụ ili.
Mkpọsa nke mba Ireland, Pearse gụrụ ya n'èzí GPO na mmalite nke Easter Rising

Na Disemba 1913 Bulmer Hobson ṅụrụ iyi na Pearse ga-abanye n'ihe nzuzo ahụ Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB),[24] otu nzukọ raara onwe ya nye ịkwatu British rule in Ireland na nnọchi ya na Ireland Republic. N'oge na-adịghị anya, Tom Clarke sonyeere ya na Kansụl Kasị Elu nke IRB.[25] Pearse bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị so na IRB na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo mgbe ahụ. Mgbe ọ ghọrọ onye isi ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo nke nzukọ ndị agha na 1914[26] ọ bụ onye ọrụ afọ ofufo kachasị elu na ndị otu IRB, ma bụrụkwa ihe dị mkpa n'ịchịkwa ndị fọdụrụ n'ime ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo maka nzube nnupụisi. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1915, ọ nọ na Kansụl Kasị Elu nke IRB, na Kansụl Ndị Agha nzuzo ya, otu ndị isi nke malitere ime atụmatụ maka mmụba ebe agha na-aga n'ihu na Europe Western Front.

Na 1 Ọgọst 1915, Pearse nyere okwu ili n'olili ozu nke Fenian Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa. Ọ bụ onye Republican mbụ e sere ihe nkiri na vidiyo na-ekwu okwu.[27] O mechiri okwu ndị a:

Ndị iro anyị dị ike, mara ihe, na-akpachapụ anya; mana, ha siri ike, mara ihe, na-akpachapụ anya, ha dịkwa mma, ha enweghị ike imebi ọrụ ebube Chineke nke na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndị ntorobịa kụrụ n'obi ha pụta ìhè. Mkpụrụ ndị ụmụ okorobịa nke afọ 1965 na '67 kụrụ na-eto nke ọma taa. Ndị ọchịchị na ndị na-agbachitere Alaeze ahụ kwesịrị ịkpachara anya ma ọ bụrụ na ha ga-akpachara anya megide usoro ndị dị otú ahụ. Ndụ na-esi n'ọnwụ apụta; mba ndị dị ndụ na-esikwa n'ili ndị hụrụ mba n'anya apụta. Ndị Na-agbachitere Alaeze a arụọla ọrụ nke ọma n'ebe nzuzo na n'èzí. Ha chere na ha emeela ka Ireland dị jụụ. Ha chere na ha azụrụla ọkara anyị ma tụọ ọkara nke ọzọ ụjọ. Ha chere na ha ahụla ihe niile, ha chere na ha enyela ihe megide ihe niile; mana, ndị nzuzu, ndị nzuzu, ndị nzuzu! – Ha ahapụla anyị ndị Fenian nwụrụ anwụ, ọ bụ ezie na Ireland ji ili ndị a, Ireland agaghị enwe udo ma ọlị. (Full text of Speech)

Easter Rising na ọnwụ

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Ọ bụ Pearse, onye nọchitere anya IRB obere oge tupu Ista na 1916, nyere iwu ndị a nye ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo niile dị na mba ahụ maka ụbọchị atọ nke mmegharị ahụ malite na Sọnde Ista, nke bụ ihe mgbaàmà maka nnupụisi n'ozuzu. Mgbe Eoin MacNeill, Onyeisi Ndị Ọrụ nke Ndị Ọrụ Afọ Ofufo, Mgbe ọ mụtara ihe a na-eme atụmatụ na-enweghị ngwa agha e kwere nkwa site na Germany, o meghaara iwu ndị ahụ site n'akwụkwọ akụkọ, mere ka IRB nye iwu nkeji ikpeazụ ka o mezuo atụmatụ ahụ n'echi ya, nke na-ebelata ọnụọgụgụ ndị bịara maka mmụba ahụ nke ukwuu.

