Postmodern feminism

Postmodern feminism bụ ngalaba nke nwanyị na-emegide isiokwu nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ. Dabere na nkà ihe ọmụma postmodern, nwanyị postmodern na-ajụ echiche ọdịnala gbasara okike, njirimara, na ike, ebe ọ na-ekwusi ike na mmekọrịta nke echiche ndị a.

Ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị nke oge a na-arụ ụka na asụsụ na-ewuli eziokwu nakwa na ike agbakwunyere na ụkpụrụ ọha mmadụ, na-akpụzi njirimara na igbochi ụlọ ọrụ. Ha na-achọ ịgba mgba megide mmegide ọnụọgụ abụọ ọdịnala (dịka, nwoke / nwanyị, omenala / okike) na imebi usoro ndị na-achị achị.

Ntinye nke postmodern theory n'ime feminist theory anaghị anabata ngwa ngwa site na ụmụ nwanyị niile - ụfọdụ kwenyere na echiche postmodern na-emebi mwakpo nke femism na-anwa ịmepụta, ebe ndị ọzọ na-akwado njikọ ahụ.^[1]

Mmalite ya

Derrida

Jacques Derrida (1930-2004) mara echiche nke otu eziokwu, eziokwu ziri ezi ma ọ bụ "ihe na-egosi gafere," na-arụ ụka na a na-ewu ihe ọ pụtara site na usoro na-enweghị njedebe nke ihe ngosi ndị na-ezo aka naanị na ibe ha. O webatara echiche nke ọdịiche iji gosipụta etu asụsụ si arụ ọrụ site na ọdịiche na nkwụsịtụ na-adịgide adịgide nke nkọwa. Ọrụ ya na-emesi echiche ahụ ike na asụsụ anaghị anọchite anya eziokwu kama ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike.^[2]

Foucault

Michel Foucault (1926-1984) lere ike anya dị ka ike na-agbasa agbasa na nke na-akpụzi echiche mmadụ. N'ime usoro ya, ike abụghị naanị mmegide kama ọ na-arụpụta ihe, na-arụ ọrụ site na ụlọ ọrụ, ụkpụrụ, na nlekota onwe onye. Ọ tụrụ aro na ịmata ike ndị a nwere ike ime ka ndị mmadụ nwee ike ịma aka ma melite echiche ha.^[2]

Ịbụ onye inyom na France

French Feminism, dị ka a maara taa, abụghị kpọmkwem ụlọ akwụkwọ echiche sitere na France, kama ọ bụ ihe Anglo-American phenomen. Ọ na-akọwa otu echiche jikọtara ya na ndị na-eche echiche na-asụ French—karịsịa Hélène Cixous, Luce Irigaray, na Julia Kristeva. Ọrụ ha gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na Freudian na Lacanian psychoanalysis, na-elekwasị anya na ahụmahụ tupu Oedipal, nnọchiteanya nne, na ndị amaghị ihe ọ bụla.

Alice Jardine chepụtara okwu a iji kọwaa ihe na-apụta n'etiti ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi nke France na 1980, ebe a na-akọwa ọdịda nke echiche Enlightenment. Maka ndị inyom, nke a pụtara ịlaghachi n'otu arụmụka ahụ / dị iche iche site na oghere ọhụrụ. Akwụkwọ nke Toril Mo Sexual/Textual Politics (1986) gara n'ihu na-akpụzi ndị inyom French site n'ịgụnye naanị Cixous, Irigaray, na Kristeva. Mo mekwara ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti Anglo-American na French feminists: mgbe Anglo-American feminists na-achọ ịchọta "echiche nwanyị", French feminists kwenyere na ọ dịghị njirimara maka ụmụ nwanyị mana na "nwere ike ịmata ụmụ nwanyị ebe a na-ahụ ọdịiche na ọdịiche".

