Piper cubeba
Piper cubeba, cubeb ma ọ bụ ogologo ose bụ osisi dị na genus Piper, nke a na-akọ maka mkpụrụ ya na mmanụ dị mkpa. A na-akụkarị ya na Java na Sumatra, ya mere a na-akpọ ya ose Java mgbe ụfọdụ. A na-achịkọta mkpụrụ osisi ahụ tupu ha etochaa, ma jiri nlezianya kpoo ya. Cubeb azụmahịa nwere mkpụrụ osisi mịrị amị, nke dị ka ose ojii, mana ejiri mkpịrịkọ - "ọdụ" dị na "ose odu". Pericarp a mịrị amị bụ wrinkled, na agba ya sitere na agba aja aja ruo nwa. Mkpụrụ ahụ siri ike, ọcha na mmanu mmanu. A na-akọwa isi nke cubeb dị ka ihe na-atọ ụtọ ma na-esi ísì ụtọ na uto dị ka ihe na-egbuke egbuke, dị nro, dị ntakịrị ilu ma na-adịgide adịgide. A kọwawo ya dị ka ihe na-atọ ụtọ dị ka allspice, ma ọ bụ dị ka obe n'etiti ose na ose ojii.
Cubeb bịara Europe site na India site na azụmahịa ya na ndị Arab. Aha cubeb sitere na Arabic kabāba (كبابة) site na Old French quibibes . Akpọrọ Cubeb n'ihe odide alchemical site na aha Arabic ya. Na ya Theatrum Botanicum, John Parkinson na-agwa na eze Portugal (ikekwe Philip IV nke Spain ma ọ bụ John IV nke Portugal, dị ka afọ ahụ bụ akara na mmalite nke Portuguese Mweghachi Agha) machibidoro ire cubeb iji kwalite ose ojii (Piper nigrum) gburugburu 1640. Ọ nwetara a nkenke resurrgence na 19th narị afọ nke Europe, ma mediry na-eji Europe eme ihe. kemgbe. A na-aga n'ihu na-eji ya dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ maka gin na sịga na West, yana dị ka isi nri maka nri na Indonesia.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
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Na narị afọ nke anọ BC, Theophrastus kwuru banyere komakon, gụnyere ya na cinnamon na cassia dị ka ihe eji eme ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ. Guillaume Budé na Claudius Salmasius achọpụtala komakon na cubeb, eleghị anya n'ihi myirịta nke okwu ahụ nwere na aha Javanese cubeb, kumukus. A na-ahụ nke a dị ka ihe akaebe na-achọsi ike nke azụmahịa Greek na Java n'oge tupu nke Theophrastus. O yighị ka ndị Gris nwetara ha n'ebe ọzọ, ebe ọ bụ na ndị na-akụ osisi na Javan na-echebe ikike ha nwere n'azụmahịa site n'ịgbasa mkpụrụ osisi site n'ọkụ, na-ahụ na enweghị ike ịkọ osisi vaịn n'ebe ndị ọzọ.
N'Ọchịchị Tang, e si Srivijaya weta cubeb na China. Na India, a bịara na-akpọ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ kabab chini, ya bụ, "Chinese cubeb", ikekwe n'ihi na ndị China nwere aka na azụmahịa ya, mana o yikarịrị ka ọ bụ n'ihi ya bụ ihe dị mkpa na azụmahịa ya na China. Na China, a na-akpọ ose a ma vilenga ma viḍaṅga विड__ (okwu Sanskrit), nke gosipụtara ọgịrịga embelia tupu ejiri ya mee ihe iji gosipụta cubeb Malay (Chinese dị mfe; Chinese ọdịnala; : ). Li Hsun chere na ọ na-eto n'otu osisi ahụ dị ka ose ojii. Ndị dọkịta Tang nyere ya iji weghachite agụụ, gwọọ "mmụọ ọjọọ", mee ka ntutu gbaa ọchịchịrị, ma mee ka ahụ sie ike. Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị ihe akaebe na-egosi na e ji cubeb mee ihe dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na China.
