Pia Górska

Pia Maria Górska
Born	Wola Pękoszewska, Warsaw Governorate, Congress Poland, Russian Empire
Died	Kraków, Poland
Known for	Ịse ihe na ọrụ okpukpe
Parent	Jan Górski
Relatives	Franciszek Górski, nna nna

Pia Maria Górska (1878–1974) bụ onye Poland na-ese ihe, onye ode uri, onye ode akwụkwọ, onye nkuzi, na onye na-arụ ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ọrụ okpukpe.

Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ

A mụrụ Górska na 15 Eprel 1878 na Wola Pękoszewska na Warsaw Governorate nke Congress Poland. Ọ bụ ada Maria, Countess Łubieńska na Jan Górski, onye nwe ala bara ụba na onye agronomist a ma ama, yana nwa nwa General Franciszek Górski. A kọrọ na a kpọrọ ya aha nsọpụrụ Pope Pius IX, onye nwụrụ obere oge tupu a mụọ ya. Ezinụlọ Górski bụ ndị okpukpe siri ike, nwanne ya nwoke nke mbụ, Ludwik, bụ onye na-ejikọtaghị n’ọrụ n’etiti Catholic Church nke Kingdom of Poland na Holy See (ụlọ eze ezinụlọ dị na Warsaw na-akpọkarị ya “Vatican Poland”). A kụziri ya site n’aka ndị nkuzi onwe n’ụlọ ezinụlọ ha, nke bụkwa ebe ndụ omenala na-eme nke dọtara ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe, ndị sayensị na ndị ode akwụkwọ si n’ofe Poland. Nwa nke ọdụdụ n’ime ụmụnne ya anọ, Konstanty Maria Górski, bụ onye akụkọ nka, ode akwụkwọ na ọkà mmụta akwụkwọ, onye nyere nnukwu mmetụta na mmepe ọgụgụ isi na nka ya.

Mgbe ọ dị afọ 13, Górska malitere ịmụ eserese. Onye nkuzi mbụ ya bụ onye Poland na-ese ihe, Eligiusz Niewiadomski, onye nọrọ ezumike okpomọkụ ya na Wola Pękoszewska na 1891. Na 1892, o nwetara nkuzi n’aka Józef Rapacki wee malite eserese ala mbụ ya, na 1893 Sylwester Saski kụziri ya. N’afọ sochirinụ ọ mụtara n’aka Józef Mehoffer, onye lekwasịrị anya nke ukwuu na nhazi (composition). Site n’afọ ahụ, Józef Chełmoński ghọrọ onye ndụmọdụ ya bụ isi, na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu n’ọrụ ya. N’ihi na o bi nso, ọ na-anọkarị ya karịa ndị nkuzi gara aga, ma bụrụ onye nkuzi ọ kacha kwanyere ùgwù. N’oge ahụ ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ n’ụlọ mgbei n’ime obodo.

Ndụ okenye

N’ihe dị ka afọ 1900, Górska kwụsịrị ịse ihe. Ka ọ ka bi na Wola, ọ na-eme njem ugboro ugboro gaa Kraków, ebe ọ zutere ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-eche echiche n’oge ahụ. N’oge a, ya na nne ya na-eme njem mba ọzọ mgbe niile, tumadi maka ihe gbasara ahụike, gaa Berlin, Austria, Davos na Switzerland, na Italy. Na 1907, ọ kwagara Warsaw, ebe o biri na nne ya n’ụlọ ezinụlọ Górski. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị ọzụzụ kwesịrị ekwesị, o nyere aka ịhazi Society for the Protection of Children's Misery Shelters, ebe ọ rụkwara ọrụ. Site na 1908, ya na Maria Weryho , o nyere nkuzi okpukpe n’ụlọ nlekọta ụmụaka niile nke Warsaw Tram Authority na-elekọta.

Site na 1914 ruo 1918, ọ bụ onye na-enyocha ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụaka nke obodo, na-elekwasị anya na agụmakwụkwọ okpukpe, na ebumnuche ime ka nkuzi okpukpe bụrụ nke na-adọrọ mmasị karịa naanị ịmụ site n’isi. O bipụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara isiokwu a, nke kacha pụta ìhè bụ Servants of God: Stories and Legends from the Lives of the Saints. A na-eme ọrụ ndị a n’efu. N’otu oge ahụ, ọ na-achịkọta ego iji kwado ụlọ nlekọta ụmụaka, na ego nke ya sitere na ọrụ eserese obere ihe oyiyi mmadụ (portraits), nke Chełmoński katọrọ nke ukwuu.

Ọrụ nka

Górska nọrọ oge Polish-Soviet War na mpaghara Poznań, ebe ya na nne ya kwagara. Ọ laghachiri Warsaw n’oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1920. N’oge ezumike okpomọkụ nke 1922, mgbe ọ nọ n’ime ime obodo, ọ malitere ịse mmiri agba (watercolours). N’oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ 1922, ọ banyere ụlọ akwụkwọ eserese nke Konrad Krzyżanowski. Mgbe Krzyżanowski nwụsịrị na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ mechiri, o gafere ule mbata na composition na eserese ahụ́ mmadụ (nude painting) wee bụrụ nwa akwụkwọ na-enweghị ndebanye aha na Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, ebe ọ mụrụ n’ụlọ ọrụ Tadeusz Pruszkowski. O chọpụtara na afọ mbụ siri ike n’ihi na ọ na-eme eserese obere portrait na ihe yiri foto tupu ya abịa ebe ahụ. O dere na ọ maghị ihe gbasara transposition ma nwee ike idetu naanị kama ime composition. N’agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ngosi mbụ ya mere na August 1926 na obodo spa nke Nałęczów. Na Jenụwarị 1928, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ sonyere na ngosi otu na Zachęta Fine Arts Gallery na Warsaw. Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ 38 ya, e gosipụtara eserese nke Jan Świerczyński na Jan Rosen. Ndị nta akụkọ na ndị ọbịa nabatara ngosi ahụ nke ọma. Na Septemba n’afọ ahụ, o gosipụtara na Zachęta – National Gallery of Art na Warsaw, wee nweta bronze medal maka eserese ya Stasiek with a Doll. N’otu oge ahụ, e gosipụtara ụfọdụ ọrụ ya na Carnegie Museum of Art na Pittsburgh, US, ma eserese ya The Three Kings (The Three Wise Men) pụtara n’akwụkwọ akụkọ America ụfọdụ.