Mgbe Mbilite Ista mechara malite na Mọnde Ista, 24 Eprel 1916, ọ bụ Pearse gụrụ Proclamation of the Irish Republic site n'èzí Ụlọ Ọrụ Ozi Izugbe, isi ụlọ ọrụ nke Rising. Pearse bụ onye kacha hụ maka ide Mkpọsa ahụ, a họpụtakwara ya dịka Onyeisiala nke mba ahụ.[28] Mgbe ụbọchị isii nke ọgụ gasịrị, nnukwu ọnwụ nke ndị nkịtị na nnukwu mbibi nke ihe onwunwe, Pearse nyere iwu ka a chịpụ ya.

Pearse na ndị ndu iri na anọ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere nwanne ya nwoke Willie, ka e duziri ma ndị otu ịgba egbe gburu. Thomas Clarke, Thomas MacDonagh Pearse n'onwe ya bụ onye mbụ n'ime ndị nnupụisi e gburu, n'ụtụtụ nke 3 Mee 1916. Pearse dị afọ iri atọ na isii mgbe ọ nwụrụ. Roger Casement, ndị gbalịrị ịhọpụta ndị agha nnupụisi n'etiti ndị mkpọrọ agha amụrụ na Ireland site na Irish Brigade na Germany, a kwụgburu ya na London n'ọnwa Ọgọst sochirinụ.[citation needed]

Sir John Maxwell, Onyeisi-agha, Ireland, zigara H. H. Asquith ozi telegram, mgbe ahụ Praịm Minista, na-adụ ya ọdụ ka ọ ghara iweghachi ozu ụmụnne Pearse nye ezinụlọ ha, na-asị, "Mmetụta uche nke ndị Ireland ga-eme ka ili ndị a bụrụ ebe nsọ nke ndị nwụrụ n'ihi okwukwe ebe a ga-eme ngagharị kwa afọ, nke ga-akpata iwe mgbe niile na mba a."[29] Maxwell gbochiri akwụkwọ ozi Pearse degaara nne ya,[30] na uri abụọ e dere na 1 Mee 1916. O nyeferekwa otu n'ime ha nye Praịm Minista Asquith, na-ekwu na ụfọdụ n'ime ihe dị na ya "bụ ihe a na-emegide".[29]

Ihe odide

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Isi nke Pearse akpuruakpu na Tralee, County Kerry

Pearse dere akụkọ na uri n'asụsụ Irish na Bekee. Abụ Bekee ya kacha mara amara gụnyere "The Mother", "The Fool", "The Rebel" na "The Wayfarer".[31] O dekwara ọtụtụ egwuregwu ihe atụ n'asụsụ Irish, gụnyere Eze, Onye Nkụzi, na Onye Na-abụ Abụ. Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi ya n'asụsụ Irish gụnyere Eoghainín na nÉan ("Eoineen of the Birds"), "Íosagán" ("Little Jesus"), An Gadaí ("Onye ohi"), Na Bóitre ("Ụzọ"), na An Bhean Chaointe ("The Keening Woman"). Joseph Campbell (n'akwụkwọ "Ọrụ Ndị A chikotara" nke 1917) sụgharịrị ihe ndị a n'asụsụ Bekee.[32] Ọtụtụ n'ime echiche ya gbasara agụmakwụkwọ dị n'edemede ya bụ "Igwe Igbu Ọchụ". O dekwara ọtụtụ edemede gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na asụsụ, ọkachasị "Mgbanwe Na-abịa" na "Mmụọ".

Pearse nwere njikọ chiri anya na nsụgharị ya nke Jacobite sean-nós, "Oró Sé do Bheatha 'Bhaile", nke o ji dee egwu ndị Republican.

Dị ka [Innti]] onye na-ede uri na onye nkatọ akwụkwọ Louis de Paor Louis de Paor si kwuo, n'agbanyeghị ịnụ ọkụ n'obi Pearse maka "[Conamara Theas]]" olumba Connacht Irish Mgbe a na-ekwu okwu gburugburu ụlọ ezumike ya dị na Rosmuc na Connemara, ọ họọrọ ịgbaso omume nkịtị nke Gaelic revival site n'ide ihe na Munster Irish, nke a na-ewere dị ka obere Anglicized karịa asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke ndị Ireland.