Elaine Marks, onye ọkà mmụta na ngalaba nke Women's Studies, kwuru ọdịiche ọzọ dị n'etiti ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na France: Ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na French, ọkachasị ndị na-eme ihe ike, katọrọ ma wakpo usoro ndị na-abara ụmụ nwoke uru, yana ịkpọasị ụmụ nwanyị n'ozuzu ha, karịa ndị America ibe ha.^[3]

Echiche

Ebe asụsụ dị

Onye ọkà mmụta iwu Mary Joe Frug, onye guzobere otu ndị ọkà mmụta iwu a maara dị ka Fem-Crits - n'onwe ya bụ akụkụ nke usoro ọmụmụ iwu dị oke egwu - , ^[4] tụrụ aro na otu "ụkpụrụ" nke postmodernism bụ na ahụmịhe mmadụ dị "n'ụzọ na-enweghị ike ime n'ime asụsụ". A na-eji ike eme ihe ọ bụghị naanị site na nrụgide kpọmkwem, kamakwa site n'ụzọ asụsụ si emepụta ma gbochie eziokwu anyị.^[5] O kwukwara na n'ihi na asụsụ na-emeghe mgbe niile maka ntụgharị ọzọ, enwere ike iji ya guzogide nhazi na mgbochi a, yabụ na ọ bụ ebe nwere ike ịba uru maka ọgụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.^[5]

Ihe na-emegide ihe dị mkpa

Otu onyinye mbụ na postmodern femism bụ "Cyborg Manifesto" nke Donna Haraway, nke na-agbagha ókèala dị mkpa n'etiti mmadụ, anụmanụ, na igwe. Haraway na-eji ihe atụ nke cyborg - ngwakọta nke igwe na ihe dị ndụ - iji kwuo na njirimara abụghị nke okike ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị ndụ, kama ọ bụ ihe owuwu mmiri.^[6]

Site n'ịkwatu "informatics nke ịchịkwa," Haraway na-akatọ ọdịnala ọdịda anyanwụ dualisms dị ka nwoke / nwanyị, ọdịbendị / okike, na uche / ahụ, nke nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nna ochie na nke ọchịchị. Ọ na-atụ aro na site na ịnakwere njirimara cyborg, ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịgafe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara nke oge gara aga ma kama ịmepụta njikọ dabere na ebumnuche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ha na-emekọ ihe kama ịbụ ụdị ndụ.^[6]

Isi ihe dị iche n'etiti feminism postmodern na alaka ndị ọzọ nke feminism bụ ikekwe arụmụka na mmekọahụ, ma ọ bụ opekempe nwoke na nwanyị, bụ n'onwe ya sitere n'asụsụ wuru, echiche dị elu na akwụkwọ Judith Butler nke 1990, Nsogbu Gender. Ha na-adọta ma na-akatọ ọrụ Simone de Beauvoir, Michel Foucault, na Jacques Lacan, yana arụmụka Irigaray na ihe anyị weere dị ka "nwanyị" bụ nanị ngosipụta nke ihe e wuru dị ka nwoke.

Butler na-akatọ ọdịiche nke ụmụ nwanyị gara aga mere n'etiti (nke ndụ) mmekọahụ na (nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya). Ha na-ajụ ihe mere anyị ji chee na ihe onwunwe (dị ka ahụ) anaghị enwe usoro nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'onwe ha. Butler na-ekwu na nke a anaghị ekwe ka a katọọ nke ọma: ọ bụ ezie na ha ghọtara na okike bụ ihe na-ewu ewu, ndị na-ahụ mkpa ụmụ nwanyị na-eche na a na-ewu ya mgbe niile n'otu ụzọ ahụ. Arụmụka Butler na-egosi na ịdị n'okpuru ụmụ nwanyị enweghị otu ihe kpatara ya ma ọ bụ otu ngwọta.

Similarly, Frug maintains that sex is not something natural, nor is it something completely determinate and definable; rather, sex is part of a system of meaning, produced by language.^[5] Cultural mechanisms "encode the female body with meanings", and then go on to explain these meanings "by an appeal to the 'natural' differences between the sexes, differences that the rules themselves help to produce".^[5] ^{[page needed]}

Ihe omuma ndi ozo

Ihe dị mkpa na usoro postmodern nke Haraway bụ echiche nke ihe ọmụma dị n'ebe dị, nke na-eje ozi dị ka nkatọ nke Anya Chineke - echiche efu nke inweta ebumnuche zuru oke, echiche na-anọpụ iche nke ụwa site n'ebe ọ bụla. Ọ na-ekwu na a na-emepụta ihe ọmụma sayensị na ọdịbendị niile site na otu echiche a kapịrị ọnụ, nakwa na ịnakwere ọnọdụ ndị a bụ naanị ụzọ isi nweta "ezi ihe". ^[7]