Na Mee 1929, o sonyere na nnukwu ngosi nke eserese Poland oge a na Poznań. N’etiti ndị na-ese ihe 700, Górska gosipụtara ọrụ anọ ya wee nweta bronze medal. Na 1931, o gosipụtara eserese abụọ na ngosi mba ụwa nke nka okpukpe na Padua, Italy. Na 1933, e gosipụtara ọrụ ya na International Exhibition of Women's Art na Amsterdam, ebe ndị nta akụkọ Dutch hụrụ ya nke ọma. N’afọ ahụkwa, o sonyere na ngosi nke 18th Venice Biennale. Na 1937, o sonyere na ngosi a kpọrọ Les femmes artistes d'Europe, ngosi mba ụwa mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị naanị, e mere na Jeu de Paume na Paris.

N’afọ 1920s na 1930s, ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike n’ese ihe okpukpe. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n’ime ọrụ ndị a adịghị adịzi taa. Ihe kacha pụta ìhè n’ọrụ okpukpe ya bụ eserese abụọ e sere na 1938–1939: Holy Virgin of Loreto (Patron Saint of Aviators) na Church of St Francis of Assisi na Okęcie, nso Warsaw Chopin Airport, na St Jude Thaddaeus na Holy Cross Church, Warsaw. Eserese ndị a na-egosi njikọ n’etiti omenala na ụdị echiche nka dị nro ya.

Nnyocha banyere ọrụ Górska na-adịkarị mma: “Nwayọọ na ịdị nro, nhazi dị jụụ ma nlezianya, ịdị mma nwanyị n’ụdị agba, na amamihe nke imepụta – ndị a bụ njirimara isi nke ngosi ọhụrụ onye na-ese ihe,” ka Jan Kleczyński Jr. dere na Kurjer Warszawski. Afọ 1920s na 1930s bụ oge kachasị ya na nka. N’afọ 1920s ọ na-arụkarị ọrụ portrait, ma n’oge tupu Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, usoro ya gbanwere, karịsịa n’ihe gbasara ojiji agba na chiaroscuro. O malitere inwe obi ụtọ ọzọ n’ise ihe. N’otu oge ahụ, o mekwara ọrụ akwụkwọ. Akwụkwọ kacha pụta ìhè ya bụ biography O Chełmońskim (On Chełmoński). Ọtụtụ nyocha kwadoro uru akwụkwọ ahụ dị dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ na akụkọ ndụ. N’ime memoir ndị a, o kọwara otú Józef Chełmoński si arụ ọrụ ya. Na 1930s o bipụtara ọtụtụ isiokwu n’akwụkwọ Katọlik, yana akụkọ mkpirikpi na ihe nkiri redio abụọ. Ọtụtụ n’ime ọrụ ya adịghị ebipụta.

Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na oge mgbe agha gasịrị

N’oge Siege of Warsaw (1939), ụlọ ya n’ụlọ ezinụlọ gbara ọkụ. Tinyere ụlọ ahụ, ụlọ akwụkwọ ya, ọtụtụ manuskrip ya, eserese, na nnukwu mkpokọta ọrụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere nke Chełmoński bibiri. Ọ nọrọ oge agha na Wola Pękoszewska, hapụ Wola na 1945 gaa biri na ezinụlọ nwanne nwa ya, Andrzej Górski, na Skierniewice ma mesịa na Milanówek. Na 1947, ọ kwagara Kraków ibi na ezinụlọ nwanne nwa ọzọ. N’oge agha, ọ na-ebi site n’ime embroidery nka.

Ili Górska, nke ya na nwanne ya Konstanty jikọrọ ọnụ

Site na 1939 ọ na-ese ihe ntakịrị, ma n’oge mgbe agha gasịrị ọ malitere ide ọtụtụ ihe. Na 1948, o bipụtara novel akụkọ ihe mere eme maka ndị ntorobịa, nke dị na narị afọ nke 13, akpọrọ Shield and Hood. Mgbe afọ ole na ole gachara, o bipụtara novel ọzọ, nke na-akọgharị ihe gbasara ọmụmụ Jizọs Kraịst, The City of David. Memoirs ya, Paleta i Pióro (Palette and Pen), pụtara na 1956. A na-emebi akwụkwọ a site na censorship ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, dịka o si kọwaa na akwụkwọ ozi ya. Memoirs a nwere ọtụtụ profaịlụ nke ndị na-ese ihe na ndị ode akwụkwọ ọ zutere. Akwụkwọ ahụ ghọrọ ewu ewu, e bipụtara mbipụta nke abụọ mgbe afọ ole na ole gachara.

Ọnwụ na ihe nketa

Górska nwụrụ na Kraków na 13 June 1974. E liri ya na Rakowicki Cemetery n’obodo ahụ. Ọtụtụ eserese ya bibiri n’oge agha, mana ụfọdụ ka zụtara maka nchịkọta ọha. Ndị ọzọ ka nọ n’aka ezinụlọ.