Dịka de Paor si kwuo, ịgụ Pearse nke uri nnwale dị egwu nke Walt Whitman na nke ndị French Ndị na-akwado ihe nnọchianya dugara ya n'iwebata abụ uri ọgbara ọhụrụ n'ime asụsụ Irish. Dịka onye na-akatọ akwụkwọ ederede, Pearse hapụkwara atụmatụ zuru ezu maka ịgbanwe ọchịchị nke akwụkwọ Irish, ọkachasị n'asụsụ Irish.

De Paor dere na Patrick Pearse bụ "onye kacha enwe nghọta onye na-akatọ na onye kacha nwee ahụmịhe n'ide uri", nke mmalite Gaelic revival na-enye "ụdị ọkaibe maka akwụkwọ ọhụrụ na Irish nke ga-eweghachi njikọ dị ndụ na Gaelic gara aga mgbe ọ na-amaliteghachi mmekọrịta ya na Europe nke oge a, na-agafe mmetụta nke otu onye Bekee."[33] N'ihi ihe ndị a, de Paor kpọrọ ọnwụ Pearse nnukwu mfu maka akwụkwọ ọgbara ọhụrụ n'asụsụ Irish. Dị ka de Paor si kwuo, ọ bụ naanị n'afọ 1940 ka a ga-agwọ ọnwụ a site n'abụ abụ modernist nke Seán Ó Ríordáin, Máirtín Ó Direáin, na Máire Mhac an tSaoi; na akwụkwọ akụkọ modernist An Béal Bocht nke Flann O'Brien na Cré na Cille nke Máirtín Ó Cadhain.

Aha ọma

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Mgbe esemokwu malitere na Northern Ireland na 1969, Provisional IRA jiri ihe nketa Pearse mee ihe.

Seán Farrell Moran ahụla echiche Pearse dị ka nke sitere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme omenala Yuropu dịka akụkụ nke ịjụ ihe kpatara ya site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na Yuropu.[34] Ọzọkwa, ọnọdụ ya n'ime Katọlik, ebe a mara usoro okpukpe ya aka na mbido afọ 1970,[35] e kwuru okwu ya iji gosi na ntọala ozizi Pearse maka echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya na-eso omenala dị adị kemgbe na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst nke ọdịda anyanwụ.[36]

Onye bụbu Fianna Fáil Taoiseach Bertie Ahern kọwara Pearse dị ka otu n'ime ndị dike ya ma gosipụta foto Pearse n'elu tebụl ya na Ngalaba nke Taoiseach.[37]

Nne Pearse Margaret Pearse rụrụ ọrụ dị ka TD na Dáil Éireann na 1920s. Nwanne ya nwanyị Margaret Mary Pearse rụkwara ọrụ dị ka TD na Senator.

N'akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'afọ 2006, ndị ọkachamara n'ọrịa uche Michael Fitzgerald na Antoinette Walker chepụtara na Pearse nwere Asperger syndrome.[38] "Ezughị oke mmekọahụ" nke Pearse, na ụfọdụ omume ya, abụrụla isiokwu nke ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme dịka Ruth Dudley Edwards, na-ekwu maka ya kemgbe afọ 1970, T. Ryle Dwyer na Seán Farrell Moran, onye chere na ọ na-enwe mmasị n'ebe ụmụ okorobịa nọ.[39][40] Onye dere akụkọ ndụ ya kacha ọhụrụ, Joost Augusteijn, kwubiri na "o yiri ka o nwere ike ịbụ na ọ na-enwe mmasị n'ihe gbasara mmekọahụ n'ụzọ a".[41] Fitzgerald na Walker na-ekwusi ike na ọ dịghị ihe akaebe ọ bụla nke nwoke idina nwoke ma ọ bụ nwata nwoke idina nwoke; ha na-ekwu na Pearse enweghị mmasị mmekọahụ n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị nọ, na ụdị ndụ ya "na-anaghị enwe mmasị n'ihe gbasara mmekọahụ" na nke na-anaghị alụ di ma ọ bụ nwunye kwekọrọ na nchọpụta nke ọrịa autism na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma.[38] Ọkà akụkọ ihe mere eme nke omenala, Elaine Sisson, ekwuola na mmasị Pearse nwere n'ihe gbasara ụmụ nwoke na echiche ya dị iche iche kwesịrị ịdị na "ofufe nwa okorobịa" nke oge Victorian.[42]