N'ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a, echiche a jụrụ echiche nke "ahụmahụ nwanyị" zuru ụwa ọnụ, kama ịkwado nghọta dị iche iche nke eziokwu nke na-akọwa njikọ agbụrụ, klas, na teknụzụ. Usoro a na-enye ohere maka sayensị ụmụ nwanyị nke na-akatọ ajọ mbunobi akụkọ ihe mere eme ma na-etinye aka n'ụzọ miri emi na eziokwu ihe onwunwe nke ụwa na-emetụta teknụzụ.^[7]

Nkatọ

E nweela ọtụtụ nkatọ banyere ụmụ nwanyị postmodern kemgbe ọ malitere na 1990s. Ọtụtụ n'ime nkatọ ndị a sitere n'aka ndị na-akwado oge a na ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-akwado echiche nke oge a.

Ndị nkatọ nke oge a lekwasịrị anya na isiokwu nke relativism na nihilism dị ka postmodernism kwuputara. Ha na-arụ ụka na site n'ịhapụ ụkpụrụ Enlightenment, postmodern feminism "na-egbochi ohere nke ịtọhapụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị." Enwere ike ịhụ nchegbu a na ndị nkatọ dị ka Meaghan Morris, bụ ndị na-arụ ụka na ụmụ nwanyị postmodern nwere ike imebi ntọala ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke omume dabere na ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị, site na mgbagwoju anya ya. Alison Assiter bipụtara Enlighten Women (1995) iji katọọ postmodernists na postmodern feminists n'otu aka ahụ, na-arụ ụka na a ga-enwe nlọghachi na ụkpụrụ Enlightenment na nwanyị nke oge a. Gloria Steinem akatọkwala echiche ụmụ nwanyị, na ọkachasị echiche nwanyị postmodernist, dị ka oke agụmakwụkwọ, ebe okwu dị oke egwu na enweghị ike ịbịaru nso na abaghị uru nye onye ọ bụla.

Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị bụ ndị a kpọrọ onwe ha ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a katọrọ okwu ahụ bụ "postmodernism": Butler, dịka ọmụmaatụ, jụrụ okwu ahụ bụ ""postmodernism" dị ka ihe na-edoghị anya iji nwee ihe ọ pụtara. Paula Moya na-ekwu na Butler na-enweta ịjụ a na postmodernism site na ntụgharị nke ọrụ Cherríe Moraga: "Ọ na-agụ nkwupụta Moraga na 'ihe ize ndụ dị n'ịhazi mmegbu' iji pụta na anyị enweghị ụzọ anyị ga-esi kpebie n'etiti ụdị mmegbu dị iche iche - na mgbalị ọ bụla iji kọwaa ma ọ bụ mee ka ụdị mmegbu ndị mmadụ na-ata na-ata bụ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-enweghị isi, na-achịkwa, ma ọ bụ na-achịkọta nke na-eme na-emebi na-emechi anya na-emega n' ka ọ bụrụ na-emecha, na-emeziwanye ihe ngosi nke mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị nọ na-aghọta ya site na-eme nke ọma. Moya na-ekwu na n'ihi na Butler chere na a pụghị ịhazi ụdị mmegbu dị iche iche n'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi, na a pọdụrụ ha ma ọlị; ma mee ka ụzọ dị mkpirisi site n'ịhapụ echiche nke ọ bụghị naanị postmodernism, kamakwa ụmụ nwanyị n'ozuzu.^[8]

