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Postfeminism

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Postfeminism (nke a sụgharịrị dị ka post-feminism) bụ mbelata a na-ekwu na nkwado a ma ama maka ịbụ nwanyị site na 1990s gaa n'ihu. [1] [2][3] A pụrụ iwere ya dị ka ụzọ dị mkpa isi ghọta mgbanwe mmekọrịta dị n'etiti echiche ụmụ nwanyị, nwanyị na omenala ndị mmadụ. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-agbagwoju okwu a anya na echiche ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ dịka echiche ụmụ nwanyị postmodern xenofeminism, na ebili nke anọ.[4]

Nnyocha e mere na Mahadum Kent State n'afọ 2000 belatara postfeminism na nkwupụta anọ: nkwado maka ụmụ nwanyị jụrụ; ụmụ nwanyị malitere ịkpọ ụmụ nwanyị na ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị asị; ọha mmadụ enwetalarị nha nhata ọha na eze, si otú a mee ka ụmụ nwanyị bụrụ ihe mgbe ochie; na akara "feminist" nwere ihere na-adịghị mma. [1][5]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke okwu ahụ

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Otu n'ime ojiji mbụ nke oge a nke okwu ahụ bụ na edemede Susan Bolotin nke 1982 "Voices of the Post-Feminist Generation", nke e bipụtara na New York Times Magazine. Isiokwu a dabeere n'ọtụtụ ajụjụ ọnụ ha gbara ụmụ nwanyị ndị kwenyere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ebumnuche nke ụmụ nwanyị, mana ha ekwughị na ha bụ ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị.

N'afọ ndị 1990 okwu ahụ ghọrọ ihe a ma ama na agụmakwụkwọ na mgbasa ozi ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ụzọ otuto na nlelị.[6] Kemgbe ahụ, enwere mgbagwoju anya gbara ihe a na-ezube maka "post" n'ihe gbasara "postfeminism". "Post" na-enye ohere itinye ụmụ nwanyị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme site n'ịkpọsa njedebe nke akụkọ ihe mere eme a. Ọ na-egosikwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ihe gara aga. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ na-ekwu na ọ gaghị ekwe omume na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ijikọta ya na "post" mgbe ọ bụ ihe a na-apụghị iche n'echiche, n'ihi na ọ ga-abụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka ịkpọ ụwa dị ugbu a post-racialist, post-classist, na post-sexist.[6]

N'oge a, a ka na-eji okwu postfeminist eme ihe iji zoo aka na ụmụ agbọghọ "ndị a na-eche na ha ga-erite uru site na mmụba nke ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ na ndokwa ezinụlọ ọhụrụ mana n'otu oge ahụ anaghị akpali mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọzọ", Pamela Aronson, Prọfesọ nke Sociology, na-ekwu.[7]

Ojiji ndị ọzọ

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Toril M jiri okwu ahụ mee ihe na Sexual/Textual Politics (1985) iji kwado nkwado ụmụ nwanyị nke ga-emebi nha nhata na ọdịiche abụọ.[6]

Na Lacan na Postfeminism (2000), onye edemede Elizabeth Wright gosipụtara "agụ dị mma" nke postfeminism nke, kama igosi mmeri nke femism, na-ezo aka na nkatọ post-structuralist nke femism nke abụọ. Site n'echiche yiri nke ahụ, Diane Davis kwupụtara na postfeminism bụ naanị ihe na-aga n'ihu nke ihe mbụ na nke abụọ feminism chọrọ.

Na Feminism: A Beginner's Guide (2010), Sally Scholz zoro aka na nke anọ dị ka postfeminism.[8]

Ọrụ

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N'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1994 bụ́ Who Stole Feminism? How Women Have Betrayed Women, Christina Hoff Sommers na-ewere ọtụtụ n'ime ozizi agụmakwụkwọ nke oge a na mmegharị ikike ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ihe na-elekwasị anya n'ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ kpọrọ "feminism nwoke na nwanyị" a ma na-atụ aro "feminism nwoke na nwanyị" - echiche nke na-achọ nha anya zuru oke n'obodo na iwu. Ọ na-arụ ụka na ọ bụ ezie na ndị ikike ụmụ nwanyị ọ họpụtara dị ka ndị na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị na-akwado nlekọta karịa ma na-egosipụta ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị a tara ahụhụ, ikike ụmụ nwanyị na-enye ụdị ọzọ dị mma nke ikike ụmụ nwanyị. Nkọwa ndị a na ọrụ ya ndị ọzọ emeela ka ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị kọwaa Hoff Sommers dị ka onye na-emegide ụmụ nwanyị. [isi iyi e bipụtara n'onwe ya][9] 

Ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị n'oge a, dị ka Katha Pollitt ma ọ bụ Nadine Strossen, na-ewere ụmụ nwanyị ka ha jide naanị na "ụmụ nwanyị bụ ndị mmadụ".

