Gaa na ọdịnaya

Postpartum confinement

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ

Mkpọrọ mgbe amuchara nwa bụ omume ọdịnala na-esote ịmụ nwa.[1] Ndị na-agbaso omenala ndị a na-amalite ozugbo amuchara, na nzuzo ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ pụrụ iche na-adịru ogologo ọdịbendị dịgasị iche iche: ọ na-adịkarị otu ọnwa ma ọ bụ ụbọchị 30, [2] ụbọchị 26, ruo ụbọchị 40, ọnwa abụọ, ma ọ bụ 100 ụbọchị. [3][4] Nweghachi a mgbe amuchara nwere ike ịgụnye usoro nlekọta n'ihe gbasara "nkwenkwe ahụike ọdịnala, omenala, ememe, na mmachibido iwu. " A na-akpọkarị omume ahụ "ịrahụ ụra", nke, dịka okwu ahụ na-egosi, na-elekwasị anya n'àkwà.[5] N'ọdịbendị ụfọdụ, enwere ike ijikọta ya na tabos gbasara adịghị ọcha mgbe amuchara.

Nchịkọta

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Nne na nwa ọhụrụ ya na-ezu ike n'àkwà, na-enye nwa ara

Mkpọrọ mgbe amuchara nwa na-ezo aka na nne na nwa. Ụmụ ọhụrụ a mụrụ n'oge a bụ ndị na-eto eto nke na ndị dọkịta ụmụaka dị ka Harvey Karp na-ezo aka n'ọnwa atọ mbụ dị ka "ọnwa atọ nke anọ".[6] Izu izu ike mgbe nne na-agwọ ọrịa na-echebe nwa ọhụrụ ka ọ na-eme ka ụwa dị mma, ha abụọ na-amụta nkà nke inye ara.

Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mba niile nwere ụdị ezumike ịmụ nwa. Ọtụtụ mba na-agba ụmụ nwoke ume ka ha gaa ezumike nna ha, mana ọbụna ndị na-ekwu na ụfọdụ ezumike nne na nna ga-eji ya mee ihe ("father's quota") kwetara na nne chọrọ oge ezumike iji gbakee site na ịmụ nwa ma dozie mgbanwe ahụike mgbe ọ mụsịrị nwa.

Akwụkwọ America nke afọ 2016 na-akọwa ihe isi ike nke idekọ "omenala nne ochie ụwa" mana na-ekwusi ike na "dị ka eriri ọla edo na-ejikọ ụmụ nwanyị site n'otu ọgbọ gaa na nke ọzọ, usoro nke ilekọta nne ọhụrụ site n'iwepụ ya ibu ọrụ ma hụ na ọ na-ezu ike ma na-eri ihe na-egosi n'ebe dịgasị iche iche".[7] E dekọrọ omenala ndị a n'ọtụtụ ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ, ma na-agụnyekarị nkwado maka nne ọhụrụ (gụnyere ntọhapụ site na ọrụ ụlọ), ezumike, nri pụrụ iche iri (na ndị a ga-ezere), omume ịdị ọcha ụfọdụ, na ụzọ isi lekọta nwa ọhụrụ.[8]

Martha Wolfenstein and Margaret Mead wrote in 1955 that the postpartum period meant a "woman can be cherished and pampered without feeling inadequate or shamed". The 2016 review that quoted them cites customs from around the world, from Biblical times to modern Greece:  

Mmetụta ahụike

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Otu nyocha meta nke ọmụmụ kwubiri, "E nwere obere ihe akaebe na-agbanwe agbanwe na omume mgbochi na-ebelata ịda mbà n'obi mgbe amuchara. "[9]

Site na mpaghara

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Eshia

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China

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Ihe osise ndị China nke nwanyị na-enye nwa ya ara, ndị na-akwado ya gbara ya gburugburu