N'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ foto Pearse niile, o mere ka ọ dị n'akụkụ, zoo akụkụ aka ekpe ya. Nke a bụ iji zoo strabismus ma ọ bụ anya aka ekpe ya, nke o chere na ọ bụ ọnọdụ ihere.[43]

Ncheta

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Ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ

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Ụlọ Cullenswood, ebe obibi ezinụlọ Pearse dị na Ranelagh ebe Pádraic hiwere St Enda's na mbụ, taa nwere ụlọ praịmarị Gaelscoil (ụlọ akwụkwọ maka agụmakwụkwọ site na asụsụ Irish) nke a kpọrọ Lios na nÓg, akụkụ nke mgbalị obodo iji mee ka asụsụ Irish dịghachi ndụ. Crumlin (Dublin) nwere kọleji Pearse nke mmụta ọzọ, ma enwerebu ụlọ akwụkwọ oge okpomọkụ asụsụ Irish na Gaoth Dobhair akpọrọ Colaiste an Phiarsaigh. Na [Rosmuc]] enwere ụlọ akwụkwọ aka ọrụ Irish-ọkara, Gairmscoil na bPiarsach. Aha P.H. Pearse bụ isi ụlọ nkuzi dị na Cadet School dị na Ireland. Na Septemba 2014, Gaelcholáiste an Phiarsaigh, ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke asụsụ Irish ọhụrụ, Emepere ụzọ ya maka oge mbụ n'ụlọ Loreto Abbey mbụ, naanị otu kilomita site na Pearse Museum dị na St Endas Park, Rathfarnham. Glanmire, County Cork na-anya isi ụlọ akwụkwọ kọleji kacha mma na-asụ Irish na Ireland, nke a na-akpọ Coláiste an Phiarsaigh, nke a kpọrọ aha iji sọpụrụ Patrick Pearse ma hazie ya dabere na nkwenkwe ya.

Ebe egwuregwu na klọb

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A na-akpọ ọtụtụ klọb Gaelic Athletic Association na ebe egwuregwu na Ireland aha Pádraic ma ọ bụ Pearses abụọ ahụ:

Otú ahụkwa ka ọtụtụ ndị si mba ọzọ dị na Ireland:

E nwekwara klọb bọọlụ a na-akpọ Pearse Celtic FC na Cork na na Ringsend, Dublin; na Liffeys Pearse FC, otu klọb bọọlụ ndịda Dublin nke e guzobere site na njikọta nke Liffey Wanderers na Pearse Rangers. Otu klọb bọọlụ ụmụ akwụkwọ Pearse Rangers ka dị na Dublin.