Mmekọrịta ya na omenala pop

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A hụla postfeminism na mgbasa ozi dị ka ụdị nke ụmụ nwanyị nke na-anabata ọdịbendị a ma ama kama ịjụ ya, dịka ọ dị na ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ.[10] A na-ewere ọtụtụ ihe ngosi a ma ama site na 1990s na mmalite 2000s dị ka ọrụ postfeminist n'ihi na ha na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ nwanyị ndị a na-enye ike site na nnọchite anya ọdịbendị nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ. N'ihi nke a, ndị postfeminist kwuru na mgbasa ozi dị otú ahụ dị mfe ma na-agụnye karịa nnọchiteanya ndị inyom n'oge gara aga na mgbasa ozi; Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị kwenyere na ọrụ postfeminists na-elekwasị anya nke ukwuu na ndị ọcha, ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'etiti.[10] Ihe ngosi na ihe nkiri ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere The Devil Wears Prada, Xena: Warrior Princess, The Princess Diaries, Buffy the Vampire Slayer na Sex and the City. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ndị a na-emetụtakwa ụmụ nwanyị na-enyocha ọdịdị ha dị ka ụdị njikwa onwe onye, ma ọ bụ n'ụdị nri, mmega ahụ, ma ọ bụghị - nke kachasị ewu ewu - ihe ngosi mgbanwe.[11]

Akwụkwọ postfeminist - nke a makwaara dị ka chick lit - bụ nke ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị katọrọ maka isiokwu na echiche yiri ya. Otú ọ dị, a na-eto ụdị ahụ maka inwe obi ike, ọgụgụ isi, na mgbagwoju anya, na-eweta isiokwu ụmụ nwanyị, na-agba gburugburu ụmụ nwanyị, ma na-emegharị ụkpụrụ nke akụkọ ifo.[12] A pụkwara ịchọta ihe atụ na Pretty Little Liars. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ahụ na-enyocha mgbagwoju anya nke ụmụ agbọghọ n'ime ọha mmadụ nke na-ewere nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị, nke kwekọrọ na postfeminism. Nledo na-aga n'ihu na ndị uwe ojii onwe onye nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ahụ na-egosi arụmọrụ nke nwoke na nwanyị, hyperfemininity, na anya dị egwu nke a manyere ụmụ agbọghọ. Ịhụnanya n'anya na arụmọrụ sitere n'aka ụmụ agbọghọ na Pretty Little Liars na-akatọ echiche ahụ na ọha mmadụ nwere nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị zuru oke, ma si otú a na-enye nkatọ nke postfeminism.[13]

Nkatọ

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Susan Faludi na-arụ ụka na Backlash: Agha A Na-akpọghị Aha Amachibidoro Ụmụ Nwanyị Amerịka (1991) na mmeghachi omume megide ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ agbanweela echiche ụmụ nwanyị site na usoro ya. Ndị mgbasa ozi wuru ya, na-enweghị ihe akaebe a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi, kwuru na ngagharị nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị bụ isi iyi nke ọtụtụ nsogbu ndị a na-ekwu na ha na-akpa ụmụ nwanyị aka ọjọọ na ngwụcha afọ 1980. Dịka o si kwuo, ụdị mmeghachi omume a bụ ihe na-eme n'oge gara aga, na-emegharị mgbe o yiri ka ụmụ nwanyị enwetawo nnukwu uru n'ọrụ ha iji nweta ikike nhata..

N'otu aka ahụ, Amelia Jones na-azọrọ na ederede postfeminist nke pụtara na 1980s na 1990s gosipụtara oke nke abụọ nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ka otu ihe ma na-agbasawanye na nkatọ ha.

