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Pluricentric language

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Asụsụ pluricentric ma ọ bụ asụsụ polycentric bụ asụsụ nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ọkọlọtọ ahaziri ahazi, na-adakọkarị na mba dị iche iche. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Enwere ike ịhụ ọtụtụ ihe atụ nke asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụ n'ụwa nile n'etiti asụsụ ndị a na-asụkarị, gụnyere mana ọnweghị oke na Chinese na Republic of China, Taiwan na Singapore; Bekee na United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa, India, na ebe ndị ọzọ; na French na France, Canada, na n'ebe ndị ọzọ. [ 5 ] Mkparịta ụka okwu bụ asụsụ otu onye, nke nwere naanị otu ụdị ahaziri ahazi. Ọmụmaatụ gụnyere Japanese na Russian . [ 6 ] N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, enwere ike ịkọwa ụkpụrụ dị iche iche nke asụsụ pluricentric ka ọ pụta dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche, dịka Malaysian na Indonesian, Hindi na Urdu, ebe Serbo-Croatian nọ na ọkwa mbụ nke usoro ahụ. [ 6 ]

Ọmụmaatụ nke ogo dị iche iche nke pluricentrism

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Arabic

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  Enwere ike were Arabic tupu Islam dị ka asụsụ polycentric. [ 7 ] Na mba ndị na-asụ Arabik, enwere ike ịhụ ọkwa dị iche iche nke polycentricity. [ 8 ] Arabic nke oge a bụ asụsụ pluricentric nwere alaka dị iche iche jikọtara ya na mpaghara dị iche iche ebe a na-asụ Arabic na ụdị obodo na-asụ ya. Ụdị asụsụ Arabik gụnyere:

  • Arab Peninsular
    • Hejazi Arabic (obodo mepere emepe nke ọdịda anyanwụ Saudi Arabia)
    • Najdi Arabic (ọtụtụ nke etiti Saudi Arabia)
    • Arabic Omani
    • Gulf Arabic (nke a na-ekwu n'akụkụ oke osimiri nke Ọwara Persia na Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, yana akụkụ nke Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran na Oman )
    • Yemeni Arabic
  • Levantine Arabic (a na-asụ na mpaghara Levant )
    • Arabic Siria
    • Arabic Jordan
    • Arabic Lebanon
    • Arabic nke Palestine
  • Maghrebi Arabic (a na-asụ na mpaghara Maghreb )
    • Arabic nke Algeria
    • Arabic Libya
    • Moroccan Arabic
    • Tunisian Arabic ,
  • Mesopotamian Arabic
    • Baghdad Arabic
  • Arabic Egypt
  • Sudanese Arabic, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.

Na mgbakwunye, ọtụtụ ndị na-ekwu okwu na-eji Modern Standard Arabic na agụmakwụkwọ na ntọala. Ya mere, n'obodo ndị na-asụ Arabik, diglossia na-adịkarị.

Armenian

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Asụsụ Armenia bụ asụsụ pluricentric nwere ụdị ọkọlọtọ abụọ, Eastern Armenian na Western Armenian, bụ ndị mepụtara dị ka asụsụ edemede dị iche iche kemgbe narị afọ nke iri na asatọ. [1] Tupu nke a, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ Armenia niile ka edere n'asụsụ Armenian oge gboo, nke a na-eji ugbu a naanị dị ka asụsụ okpukperechi . Eastern na Western Armenian nwekwara ike na-ezo aka na nnukwu olumba abụọ a na-ahazi asụsụ dị iche iche na-abụghị ọkọlọtọ nke Armenian. Eastern Armenian bụ asụsụ gọọmentị nke Republic of Armenia . A na-asụkwa ya, n'asụsụ dị iche iche, nke ndị Armenia Iranian, Armenians na Karabakh (lee olumba Karabakh ), na ndị Armenia diaspora, karịsịa na mbụ Soviet Union (Russia, Georgia, Ukraine). A na-asụkarị Western Armenian na ndị obodo Armenia, ọkachasị na Middle East, France, US na Canada.

Na mgbakwunye, edere Armenian n'ụdị ọpịpị ọkọlọtọ abụọ: oge gboo na ngbanwe asụsụ Armenia. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị niile na-asụ Western Armenian na ndị Armenia na Iran na-eji nke mbụ, ebe nke ikpeazụ, nke e mepụtara na Soviet Armenia na narị afọ nke 20, na-eji na Armenia na Nagorno-Karabakh .