Emume ncheta ndị ọzọ

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  • Na 1916, onye na-ede egwu Bekee Arnold Bax, onye zutere nwoke ahụ, dere uri olu nke akpọrọ In Memoriam Patrick Pearse. O nwetara ihe ngosi ọha mbụ ya na 2008.[44]
  • Na Belfast mgbawa gbawara na Mee 1938 site na Pearse Club dị na King Street.[45]
  • A gbanwere aha ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Westland Row dị na Dublin Ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Pearse na 1966 site n'aha ụmụnne Pearse.
  • Mkpụrụ ego ọlaọcha [[Mkpụrụ ego iri nke Ireland]|mkpụrụ ego iri]] e kpụrụ n'afọ 1966 gosiri na ọ bụ Patrick Pearse. Ọ bụ naanị mkpụrụ ego Ireland nke gosipụtara onye ọ bụla metụtara akụkọ ihe mere eme ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ireland.
  • Na Ballymun, a kpọrọ ụlọ elu Patrick Pearse aha ya. Ọ bụ nke mbụ n'ime blọk ụlọ elu Ballymun e bibiri na 2004.[46]
  • Na 1999, afọ 100 nke e tinyere Pearse n'ọkwa dịka onye otu Gorsedd na Pan Celtic Eisteddfod nke afọ 1899 na Cardiff (Mgbe o were aha Bardic Areithiwr) e mere ka ọ pụta ìhè site n'ikpughe ihe e ji kpuchie ihe e dere n'ụlọ ọrụ Consulate General nke Ireland na Wales.[47]
  • Ndị ọrụ ozi Ireland nyere stampụ ozi maka ncheta Pearse na 1966, 1979 na 2008.
  • A na-akpọ onye edemede Prvoslav Vujcic aha ya bụ Pearse site n'aha Patrick Pearse.[48]
  • Na 2016 Leinster GAA malitere ihe nrite Pearse iji gosi ọrụ Pearse dịka osote onyeisi oche nke Kọmitii Kọleji nke mpaghara ahụ. A na-enye ndị kacha mma n'egwuregwu bọọlụ na ndị na-agba bọọlụ n'asọmpi Leinster kwa afọ ihe nrite ndị a.[49]