A na-edepụta nke ọma n'ụlọ mkpọrọ mgbe amuchara nwa na China, ebe a maara ọdịnala ahụ dị ka "ịnọdụ ala n'ọnwa": 坐月子 "Zuò yuè zi" na Mandarin ma ọ bụ 坐月 "Co5 Jyut2" na Cantonese.[10] Ihe ndekọ mbụ nke omenala ndị China nke ịnọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ mgbe amuchara amuchara malitere ihe karịrị afọ 2,000 gara aga n'akwụkwọ nke Rites, ebe a maara ya dị ka yUè nèi (月内). [11] Mkpọrọ mgbe amuchara amuchara na-adabere na Ọgwụ ọdịnala ndị China, na-elekwasị anya pụrụ iche na iri nri a na-ewere dị ka ihe na-enye ahụ nri ma na-enyere aka na mmepụta mmiri ara. A na-adụ ụmụ nwanyị ọdụ ka ha nọrọ n'ime ụlọ maka mgbake site na mmerụ ahụ nke ọmụmụ na maka inye nwa ọhụrụ nri.

Nri na omenala metụtara njide mgbe amuchara nwa dịgasị iche iche n'ofe mpaghara ọdịbendị dị iche iche nke China. Ogologo oge ndị China na-anọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ mgbe ha mụsịrị nwa dị n'agbata ụbọchị 28 na 100.[12] Ọ bụ ezie na echiche ahụike na China taa na-atụkarị aro oge mkpuchi nke ọ dịkarịa ala ụbọchị 42.[13] Na China oge ochie, oge mgbochi ahụ were 100 ụbọchị. A ka na-eme omenala a n'akụkụ ugwu China, dị ka mpaghara Shanxi.[14][15] Mgbe 100 ụbọchị gasịrị, a na-eme oriri otu narị ụbọchị (百日宴) iji mee emume nwa ahụ ruru 100 ụbọchị. N'ebe ndịda China, oge mgbochi dị mkpụmkpụ, ọ na-adịkarịkwa ụbọchị 30.[12]

N'ihi na ndị China bụ ndị patrilocal, ndị inyom na-edebe mkpọrọ mgbe ha mụsịrị nwa bụ ndị nne di ha na-elekọta. N'oge a, ọ ga-ekwe omume ka nne ya ma ọ bụ onye ọrụ nwanyị a na-akwụ ụgwọ lekọta ya nke a maara dị ka "onye na-elekọta ụlọ" (陪月). Na Hong Kong na Taiwan, nne na nwa ahụ na-anọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ pụrụ iche mgbe amuchara nwa kama ịnọ n'ụlọ.[16]

Na China oge ochie, ụmụ nwanyị nke agbụrụ ụfọdụ dị na South ga-amaliteghachi ọrụ ozugbo a mụsịrị ha, ma kwe ka ndị ikom nwee ike itinye ha n'ụlọ mkpọrọ mgbe ha mụsịrị nwa. (Lee Couvade).

Omume kwa ụbọchị na omume ịdị ọcha onwe onye
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Dị ka omenala si dị na China, a na-ekewa nne na nwa ahụ site na ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ. [16] A naghị ekwe ka nne ahụ sachaa, sachaa ntutu ya, ma ọ bụ ákwá, n'ihi na a kwenyere na ihe omume ndị a na-etinye nne ahụ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịrịa ọrịa site na ịjụ oyi ma metụta ogo mmiri ara ya.[16]

Otú ọ dị, n'oge ndị a, ndị nne ọhụrụ nwere ike ịsa ntutu ha ma ọ bụ saa ahụ ma ọ bụ sachaa mgbe niile n'oge a mụsịrị nwa, mana a na-azọrọ na ọ dị mkpa iji ákwà nhicha dị ọcha na ntutu ha mee ka ahụ ha kpọọ nkụ ozugbo. A na-ekwukwa na ọ dị mkpa maka ụmụ nwanyị iji kpuchie okpomọkụ ma belata oke akpụkpọ ahụ a na-ahụ anya, ebe ọ bụ na ekwere na ha nwere ike ịnwe oyi n'oge a na-adịghị ike.   [citation needed] Na Dalian, ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ekpuchi onwe ha na plastik iji zere ifufe. Nkwupụta

Akpụkpọ anụ ezì na ginger na vinegar ojii

Omenala nke njide na-adụ ndị nne ọhụrụ ọdụ ka ha họrọ ike na nri nwere protein iji nwetaghachi ike, nyere aka belata akpa nwa, na maka perineum ịgwọ. Nke a dịkwa mkpa maka mmepụta nke mmiri ara. N'etiti galactogogues a na-atụ aro na omenala bụ porridge, ofe azụ, na àkwá siri ike.[16] Mgbe ụfọdụ, ndị nne ọhụrụ na-amalite iri nri ahịhịa pụrụ iche mgbe a hapụrụ lochia niile.