Catalan

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

nwekwara ike na-ezo aka na nnukwu olumba abụọ a na-ahazi asụsụ dị iche iche na-abụghị ọkọlọtọ nke Armenian. Eastern Armenian bụ asụsụ gọọmentị nke Republic of Armenianwekwara ike na-ezo aka na nnukwu olumba abụọ a na-ahazi asụsụ dị iche iche na-abụghị ọkọlọtọ nke Armenian. Eastern Armenian bụ asụsụ gọọmentị nke Republic of Armenianwekwara ike na-ezo aka na nnukwu olumba abụọ a na-ahazi asụsụ dị iche iche na-abụghị ọkọlọtọ nke Armenian. Eastern Armenian bụ asụsụ gọọmentị nke Republic of Armenianwekwara ike na-ezo aka na nnukwu olumba abụọ a na-ahazi asụsụ dị iche iche na-abụghị ọkọlọtọ nke Armenian. Eastern Armenian bụ asụsụ gọọmentị nke Republic of Armenia

  1. ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009). Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, xiii, 1. ISBN 978-9027238146. OCLC 932596142. 

N'ọgbọ ọgbara ọhụrụ, Catalan bụ asụsụ pluricentric nwere ndịiche bụ isi na ịkpọ okwu na okwu. Asụsụ a bụ nke mba ụwa niile mara dị ka Catalan, dịka ọ dị na Ethnologue . Nke a bụkwa aha a na-ejikarị na Catalonia, kamakwa na Andorra na Balearic Islands, ma eleghị anya n'ihi ugwu nke Central Catalan olumba a na-asụ na Barcelona na gburugburu ya. Agbanyeghị, na obodo Valencian, aha gọọmentị nke asụsụ a bụ Valencian . Otu ihe kpatara nke a bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị (lee Serbo-Croatian maka ọnọdụ yiri nke a), ma ụdị dị iche iche a nwere omenala akwụkwọ nke ya nke malitere na Reconquista .

Ọ bụ ezie na ibe nghọta na ndị ọzọ iche Catalan, Valencian nwere lexical peculiarities na ya mkpope iwu, nke na-setịpụ site Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua kemgbe 1998, dị ka ndị ọzọ na mpaghara n'ime Catalan mpaghara, eg Aragon. Agbanyeghị, ụlọ ọrụ a ghọtara na Catalan na Valencian bụ otu asụsụ. Maka akụkụ nke ha, e nwere ụdị dị iche iche n'agwaetiti abụọ bụ isi Balearic, Mallorcan ( Catalan ) na Mallorca, Menorcan ( menorquí ) na Menorca, Ibizan ( eivissenc ) na Ibiza .

Chinese

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ruo n'etiti narị afọ nke 20, ihe ka ọtụtụ ná ndị China na-asụ nanị ụdị ndị China dị n'ógbè ha. Ụdị ndị a dịgasị iche iche site n'ụdị ederede nke ndị ọkà mmụta na-eji, Literary Chinese, bụ nke e mere na asụsụ nke oge ochie nke China . Dị ka ihe bara uru, ndị isi nke Ming na Qing Dynasties mere nchịkwa nke alaeze ahụ site na iji asụsụ nkịtị dabere na ụdị ugwu, nke a maara dị ka Guānhuà (官話, n'ụzọ nkịtị "okwu ndị isi"), nke a maara dị ka Mandarin na Bekee mgbe ndị ọchịchị gasịrị. Ya mere, ịmara asụsụ a dị mkpa maka ọrụ gọọmentị, mana akọwapụtaghị ya n'ụzọ ziri ezi. [1]

N'afọ ndị mbụ nke narị afọ nke 20, e ji asụsụ Chinese e dere ede dochie akwụkwọ Chinese dị ka ụkpụrụ e dere ede, bụ́ nke dabeere n'olumba ugwu . N'afọ ndị 1930, a nakweere asụsụ obodo Guóyǔ (國語, n'ụzọ nkịtị "asụsụ mba"), na ịkpọ okwu ya dabere na olumba Beijing, mana ejirikwa okwu sitere na ụdị ugwu ndị ọzọ. [2] Mgbe e guzobesịrị Republic of China na 1949, a maara ọkọlọtọ ahụ dị ka Pǔtōnghuà (普通话/普通話, n'ụzọ nkịtị "okwu nkịtị"), mana akọwara ya n'otu ụzọ ahụ Guóyǔ na Republic of China na-achị ugbu a Taiwan. [1] Ọ ghọkwara otu n'ime asụsụ gọọmentị Singapore, n'okpuru aha Huáyǔ (华语/華語, n'ụzọ nkịtị "asụsụ Chinese").