Edensibia

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  1. ↑ "The 15 Irish railway stations named after the executed 1916 leaders". thejournal.ie. 30 Eprel 2016. Retrieved 6 Maachị 2026.
  2. ↑ Thornley, David (Autumn–Winter 1971). "Patrick Pearse and the Pearse Family". Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review. 60 (239/240). Dublin: Irish Province of the Society of Jesus: 332–346. ISSN 0039-3495. JSTOR 30088734.
  3. ↑ Miller, Liam (1977). The noble drama of W.B. Yeats. Dublin: Dolmen Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-391-00633-1. Archived from the original on 21 Disemba 2019. Retrieved 16 Ọktoba 2016.
  4. ↑ Casey, Christine (2005). Dublin: the city within the Grand and Royal Canals and the Circular Road with the Phoenix Park. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-300-10923-8. Archived from the original on 18 Eprel 2021. Retrieved 3 Ọktoba 2020.
  5. ↑ Stevenson, Garth (2006). Parallel paths: the development of nationalism in Ireland and Quebec. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-7735-3029-4. Archived from the original on 18 Eprel 2021. Retrieved 3 Ọktoba 2020.
  6. ↑ Patrick Pearse: Life. Archived 8 Jenụwarị 2018 at the Wayback Machine Ricorso, Bruce Stewart. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
  7. ↑ 16 Lives: Patrick Pearse. p. 17.
  8. ↑ "The Home Life of Padraic Pearse" Edited by Mary Brigid Pearse. Published by Mercier Press Dublin and Cork.
  9. ↑ Walsh, Brendan (2007). The pedagogy of protest: the educational thought and work of Patrick H. Pearse. Oxford: Peter Lang. p. 12. ISBN 978-3-03910-941-8. Archived from the original on 18 Eprel 2021. Retrieved 3 Ọktoba 2020.
  10. ↑ Crowley, Brian (2009). "'The strange thing I am': his father's son?". History Ireland. History Publications Ltd. Archived from the original on 20 Maachị 2012. Retrieved 5 Disemba 2010. {{cite web}}: More than one of |accessdate= and |access-date= specified (help); More than one of |archivedate= and |archive-date= specified (help); More than one of |archiveurl= and |archive-url= specified (help)
  11. ↑ 16 Lives: Patrick Pearse. p. 18.
  12. ↑ Mitchell, Angus. "Robert Emmet and 1916". Archived from the original on 18 Eprel 2021. Retrieved 13 Eprel 2021.
  13. ↑ "Flanagan, Frank M., "Patrick H. Pearse", The Great Educators, March 20, 1995". Archived from the original on 25 Septemba 2012. Retrieved 12 Maachị 2016.
  14. ↑ John T. Koch, Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia
  15. ↑ "CELT: Chronology of Patrick Pearse, also known as Pádraig Pearse (Pádraig Mac Piarais)". ucc.ie. Archived from the original on 11 Mee 2009. Retrieved 9 Novemba 2008.
  16. ↑ "Padraig Pearse, the cart and an old song book". Sparkle. 9 Septemba 2011. Archived from the original on 6 Septemba 2017. Retrieved 10 Eprel 2016.
  17. ↑ McGill, P.J. (1966). "Pearse Defends Niall Mac Giolla Bhride in Court of King's Bench, Dublin". Donegal Annual. 1966: 83–85 (from 27 June 1905 article written by Patrick Pearse) – via Google Books.
  18. 1 2 "The Seven Signatories of the Proclamation Patrick Pearse, President of the Provisional Government of the Irish Republic". National Library of Ireland. Retrieved 6 Maachị 2026.
  19. ↑ Walsh, Brendan (2007). The Pedagogy of Protest: The Educational Thought and Work of Patrick H. Pearse (in Bekee). Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-03910-941-8. Archived from the original on 18 Eprel 2021. Retrieved 3 Ọktoba 2020.
  20. ↑ Ruth Dudley Edwards, Patrick Pearse: The Triumph of Failure, (1977) p. 159
  21. ↑ Foy, Michael; Barton, Brian (2004). The Easter Rising. Sutton Publishing. pp. 7–8. ISBN 0-7509-3433-6.
  22. 1 2 3 Seán Cronin, Our Own Red Blood, Irish Freedom Press, New York, 2014, p. 15 Templeeti:ISBN?
  23. ↑ "Peace and the Gael", in Patrick H. Pearse, Political writings and speeches, Phoenix, Dublin, (1924) p. 216, National Library of Ireland
  24. ↑ "Padraig Pearse". nli.ie. Retrieved 6 Maachị 2026.
  25. ↑ Kathleen Clarke says in My Fight for Ireland's Freedom that it was "towards the end of 1913" when Tom Clarke had Pearse co-opted onto the Supreme Council of the IRB.
  26. ↑ Eoin Neeson, Myths from Easter 1916, Aubane Historical Society, Cork, 2007, ISBN 978-1-903497-34-0 p. 87
  27. ↑ 16 Lives: Patrick Pearse. p. 121.
  28. ↑ "Patrick Pearse". rte.ie. Retrieved 6 Maachị 2026.
  29. 1 2 Quotations from P.H. Pearse, Proinsias Mac Aonghusa, Mercier Press, RP 1979, ISBN 0-85342-605-8
  30. ↑ Author:Patrick Pearse – Wikisource at en.wikisource.org
  31. ↑ Seán McMahon and Jo O'Donoghue (1998). The Mercier Companion to Irish literature. Cork: Mercier Press. p. 183. ISBN 1-85635-216-1.
  32. ↑ Patrick Pearse, Short Stories. Trans. Joseph Campbell. Ed. Anne Markey. Dublin, 2009
  33. ↑ Louis De Paor (2016), Leabhar na hAthghabhála: Poems of Repossession: Irish-English Bilingual Edition, Bloodaxe Books. Page 20.
  34. ↑ Sean Farrell Moran, "Patrick Pearse and the European Revolt Against Reason", Journal of the History of Ideas, 1989, 4.
  35. ↑ Francis J. Shaw, S.J., "The Canon of Irish History—A Challenge", in Studies, 61, 242, 115–53
  36. ↑ Moran, "Patrick Pearse and Patriotic Soteriology" in The Irish Terrorism Experience, eds. Yonah Alexander and Alan O'Day, 1991, 9–29
  37. ↑ Bertie Ahern, interviewed about Pearse on RTÉ, 9 April 2006.
  38. 1 2 Collins, Liam (9 Eprel 2006). "Rebel Pearse was no gay blade but had autistic temperment [sic]". Archived from the original on 16 Novemba 2018. Retrieved 28 Jenụwarị 2019.
  39. ↑ Ruth Dudley Edwards, Patrick Pearse: The Triumph of Failure, Victor Gollancz, 1977, pp. 52–4
  40. ↑ Sean Farrell Moran, Patrick Pearse and the Politics of Redemption: The Mind of the Easter Rising, 1916 Archived 15 Maachị 2017 at the Wayback Machine, 1994, p. 122.
  41. ↑ Joost Augusteijn, Patrick Pearse: The Making of a Revolutionary, 2009, p. 62
  42. ↑ True Lives: P.H. Pearse; Fanatic Heart (television documentary). Dublin: RTÉ. 2001. Event occurs at 42:23.
  43. ↑ John Spain, "Pearse's heroic sideways pose? He did it to hide embarrassing squint" Archived 20 Disemba 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Irish Independent, 24 August 2013
  44. ↑ BBC Proms 24 July 2008
  45. ↑ "Belfast club wrecked", Ottawa Citizen, p. 1, 26 May 1938
  46. ↑ Dublin City Public Libraries Archived 18 Jenụwarị 2013 at the Wayback Machine history of Ballymun Towers
  47. ↑ Archived 4 Maachị 2016 at the Wayback Machine Account of Gorsedd commemoration, 1999
  48. ↑ "Prvoslav Vujcic biography". Urban Book Circle. 16 Mee 2013. Archived from the original on 10 Febụwarị 2019. Retrieved 3 Maachị 2019. {{cite web}}: More than one of |accessdate= and |access-date= specified (help); More than one of |archivedate= and |archive-date= specified (help); More than one of |archiveurl= and |archive-url= specified (help)
  49. ↑ "Dublin and Kilkenny dominate Leinster Pearse medal nominations". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 12 Novemba 2016. Retrieved 12 Novemba 2016.