Angela McRobbie na-atụ aro na itinye prefix post- na feminism mebiri ọganihu nke feminism mere n'inweta nha anya maka onye ọ bụla, gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị. N'uche McRobbie, postfeminism nyere echiche na e nwetala nha anya na ndị feminist nwere ike ilekwasị anya ugbu a n'ihe ọzọ kpamkpam. O kwenyere na a na-ahụ postfeminism nke ọma na ihe a na-akpọ ngwaahịa mgbasa ozi feminist, dị ka Diary nke Bridget Jones, Sex and the City, na Ally McBeal. Ndị inyom dịka Bridget Jones na Carrie Bradshaw kwuru na ha nwere onwe ha ma nwee obi ụtọ na mmekọahụ ha, mana ihe ha na-achọ mgbe niile bụ otu nwoke ga-eme ka ihe niile baa uru..[14]

N'otu edemede banyere mgbasa ozi ọla na Singapore, Michelle Lazar na-enyocha otú iwulite ụmụ nwanyị 'postfeminist' si mee ka ngwakọta neoliberal "nke a na-akpọ onwe ya ma ọ bụ 'I-dentity'". Ọ na-ekwu na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ụmụ nwanyị na-enweta ụgwọ ọrụ emeela ka ndị mgbasa ozi melite onyinyo ha nke ụmụ nwanyị mana na "site na ngwakọta postfeminist I-dentity, ndị mgbasa ozi achọtawo ụzọ iji weghachite usoro iwu ọhụrụ nke na-adị na ọnọdụ ahụ".[15] A katọrọ mgbasa ozi postfeminist na ejiji maka iji feminity dị ka ngwaahịa kpuchiri dị ka nnwere onwe.[16]

Hụkwa

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  • Angela McRobbie, Prọfesọ maka nkwukọrịta na Goldsmiths, Mahadum LondonGoldsmiths, Mahadum nke London
  • Nhọrọ ụmụ nwanyị
  • Ọmụmụ nwoke na nwanyị
  • Ịbụ onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị
  • Omenala ndị Lad
  • Ịbụ onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị
  • Rosalind Gill, Prọfesọ nke Social and Cultural Analysis na King's College, London
  • Ugboro nke atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị

Edemsibia

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  1. 1 2 Hall (2003). "The Myth of Postfeminism". Gender and Society 17 (6): 878–902. DOI:10.1177/0891243203257639. 
  2. ↑ Abbott (2005). An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives, 3rd, Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-38245-3. 
  3. ↑ Mateo–Gomez (2009). "Feminist Criticism", in Richter: Approaches to Political Thought. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4616-3656-4. 
  4. ↑ Feng (2009). Studies On Contemporary Chinese Women Development. Renmin Press Beijing, People's Publishing House, PRC. ISBN 978-605-86254-2-6. 
  5. ↑ Abbott (2006). An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives. Routledge, 52. ISBN 9781134382453. 
  6. 1 2 3 Kavka (2002). "Feminism, Ethics, and History, or What is the "Post" in Postfeminism?". Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 21 (1): 29–44. DOI:10.2307/4149214. Kavka, Misha (2002). "Feminism, Ethics, and History, or What is the "Post" in Postfeminism?". Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature. 21 (1): 29–44. doi:10.2307/4149214. JSTOR 4149214.
  7. ↑ Aronson (2003). "Feminists or "Postfeminists"?: Young Women's Attitudes toward Feminism and Gender Relations". Gender and Society 17 (6): 903–22. DOI:10.1177/0891243203257145. 
  8. ↑ Scholz (2010). Feminism: a beginner's guide, Oneworld beginner's guide. Oxford: Oneworld, 7. ISBN 978-1-85168-712-1. 
  9. ↑ Uncovering the Right—Female Anti-Feminism for Fame and Profit. Archived from the original on 2007-12-15. Retrieved on 2007-12-21.
  10. 1 2 Feasey (7 August 2010). "Charmed: Why Teen Television Appeals to Women". Journal of Popular Film and Television 34 (1): 2–9. DOI:10.3200/JPFT.34.1.2-9. 
  11. ↑ "Post feminism in popular culture: A potential for critical resistance?", Politics and Culture, 9 November 2009. Retrieved on 2018-04-17. (in en-US)
  12. ↑ What is chick-lit? | Electronic Book Review (en). www.electronicbookreview.com. Archived from the original on 2018-04-15. Retrieved on 2018-04-17.
  13. ↑ Whitney (11 November 2017). "Kisses, Bitches: Pretty Little Liars Frames Postfeminism's Adolescent Girl" (in en). Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 36 (2): 353–377. DOI:10.1353/tsw.2017.0026. ISSN 1936-1645. 
  14. ↑ McRobbie (2004). "Post-feminism and popular culture". Feminist Media Studies 4 (3): 255–264. DOI:10.1080/1468077042000309937. 
  15. ↑ Lazar (2014). "Recuperating feminism, reclaiming femininity: Hybrid postfeminist I-dentity in consumer advertisements". Gender and Language 8 (2): 205–224. DOI:10.1558/genl.v8i2.205. 
  16. ↑ AMERICANA: "A Critique of Post-feminism" by Zsófia Kulcsár. americanaejournal.hu. Retrieved on 2018-04-17.
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