Ọ bụ ezie na ụkpụrụ atọ ahụ ka dị nso, ha agbanweela ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ. Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Mandarin na Taiwan na Singapore si n'ụsọ oké osimiri ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke China, bụ ebe ndị na-asụ asụsụ obodo enweghị mkpịrịsị retroflex / tʂ tʂʰ ʂ/ nke a na-achọta n'asụsụ ugwu, nke mere na ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ n'ebe ndị ahụ adịghị ama ọdịiche dị na ha na sibilants apical / ts tsʰ s/. N'otu aka ahụ, retroflex codeas ( erhua ) na-ezere na Taiwan na Singapore. Enwekwara ọdịiche dị na okwu okwu, yana Mandarin Taiwanese na-enweta okwu mgbazinye ego sitere na Min Chinese, Hakka Chinese na Japanese, na Mandarin Singapore na-agbaziri okwu sitere na Bekee, Malay, na ụdị ndịda Chinese. [3] [4]

Eastern South Slavic (Bulgarian–Macedonia–Torlakian (Gorani)–Paulician (Banat))

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na ndị ọkà mmụta, ọtụtụ ndị si Bulgaria na Gris, ma ụfọdụ sikwa ná mba ndị ọzọ, [5] na-ewere Eastern South Slavic ka asụsụ pluricentric nwere ụkpụrụ anọ: Bulgarian (dabere na Rup, Balkan na Moesian (" Eastern Bulgarian ")), Macedonian (dabere na Western na Central Macedonian dialects ), ndị Torla na dialects nke Torla . Paulician (gụnyere Banat Bulgarian ). [6] Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị na-akwado mba si Bulgaria nwere ike na-ezo aka n'òtù a dum dị ka 'Bulgarian', na-akparịkwa echiche na Macedonian bụ asụsụ kwụụrụ onwe ya na Bulgarian, nke ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Macedonia na ụmụ amaala na-ekwu. [6] Dị ka nke 2021, echiche nke Eastern South Slavic, 'Greater Bulgarian', 'Bulgaro-Macedonian', ma ọ bụ nanị 'Bulgarian', bụ asụsụ pluricentric nwere ọtụtụ ụkpụrụ gọọmentị nwere nghọta n'otu ụzọ ahụ Serbo-Croatian bụ na Czechoslovak na-adịbu.  ka emebebeghị nke ọma na asụsụ; ọ bụ echiche a ma ama na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Bulgaria, mana nke a na-adịghị amasị ya na North Macedonia. [6]

Bekee

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Bekee bụ asụsụ pluricentric, [7] [8] nwere ndịiche na ịkpọ okwu, okwu, mkpoputa, wdg, n'etiti obodo ọ bụla mejupụtara United Kingdom, North America, Caribbean, Ireland, mba Africa na-asụ Bekee, Singapore, India, na Oceania. Ndị na-asụ bekee gụrụ akwụkwọ na-eji ụdị nke otu n'ime ọkọlọtọ ụdị Bekee ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile na-aghọta ibe ha, mana ụdị na-abụghị ọkọlọtọ na-eweta ọdịiche dị iche iche nke olumba, ma na-egosi na nghọta dị ala.

Bekee na Amerịka bụ ụdị abụọ a na-akụzikarị na usoro agụmakwụkwọ ebe a na-akụzi Bekee dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ . British English na-achịkarị na Europe na ebe ndị Britain na-achịbu na West Indies, Africa, na Asia, ebe Bekee abụghị asụsụ mbụ nke ọtụtụ ndị bi na ya. (The Falkland Islands, ókèala Britain dị n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri South America na Bekee dị ka asụsụ obodo ya, nwere olumba nke ha, ebe British English bụ ọkọlọtọ.) N'ụzọ dị iche, American English na-achịkwa ntụziaka na Latin America na East Asia (Na Latin America, a na-akụziri British English n'ụlọ akwụkwọ nwere usoro ọmụmụ Britain na mba ndị nwere ụmụ ndị bi na Britain.)

N'ihi ijikọ ụwa ọnụ na n'ihi mgbasa nke asụsụ n'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, Bekee na-aghọwanye nke a na-achịkọta ọnụ, na-eji kwa ụbọchị na ọmụmụ asụsụ nke steeti ahụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na-eto eto n'ọtụtụ mpaghara ụwa. Agbanyeghị, na ọnọdụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na-asụ Bekee dị obere karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ Bekee na-abụghị ndị obodo nwere ikike ezi uche dị na ya. Na 2018, e mere atụmatụ na maka onye ọ bụla na-asụ Bekee, e nwere isii ndị na-asụ asụsụ na-abụghị ndị obodo nwere ikike ezi uche dị na ya, [9] na-ewelite ajụjụ Bekee dị ka asụsụ asụsụ dị ka ụdị asụsụ a na-asụkarị.