Isi mmalite

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  • Joost Augusteijn, Patrick Pearse: The Making of a Revolutionary, 2009.
  • Tim Pat Coogan, Michael Collins. Hutchinson, 1990.
  • Ruth Dudley Edwards, Patrick Pearse: the Triumph of Failure, London: Gollancz, 1977.
  • F. S. L. Lyons, Ireland Since the Famine. London: Collins/Fontana, 1973.
  • Dorothy Macardle, The Irish Republic. Corgi, 1968.
  • Arthur Mitchell & Pádraig Ó Snodaigh, Irish Political Documents 1916–1949. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1985
  • Seán Farrell Moran, Patrick Pearse and the Politics of Redemption: The Mind of the Easter Rising 1916, Washington, Catholic University Press, 1994
    • "Patrick Pearse and the European Revolt against Reason", na The Journal of the History of Ideas, 50:4 (1989), 625–43
    • "Patrick Pearse and Patriotic Soteriology: The Irish Republican Tradition and the Sanctification of Political Self-Immolation" na The Irish Terrorism Experience, ed. Yonah Alexander and Alan O'Day, 1991, 9–29
  • Brian Murphy, Patrick Pearse and the Lost Republican Ideal, Dublin, James Duffy, 1990.
  • Ruán O'Donnell, Patrick Pearse, Dublin: O'Brien Press, 2016
  • Mary Pearse, The Home Life of Pádraig Pearse. Cork: Mercier, 1971.
  • Patrick Pearse, Short Stories. Trans. Joseph Campbell. Ed. Anne Markey. Dublin: University College Dublin Press, 2009
  • Elaine Sisson, "Pearse's Patriots: The Cult of Boyhood at St. Enda's". Cork University Press, 2004, repr. 2005

Njikọ mpụga

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