Na Guangdong, nri a na-ahụkarị bụ nkwonkwo ezì na ginger na vinegar ojii dịka nkwonkwo azì kwenyere na ọ na-enyere aka imeju ọkwa calcium n'ime ụmụ nwanyị. A na-egosipụta Ginger n'ọtụtụ efere, ebe ọ bụ na ekwere na ọ nwere ike iwepu 'ikuku' gbakọtara n'ahụ n'oge ime. A na-ejikarị ofe ofe sitere na anụ eme ihe iji nye mmiri na ihe oriri.

Na Shanxi, ndị nne ọhụrụ na-eri nri nri dị elu na ofe e ji ọkụkọ mee n'afọ ụfọdụ.

Na Singapore, a na-eji nlezianya emepụta efere mkpuchi iji kwado mgbake mgbe amuchara. Sesame Oil Chicken na-enyere aka imeju ọbara ma mee ka ahụ na-ekpo ọkụ, ebe a maara Green Papaya Soup ka ọ na-eme ka mmiri ara dịkwuo mma. Red Dates Tea na-eweghachi ume ma na-eme ka okpomọkụ dị, Black Vinegar Pig Trotters na-enye calcium na collagen iji mee ka ọkpụkpụ na nkwonkwo sie ike.[17]

Omenala
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Na mpaghara Guangdong, a na-egbochi ndị nne ọhụrụ ka ha ghara ịnabata ha ruo mgbe nwa ahụ gbara ụbọchị iri na abụọ, nke ememe a na-akpọ 'Twelve mornings' (nke a maara dị ka 十二朝) mara. Site n'ụbọchị a gaa n'ihu, ezinụlọ Cantonese nwere nwa ọhụrụ na-ekerịta ọṅụ ha site n'inye onyinye nri, ebe ezinụlọ ụfọdụ na-eme emume ahụ site n'ịsọpụrụ ndị nna nna ha.   [citation needed] Mgbe "ọnwa ahụ mezuru" (manyue) mgbe ụbọchị 30 gasịrị, nne ahụ na-enweta ndị ikwu na ndị enyi na-eweta nri pụrụ iche dịka Àkwá uhie nke China.[16]

Obodo India

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N'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke India a na-akpọ ya jaappa (nke a na-ekwukwa na ọ bụ japa); na North India na Pakistan, Sawa Mahina ("izu ise").

Ọtụtụ ndị India ọdịnala na-agbaso ụbọchị 40 nke ịnọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na oge mgbake nke a makwaara dị ka jaappa (n'asụsụ Hindi). A na-agbaso nri pụrụ iche iji mee ka mmepụta mmiri ara ehi dị mfe ma mee ka hemoglobin dịkwuo elu. A naghị ekwe ka mmekọahụ n'oge a. N'omenala Hindu, a na-ewere oge a mgbe amuchara dị ka oge na-adịghị ọcha (asaucham), a na-atụkwa aro oge a na-etinye n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ụbọchị 10-40 (nke a maara dị ka purudu) maka nne na nwa ahụ. N'oge a, a gụpụrụ ya n'ọrụ ụlọ na ememe okpukpe. A na-eme ka nna ahụ dị ọcha site na ịsa ahụ tupu ọ gaa leta nne ahụ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.