N'akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ya nke afọ 1827, n'ime n'ime (Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 483: attempt to index field 'scripts' (a boolean value).; Templeeti:Literal 'Okwu ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe kwa ụbọchị'), onye ọkà mmụta Vietnamese bụ Phạm Đình Hổ glossed Ōb "cubeb" (Sino-Vietnamese) dị ka 乙 任, nke na-egosi chile pepper si Amerịka ugbu a.[1]
Akwụkwọ nke Otu Puku na Otu Nights, nke a chịkọtara na narị afọ nke itoolu, kwuru na cubeb bụ ihe ngwọta maka enweghị ike ịmụ nwa, na-egosi na ndị Arab ejirila ya mee ihe maka ebumnuche ọgwụ. A matara Cubeb na nri Arabic n'ihe dị ka narị afọ nke iri. The Travels of Marco Polo, nke e dere na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na atọ, kọwara Java dị ka onye na-emepụta cubeb, tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ bara uru.[2]
Na narị afọ nke iri na anọ, ndị ahịa Rouen na Lippe si n'akụkụ ọka bubata cubeb na Europe, n'okpuru aha ose.[3] Ndị Europe mechara chee na Cubeb bụ ihe na-asọ ndị mmụọ ọjọọ. Ludovico Maria Sinistrari, Onye ụkọchukwu Roman Katọlik nke dere banyere usoro Ịchụpụ mmụọ ọjọọ na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na asaa, gụnyere cubeb dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ iji chụpụ onye incubus.
Mgbe a machibidoro ire ya na Portugal na 1640, ojiji a na-eji cubeb eme nri belatara nke ukwuu na Europe, ọ bụkwa naanị ọgwụgwọ ya ka gara n'ihu na narị afọ nke 19. Na mbido narị afọ nke 20, a na-ebugharị cubeb site na Indonesia gaa Europe na United States. Azụmaahịa ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ bela ruo nkezi nke 135 t (133 long tons; 149 short tons) t tọn ogologo tọn mkpirikpi) kwa afọ, ma kwụsị kpamkpam mgbe 1940 gasịrị.
Chemistry
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Mkpụrụ osisi cubeb a mịrị amị nwere mmanụ dị mkpa gụnyere monoterpenes (sabinene 50%, α-thujene, na carene) na sesquiterpenes (caryophyllene, copaene, α- na β-cubebene, δ-cadinene, germacrene), oxides 1,4- na 1, 8-cocinebolol.
A na-enweta ihe dị ka 15% nke mmanụ na-agbaze agbaze site na distiling cubeb na mmiri. Cubebene, akụkụ mmiri, nwere usoro C15H24 wee bịa n'ụdị abụọ, α- na β-. Ha dị iche na naanị n'ọnọdụ nke alkene moiety, na abụọ-njikọ bụ endocyclic (akụkụ nke mgbanaka ise) na α-cubebene, dị ka e gosiri, ma exocyclic na β-cubebene. Ọ bụ mmiri mmiri viscous na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-ekpo ọkụ nke nwere nkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, ísì kafur dị ntakịrị Mgbe ejiri mmiri dozie ya, ma ọ bụ na-edebe ya, nke a na-etinye kristal rhombic nke camphor nke cubeb.
Cubebin (C20) bụ ihe na-emepụta ihe na-egbuke egbuke nke e kewapụrụ na cubeb oilcake, a pụkwara iji ọgwụ mepụta ya site na cubebene.[4] Ọ bụ Eugène Soubeiran na Hyacinthe Capitaine chọpụtara ya n'afọ 1839, ọ na-akpasu ahụ iwe.[3]
Ojiji
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọgwụ ọdịnala
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ndị dọkịta n'oge Golden Age nke Islam distilled "mmiri nke al butm" (turpentine) site na ngwakọta nke ngwaahịa ahịhịa, gụnyere cubeb.[5]
Na Victorian na Edwardian England, cubeb bụ ọgwụ na-egbochi ọrịa gonorrhea. [3] William Wyatt Squire dere na 1908 na mkpụrụ osisi cubeb "na-arụ ọrụ kpọmkwem na membrane mucous genitourinary. (A na-enye ha n'ọkwa niile nke gonorrhea" na The National Botanic Pharmacopoeia bipụtara na 1921 kwuru na cubeb bụ "ihe ngwọta magburu onwe ya maka albus ma ọ bụ whites". [6][7] A tincture nke compound pụtara na British Pharmacopoeia, na gum nwere 1% cubeb, ihe ọka 30-60 grains nke cubeb mkpụrụ, aghọwo ọkọlọtọ dị ka ọgwụ, nke a na-akpọkwa cubeb.[3]
Nri
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Na Europe, cubeb bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị bara uru n'oge etiti oge. A na-egweri ya dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ maka anụ ma ọ bụ jiri ya mee ofe.[3] Nchịkọta oge ochie gụnyere cubeb n'ime sauce sarcenes, nke nwere mmiri ara almond na ọtụtụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ. Dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, a na-ejikarị cubeb eme ihe ma rie ya n'ozuzu ya. Ocet Kubebowy, vinegar a na-etinye cubeb, cumin na galik, e ji mee ihe maka anụ marinades na Poland n'oge narị afọ nke 14 (, p. . Enwere ike iji cubeb mee ihe iji mee ka ụtọ ofe dị ụtọ dịkwuo mma.