Asụsụ Bekee America emetụtala Bekee nke Philippine (nke a na-asụkarị dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ). Mmụba nke ụlọ ọrụ oku na Philippines agbaala ụfọdụ ndị Filipinz ume ka ha “na-ekpochapụ” ma ọ bụ wepụ ụda olu ha iji mee ka ha yie nke ọma n'olu obodo ndị ahịa ha.

Mba ndị dị ka Australia, New Zealand, na Canada nwere ụdị bekee haziri nke ọma nke bụ ọkọlọtọ n'ime obodo ndị ahụ mana a na-esikarị akụziri ndị na-amụ asụsụ nke abụọ mba ofesi. [10] (Standard English na Australia na New Zealand metụtara British English n'ụdị ịkpọ okwu na okwu ya; mmekọrịta yiri nke ahụ dị n'etiti Canadian English na American English.)

Spanish

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  Spanish nwere ụkpụrụ asụsụ mba na mpaghara, nke dị iche iche n'ihe gbasara okwu, ụtọasụsụ na ịkpọ okwu, mana ụdị niile nwere nghọta n'otu n'otu ma na-ekerịta otu iwu n'asụsụ ọnụ. [11]

Na Spain, Standard Spanish gbadoro ụkwụ n'okwu ndị ọkà okwu gụrụ akwụkwọ si Madrid . [12] A na-achịkọta ụdị niile a na-asụ na Iberian Peninsula dị ka Peninsular Spanish . Canarian Spanish (nke a na-asụ na Canary Islands ), yana Spanish a na-asụ na America (gụnyere Spanish a na-asụ na United States, Central American Spanish, Mexican Spanish, Andean Spanish na Caribbean Spanish ), nwere njikọ na Andalusian Spanish .

United States ugbu a bụ obodo nke abụọ kasị ukwuu n'ụwa na-asụ Spanish na-esote Mexico n'ọnụọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu (ndị na-asụ L1 na L2). Otu akụkọ kwuru na e nwere ndị na-asụ Spanish nde 41 L1 na ndị ọzọ 11.6 nde L2 na-ekwu okwu na US Nke a na-etinye US n'ihu Colombia (nde 48) na Spain (46 nde) na nke abụọ na Mexico (121 nde). [13]

Ndị Spanish nke Latin America nwere mmetụta na-eto eto n'asụsụ dị n'akụkụ ụwa niile site na egwu, omenala na telivishọn emepụtara site na iji asụsụ nke obodo na-asụkarị asụsụ abụọ nke US Latinos.

Na Argentina na Uruguay ọkọlọtọ Spanish dabere na olumba obodo Buenos Aires na Montevideo . A maara nke a dị ka Rioplatense Spanish, (si Rio de la Plata (River Plate)) ma bụrụ nke a na-amata na olumba Spanish ndị ọzọ site na voseo . Na Colombia, a na-eji Rolo (aha maka olumba Bogotá) kpọrọ ihe maka ịkpọ okwu ya nke ọma. [14] Judeo-Spanish (nke a makwaara dị ka Ladino ; ka ọ ghara inwe mgbagwoju anya na Latino ) nke ndị Juu Sephardi na-asụ nwere ike ịchọta na Israel na n'ebe ndị ọzọ; a na-ewerekarị ya dị ka asụsụ dị iche. [ a chọrọ nkọwa ]

Swedish

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Enwere ụdị abụọ dị iche iche, Ọ bụ ezie naanị otu ụkpụrụ ederede ka fọdụrụ (nke Swedish Academy of Sweden na-achịkwa): Rikssvenska (n'ụzọ nkịtị "Realm Swedish", nke a na-akpọkarị "Högsvenska", 'High Swedish' na Finland), asụsụ gọọmentị Sweden, na Finlandssvenska nke, n'akụkụ Finnish, bụ asụsụ gọọmenti ọzọ nke Finland. Enwere ọdịiche dị na okwu na ụtọ asụsụ, na ụdịdị ndị a na-eji na Finland ka dị ntakịrị karịa. Ndịiche kachasị akara bụ n'ịkpọ okwu na ntinye okwu: ebe ndị na-asụ Sweden na-akpọkarị /k/ tupu ụdaume ihu dị ka [ ɕ ], ndị Swedo-Finn na-akpọkarị ụda a dị ka [ t͡ʃ ] ; na mgbakwunye, ụda abụọ ndị e ji mara Swedish (na Norwegian) na-anọghị n'ọtụtụ olumba Finnish nke Swedish, nke nwere ntugharị nke na-echetara Finnish ma si otú a na-ada ụda karịa ma e jiri ya tụnyere Rikssvenska .