Ọ bụrụ na a mụrụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ, oge adịghị ọcha maka nne na nna abụọ bụ awa 24.[18]

Ọtụtụ subcultures nke India nwere omenala nke ha mgbe amuchara. A na-akpọ oge ọmụmụ a Virdi (Marathi), nke na-ewe ụbọchị 10 mgbe amuchara ma na-agụnye izere kpamkpam puja ma ọ bụ nleta ụlọ nsọ.   [citation needed]

Na Pakistan, a maara omenala mgbe amuchara nwa dị ka Sawa Mahina ("izu ise"). [19]

Na omenala ndị Peshia a na-akpọ ya chilla, ya bụ "ụbọchị iri anọ".[20]

Korea

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Ụmụ nwanyị Korea na-eji samchil-il (ụbọchị atọ asaa, ụbọchị 21) n'ụlọnga, na-enweta sanhujori (nlekọta mgbe ọmụmụ nwa). N’oge gara aga, n’oge samchil-il, a na-ekokwasị geumjul (ụdọ taboo) na saekki na ihe atụ dị iche iche, dị ka ose chili (maka nwa nwoke) na kol (maka nwa agbọghọ), n’ọnụ ụzọ ámá iji gosi ọmụmụ nwa ma gbochie ndị ọbịa ohere.  [citation needed]

Thailand

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Ndị nne ọhụrụ na-agba [mgbe?] ume ka ha dinara n'àkwà na-ekpo ọkụ n'akụkụ ọkụ ruo ụbọchị 30, omume a maara dị ka yu fai. Emegharịrị nke a ka ọ bụrụ ụdị ịhịa aka n'ahụ Thai. Kao krachome bụ ụdị ọgwụgwọ ahịhịa nke a na-ekuru uzuoku sitere na osisi sie. Ya dong gụnyere ọgwụ herbal a na-ewere n'ime. Ndị Thai kwabatara na Sweden na-akọ na ha na-eji mmiri ịsa ahụ ọkụ na-agwọta mgbe ha mụsịrị nwa, n'agbanyeghị na ihe ndị dị mma adịghị mfe ịchọta.[1] Ndị Australia Thai nwere akụkụ caesarian chere na ọ dịghị ha mkpa - n'ezie, ekwesighi ime emume ndị a.[21]

Nne nọ na Florence na-edina n'ime, site na desco da parto ma ọ bụ efere ọmụmụ nke c. 1410. Ka ụmụ nwanyị na-elekọta nwatakịrị ahụ, ndị ọbịa nwanyị yi uwe dị oke ọnụ abịala.

A na-eji okwu a na-eji na bekee, ugbu a ochie ma ọ bụ ochie, na-eji aha ụlọ ọgwụ ndị na-amụ nwa, dịka ọmụmaatụ General Lying-In Hospital na London. Akwụkwọ Canada nke 1932 na-ezo aka n'ịgha ụgha dị ka nke sitere na izu abụọ ruo ọnwa abụọ.[1] Izuụka ndị a gwụchara site n’iwebata nne n’obodo n’ememme Ndị Kraịst nke ụka ụmụ nwanyị.

Ịnọ n'ihe osise Ndị Kraịst, ọkachasị ihe osise Ọmụmụ Jizọs. Otu n'ime onyinye e nyere nne ọhụrụ ahụ na Renaissance Florence bụ desco da parto, ụdị pụrụ iche nke efere e sere ese. Onyinye ndị yiri ya na omenala nke oge a gụnyere ịsa ahụ ụmụaka na onyinye push.   [citation needed]

Nri pụrụ iche gụnyere caudle, ihe ọṅụṅụ na-eweghachi. "Ikpọrọ caudle" bụ aha maka nleta ọha na eze mgbe amuchara.   [citation needed]

Amerịka

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Na mba Latin America, a na-akpọ ya la cuarentena ("ụbọchị iri anọ," okwu Bekee "kwarantaini"). A na-eme ya n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Latin America yana n'ime obodo ndị dị na United States.[1] A kọwara ya dị ka “ememe ezinụlọ n'etiti ọgbọ na-eme mgbanwe maka ịbụ nne na nna", gụnyere ụfọdụ mgbanwe ọrụ nna..[22]