Cubeb rutere Africa site n'aka ndị Arab. Na nri Moroccan, a na-eji cubeb eme ihe na nri na-atọ ụtọ na achịcha dị ka macrouts, obere diamond nke semolina na mmanụ aṅụ na ụbọchị. Ọ na-apụta mgbe ụfọdụ na ndepụta nke ihe ndị mejupụtara maka ngwakọta ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ a ma ama Ras el hanout. Na Nri ndị Indonesia, ọkachasị na gulés (curries) , a na-ejikarị cubeb eme ihe.
Siga na mmụọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Cubeb, jikọtara ya na stramonium, eucalyptus, na ihe ndị ọzọ a na-ewepụta n'osisi, bụ otu oge, malite na 1880s, a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ụdị sịga maka ụkwara ume ọkụ, pharyngitis na-adịghị ala ala, na hay fever. [3] [8] Edgar Rice Burroughs, ebe ọ na-enwe mmasị na ịṅụ sịga cubeb, kwuru n'ụzọ na-atọ ọchị na ọ bụrụ na ọ naghị esi ọtụtụ siga, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ dị Tarzan. Marshall's Prepared Cubeb Cigarettes bụ akara a ma ama, nke nwere ahịa zuru ezu ka a ka ga-eme n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ.
N'afọ 2000, a gụnyere mmanụ cubeb na ndepụta nke ihe ndị a hụrụ na siga, nke Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ahụike na Ọrụ Mmadụ nke North Carolina bipụtara.[9]
A na-etinye mmanya Bombay Sapphire na ihe ọkụkụ gụnyere cubeb na mkpụrụ nke paradaịs. E wepụtara akara ahụ na 1987, mana onye mepụtara ya na-ekwu na ọ dabeere na ntụziaka nzuzo nke malitere na 1761. horilka" id="mwAWE" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Horilka">Pertsivka, a na-akwadebe horilka na-acha nchara nchara nke Ukraine na-atọ ụtọ na-ere ọkụ, site na itinye ya na cubeb na chiles.
Ndị ọzọ
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A na-eji Cubeb eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ iji mebie mmanụ patchouli dị mkpa, nke chọrọ ịkpachara anya maka ndị na-eji patchouli eme ihe. N'aka nke ya, Piper baccatum (nke a makwaara dị ka "ebe na-arịgo ose nke Java") na Piper caninum na-emebi cubeb.
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Osisi na anụmanụ ndị a na-azụ n'ụlọ n'Austronesia
Edemsibia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ihe edeturu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ ớt. Hồ Ngọc Đức's Vietnamese dictionary. Archived from the original on 2023-11-19. Retrieved on 2025-07-01.
- ↑ Mongols in World History | Asia for Educators. afe.easia.columbia.edu. Retrieved on 2022-06-07.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Chisholm 1911, p. 607.
- ↑ Cubebin Compound Summary. PubChem, US National Library of Medicine (28 September 2024). Retrieved on 30 September 2024.
- ↑ Patai 1995, p. 315.
- ↑ Squire 1908, p. 462.
- ↑ Scurrah 1921, p. 34.
- ↑ Hand (19 October 2021). Remember When Cincinnati’s Best Cure for Colds Was Smoking?. Cincinnati Magazine. Retrieved on 14 December 2024.
- ↑ Cigarette Ingredients. Tobacco Prevention and Control Branch, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services (2000). Archived from the original on 2007-06-15. Retrieved on 2006-02-11.