Enwere olumba enwere ike were dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche n'ihi ogologo oge nke iche na nkewa mpaghara site na olumba etiti Svealand na Götaland nke bịara mebere ntọala maka ọkọlọtọ Rikssvenska . Olumba dị ka Elfdalian, Jamtlandic, na Gutnish niile dị iche iche, ma ọ bụ karịa, site na Swedish ọkọlọtọ karịa ụdị ụdị Danish . Ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere akwụkwọ ndekọ ahaziri ahazi, mana gọọmentị Sweden enyebeghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ha nnabata gọọmentị dị ka asụsụ mpaghara ma na-aga n'ihu na-ele ha anya dị ka olumba Swedish. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ukwuu na ndị agadi nọ n'ime ime obodo na-ekwu okwu.

Tamil

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ndị na-asụ Tamil bi na ndịda India, ebe ọ bụ asụsụ gọọmentị Tamil Nadu na nke Puducherry, yana otu n'ime asụsụ 22 edepụtara na Usoro nke asatọ na Iwu India . Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime asụsụ abụọ gọọmentị na Sri Lanka, otu n'ime asụsụ anọ gọọmentị na Singapore, a na-ejikwa ya dị ka usoro nkuzi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Tamil nke gọọmentị na-enyere aka na Malaysia . Akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ụwa nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ Tamil, mana ha abụghị ebe a na-emepe emepe. [ 52 ]

Tamil bụ diglossic, na ụdị edemede eji eme akwụkwọ, uri, okwu na mgbasa ozi akụkọ mgbe a na-eji ụdị okwu dị iche iche na-ekwu okwu kwa ụbọchị, ozi ịntanetị na ihe nkiri. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere nnukwu ndịiche dị n'ụdị a na-asụ n'ụdị mba dị iche iche, akwụkwọ ndekọ aha na-abụkarị otu, yana ụfọdụ ndịiche dị na semantics nke ndị na-asụ obodo na-aghọtaghị. Enwebeghị mbọ ọ bụla ịchịkọta ọkọwa okwu Sri Lankan Tamil. [ 53 ]

N'ihi nke Tamil Movement dị ọcha, Indian Tamil na-achọsi ike izere okwu mgbazinye ego karịa Sri Lankan Tamil. Mkpụrụ ego nke usoro teknụzụ ọhụrụ dịkwa iche n'etiti abụọ ahụ. [ 54 ] Amụma Tamil na Singapore na Malaysia na-agbaso nke Tamil Nadu gbasara ịdị ọcha asụsụ na mkpụrụ ego teknụzụ. [ 55 ]

Ndị ọzọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Hụkwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Ntụaka

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Norman (1988). Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 136–137. ISBN 978-0-521-29653-3.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Norman" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ Ramsey (1987). The Languages of China. Princeton University Press, 3–15. ISBN 978-0-691-01468-5. 
  3. ↑ Bradley (1992). "Chinese as a pluricentric language", in Clyne: Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Walter de Gruyter, 305–324. ISBN 978-3-11-012855-0. 
  4. ↑ Chen (1999). Modern Chinese: History and sociolinguistics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 46–49. ISBN 978-0-521-64572-0. 
  5. ↑ Poulton (2000). Who are the Macedonians?. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85065-534-3. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Kamusella (17 June 2021). Politics and the Slavic Languages. Routledge. ISBN 9781000395990. Retrieved on 23 August 2021. 
  7. ↑ Crystal (2003). A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Blackwell. 
  8. ↑ Matthews (2007). Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. 
  9. ↑ Dollinger (2019). "Creating Canadian English". Cambridge University Press: 18. 
  10. ↑ Leitner (1992). in Clyne: English as a pluricentric language. Berlin: Mouton, 208. 
  11. ↑ Thompson (1992). "Spanish as a pluricentric language", in Clyne: Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations, Contributions to the sociology of language 62. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 45–70. ISBN 978-3-11-012855-0. Retrieved on 4 August 2012. 
  12. ↑ Penny (2000). Variation and Change in Spanish. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-78045-4. “whatever might be claimed by other centres, such as Valladolid, it was educated varieties of Madrid Spanish that were mostly regularly reflected in the written standard.” 
  13. ↑ US now has more Spanish speakers than Spain – only Mexico has more. TheGuardian.com (29 June 2015).
  14. ↑ The clearest Spanish (14 August 2013).
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