Hụkwa

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Edemsibia

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  1. ↑ Withers (January 2018). "Traditional beliefs and practices in pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum: A review of the evidence from Asian countries.". Midwifery 56: 158–170. DOI:10.1016/j.midw.2017.10.019. PMID 29132060. 
  2. ↑ Chien (2008). "Effect of Alcohol consumption on Maternal lactation characteristics during 'doing-the-month' ritual". Public Health Nutrition 12 (3): 382–388. DOI:10.1017/S1368980008002152. PMID 18426631. 
  3. ↑ Confinement practices: an overview. BabyCenter. Archived from the original on 2017-12-07. Retrieved on 2016-03-21.
  4. ↑ Chinese Postpartum Nannies.
  5. ↑ Tung (22 June 2010). "Doing the Month and Asian Cultures: Implications for Health Care". Home Health Care Management & Practice 22 (5): 369–371. DOI:10.1177/1084822310367473. 
  6. ↑ "Dr. Karp On Parenting And The Science Of Sleep", National Public Radio. Retrieved on February 19, 2017.
  7. ↑ Ou (2016). The First Forty Days: The Essential Art of Nourishing the New Mother. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 9781617691836. 
  8. ↑ Dennis (July 2007). "Traditional Postpartum Practices and Rituals: A Qualitative Systematic Review". Women's Health 3 (4): 487–502. DOI:10.2217/17455057.3.4.487. ISSN 1745-5065. PMID 19804024. 
  9. ↑ Wong (August 2009). "The role of traditional confinement practices in determining postpartum depression in women in Chinese cultures: A systematic review of the English language evidence". Journal of Affective Disorders 116 (3): 161–169. DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2008.11.002. PMID 19135261. 
  10. ↑ Lary (2022). China's grandmothers : gender, family, and aging from late Qing to twenty-first century. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 49. ISBN 978-1-009-06478-1. OCLC 1292532755. 
  11. ↑ 从非物质文化遗产角度审视中国妇女的“坐月子”习俗--健康·生活--人民网. health.people.com.cn. Retrieved on 2024-11-27.
  12. 1 2 天全如何正确坐月子，月子期间可以洗澡刷牙么？-宗秋山人起名院. tianquan.sizhu8.com. Archived from the original on 2024-12-04. Retrieved on 2024-11-27.
  13. ↑ 坐月子要坐30天吗_坐月子有必要住42天吗. www.aidigong.com. Retrieved on 2024-11-27.
  14. ↑ 山西女人坐月子--健康·生活--人民网. health.people.com.cn. Retrieved on 2024-11-27.
  15. ↑ 网易 (2018-10-10). 产妇坐月子100天对不对？. www.163.com. Retrieved on 2024-11-27.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Lary (2022). China's grandmothers : gender, family, and aging from late Qing to twenty-first century. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 41. ISBN 978-1-009-06478-1. OCLC 1292532755. 
  17. ↑ auntysg (2024-12-04). Nourishing New Beginnings: The Power of Confinement Food (en-US). aunty.sg. Archived from the original on 2025-04-25. Retrieved on 2024-12-19.
  18. ↑ John Marshall / Jaya Tirtha Charan Dasa. GUIDE TO RITUAL IMPURITY - What to do at the junctions of birth and death. Hknet.org.nz. Archived from the original on 2018-07-13. Retrieved on 2014-02-02.
  19. ↑ Qamar (27 June 2017). "The Postpartum Tradition of Sawa Mahina in Rural Punjab, Pakistan". Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics 11 (1): 127–150. DOI:10.1515/jef-2017-0008. Retrieved on 6 April 2020. 
  20. ↑ (2003–2007) Encyclopedia of women & Islamic cultures. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-128-190. 
  21. ↑ Rice (October 1998). "Caesarean or vaginal birth: perceptions and experience of Thai women in Australian hospitals" (in en). Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 22 (5): 604–608. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-842X.1998.tb01446.x. ISSN 1753-6405. PMID 9744217. 
  22. ↑ Niska (October 1998). "Family Ritual Facilitates Adaptation to Parenthood". Public Health Nursing 15 (5): 329–337. DOI:10.1111/j.1525-1446.1998.tb00357.x. PMID 9798420. 
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