Hụkwa

Edensibia

↑ Sands (Nov 1992). "Postmodern Feminist Theory and Social Work: A Deconstruction". Social Work 37: 489. DOI:10.1093/sw/40.6.831. ISSN 1545-6846.
1 2 Tong (1989). Feminist thought : a comprehensive introduction. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 217–224. ISBN 9780429493836. OCLC 1041706991. Tong, Rosemarie (1989). Feminist thought : a comprehensive introduction. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. pp. 217–224. ISBN 9780429493836. OCLC 1041706991.
↑ (1980) in Marks: New French feminisms : an anthology. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-0870232800. OCLC 5051713.
↑ Baumgardner (October 2019). "Ronald Reagan, the Modern Right, and ... the Rise of the Fem-Crits". Laws 8 (4). DOI:10.3390/laws8040026.
1 2 3 4 Frug (March 1992). "A Postmodern Feminist Manifesto (An Unfinished Draft)". Harvard Law Review 105 (5): 1045–1075. DOI:10.2307/1341520. Frug, Mary Joe (March 1992). "A Postmodern Feminist Manifesto (An Unfinished Draft)". Harvard Law Review. 105 (5): 1045–1075. doi:10.2307/1341520. JSTOR 1341520.
1 2 After Class Writing: Haraway’s “A Cyborg Manifesto” – ENG1710 Intro to Language and Technology, SP2018 (en-US) (2018-03-06). Retrieved on 2025-12-27."After Class Writing: Haraway's "A Cyborg Manifesto" – ENG1710 Intro to Language and Technology, SP2018". 2018-03-06. Retrieved 2025-12-27.
1 2 Carl Silvio- Refiguring the Radical Cyborg in Mamoru Oshii’s Ghost in the Shell. www.depauw.edu. Archived from the original on 2026-01-04. Retrieved on 2025-12-27.. www.depauw.edu. Retrieved 2025-12-27.
↑ Moya, Paula M. L. From Postmodernism, 'Realism,' and the Politics of Identity: Cherríe Moraga and Chicana Feminism, in Gilbert (2007). Feminist literary theory and criticism : a Norton reader, 1st, New York: W.W. Norton, 787–797. ISBN 9780393927900.

Akwụkwọ

Nicholson (1990). Feminism/postmodernism. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415900591.
Assiter (1996). Enlightened women: modernist feminism in a postmodern age. London New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415083386.
Kottiswari (2008). Postmodern feminist writers. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. ISBN 9788176258210.
Williams (1 January 1996). "A Feminist Theory of Malebashing". Michigan Journal of Gender & Law 4 (1): 35–127. ISSN 1095-8835.

Njikọ mpụga

[:3-1] Sands (Nov 1992). "Postmodern Feminist Theory and Social Work: A Deconstruction". Social Work 37: 489. DOI:10.1093/sw/40.6.831. ISSN 1545-6846.

[:4-2] 1 2 Tong (1989). Feminist thought : a comprehensive introduction. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 217–224. ISBN 9780429493836. OCLC 1041706991. Tong, Rosemarie (1989). Feminist thought : a comprehensive introduction. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. pp. 217–224. ISBN 9780429493836. OCLC 1041706991.

[3] (1980) in Marks: New French feminisms : an anthology. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-0870232800. OCLC 5051713.

[baumgardner-4] Baumgardner (October 2019). "Ronald Reagan, the Modern Right, and ... the Rise of the Fem-Crits". Laws 8 (4). DOI:10.3390/laws8040026.

[:0-5] 1 2 3 4 Frug (March 1992). "A Postmodern Feminist Manifesto (An Unfinished Draft)". Harvard Law Review 105 (5): 1045–1075. DOI:10.2307/1341520. Frug, Mary Joe (March 1992). "A Postmodern Feminist Manifesto (An Unfinished Draft)". Harvard Law Review. 105 (5): 1045–1075. doi:10.2307/1341520. JSTOR 1341520.

[:5-6] 1 2 After Class Writing: Haraway’s “A Cyborg Manifesto” – ENG1710 Intro to Language and Technology, SP2018 (en-US) (2018-03-06). Retrieved on 2025-12-27."After Class Writing: Haraway's "A Cyborg Manifesto" – ENG1710 Intro to Language and Technology, SP2018". 2018-03-06. Retrieved 2025-12-27.

[:6-7] 1 2 Carl Silvio- Refiguring the Radical Cyborg in Mamoru Oshii’s Ghost in the Shell. www.depauw.edu. Archived from the original on 2026-01-04. Retrieved on 2025-12-27.. www.depauw.edu. Retrieved 2025-12-27.

[8] Moya, Paula M. L. From Postmodernism, 'Realism,' and the Politics of Identity: Cherríe Moraga and Chicana Feminism, in Gilbert (2007). Feminist literary theory and criticism : a Norton reader, 1st, New York: W.W. Norton, 787–797. ISBN 9780393927900.

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