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Rashida Manjoo

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Rashida Manjoo na 2014

Rashida Manjoo bụ Prọfesọ Emeritus na Mahadum Cape Town na Cape Town na onye na-elekọta mmadụ na-etinye aka na mkpochapụ nke ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ime ihe ike metụtara okike. Manjoo bụ onye nta akụkọ pụrụ iche nke United Nations maka ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị site na June 2009 ruo Julaị 2015.

Oge ọ malitere

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Manjoo toro na Durban, South Africa. Ọ mụtara maka ikpe na-ezighị ezi a na-eme ụmụ nwanyị site na nwata, nke nne nne ya na nne ya zụlitere n'oge ịda ogbenye na Apartheid South Africa.[1] Ibi na South Africa apartheid mere ka Manjoo lelee ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na enweghị ajụjụ site na nwata.[2] Ekwuru mkpa nne na nna Manjoo na agụmakwụkwọ n'ahụ Manjoo na nwanne ya nwanyị ise,[1] Nke a duziri ya n'ọkwa obodo, na-akwado maka ụkpụrụ ikike mmadụ ka mma.Manjoo tolitere na South Africa n'usoro na-echeghị na ụmụ nwanyị hà nhata, mana ọ dị ala. Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akwado nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị na otu mgbochi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ofe South Africa. [1]

Manjoo bụ prọfesọ na Ngalaba Iwu Ọha na Mahadum Cape Town.[1] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ mbụ dị ka Kọmishọna ndị omeiwu na South Africa Commission on Gender Equality, na Des Lee Distinguished Visiting Prọfesọ na Mahadum Webster.[2] Na Mahadum Webster, ọ kuziri nkuzi gbasara ikike mmadụ, na-elekwasị anya na oke ruru ụmụ nwanyị na ikpe ziri ezi mgbanwe. Manjoo bụkwa onye nkuzi ụlọ ọgwụ maka mmemme ikike mmadụ na Harvard Law School na 2005 na 2006 yana Eleanor Roosevelt Fellow na Harvard Law School na 2006-07.[3] Manjoo kụzikwara na Mahadum Natal, Durban.[4] Manjoo guzobekwara ma kuzie ọzụzụ gbasara mmekọrịta ọha na eze maka ndị ọka ikpe na ndị ọka iwu.   [citation needed]

Ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya

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N'ime ngwụcha afọ 1980 na mmalite afọ 1990, Manjoo na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị gbakwunyere uche n'echiche nke intersectional, site na itinye agbụrụ na okike na mkparịta ụka banyere enweghị nhata na ịkpa ókè. Manjoo na ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị malitere ịmepụta njikọ ma ọ bụ netwọk maka ụmụ nwanyị na South Africa, dị ka Charter nke ụmụ nwanyị nke Manjoo mepụtara na mpaghara ya na South Africa.

Njikọ dị iche iche maka ụmụ nwanyị ga-egosipụta ọchịchọ na ihe ụmụ nwanyị chọrọ na South Africa, ọkachasị na mmeghachi omume na mmeso ụmụ nwanyị n'oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. N'oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na oge mgbanwe na-esote gaa na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, e nwere ime ihe ike na-aga n'ihu nke gọọmentị na-akwado megide ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ọzọ dị obere dịka ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ụmụ akwụkwọ. Akwụkwọ ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ọzọ lekwasịrị anya na mgbalị ha iji mee ka a mara banyere ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ịmepụta nkwado maka ụmụ nwanyị ahụ.

Ọrụ Manjoo maka ikike mmadụ maka ụmụ nwanyị dugara na itinye aka na mkparịta ụka mpaghara na nke mba ụwa gbasara ikpe ziri ezi maka ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere ọrụ na Protocol on Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol), Ụlọikpe Africa maka ikike mmadụ, na Rome Treaty (Ụlọikpe Mpụ Mba Nile). Manjoo na ndị otu ndị a rụkọrọ ọrụ na mba ụwa iji mata otú e si egosipụta ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị ma sụgharịa ngosipụta ndị ahụ n'ụdị mpụ n'okpuru iwu mpụ mba ụwa.

Site na Women's Caucus for Gender Justice na Coalition on Sexual Violence in Conflict, Manjoo rụrụ ọrụ iji jikọta ihe ọmụma na ọnụnọ ụmụ nwanyị n'ógbè ahụ na atụmatụ zuru ụwa ọnụ iji kwado ụmụ nwanyị, yana ime ka ịdị adị nke ime ihe ike gbasara nwoke na nwanyị ma mee ka iwu mpụ mba ụwa sie ike iji gbochie ma kpụ. Manjoo rụrụ ọrụ iji kpughee mmetụta ọjọọ nke ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị, na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ dị iche iche, ezinụlọ, obodo, na ihe ndị metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ime ihe ike na ime ihe ọjọọ megide ụmụ nwanyị.

Manjoo rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọka iwu na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ n'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ, gụnyere maka Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ịkwụsị Ịkpa Ókè megide Ụmụ nwanyị (CEDAW) iji mepụta akụkọ onyinyo - nke a na-ekpughe nke ndị Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) nwere ike itinye iji kwupụta ma kwado maka mkpa ụfọdụ nke ụmụ amaala nke gọọmentị mba na-enweghị nkwado ma ọ bụ na-achịkwa nke ọma. Manjoo nọrọ oge na CEDAW na ndị ọzọ na-eme ngagharị iwe, na-edepụta ihe gbasara ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na mpaghara na ụwa, n'echiche, na omume. Manjoo mechara rụọ ọrụ afọ ise dị ka Kọmishọna Ndị omeiwu na Commission on Gender Equality iji mee ka gọọmentị na-aza ajụjụ na iwu mba; ọzọ, na-eji òtù dị iche iche nwere onwe ha (gụnyere NGO) iji chịkwaa ịza ajụjụ nke gọọmentị mba. Ọnọdụ a nyere Manjoo ikike ịrụ ọrụ n'ime usoro steeti ka ọ na-ekwusi ike na mba chọrọ nkwado ụmụ nwanyị na mkparịta ụka banyere ikike mmadụ. Manjoo jikwa ọnọdụ ya na Commission on Gender Equality jụ echiche nke naanị nyochaa ikike obodo na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'onwe ya, kama ọ na-agba ume maka usoro zuru oke maka ikike mmadụ gụnyere ahụmịhe intersectional.

N'oge ọrụ Manjoo na-akwado maka ime ihe megide mmegbu na ịkpa ókè, Manjoo tinyere mgbalị iji kụziere ụmụ akwụkwọ gburugburu ụwa.

Onye Nkwupụta Pụrụ Iche nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu Maka Ime Ihe Ike megide Ụmụ nwanyị (UNSPVAW)

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Nraranye Manjoo maka ime ihe n'okwu gbasara ikpe ziri ezi n'etiti ọha na eze n'ime ọtụtụ ikike ya, gbanyere ọgụ ya maka agụmakwụkwọ onwe ya na nke obodo yana ohere nha anya, mere ka amara nke ọma n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị mba ụwa. A họpụtara Manjoo ma họpụta ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya UN pụrụ iche maka ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị, ihe kpatara ya na nsonaazụ ya, na 2009, site n'aka odeakwụkwọ ukwu UN, Kofi Annan site na nkwado nke UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC)[1] Manjoo mpaghara na mba. ọrụ maka nhata nwoke na nwanyị na agbụrụ mezuru n'ụzọ ezi uche dị na ya na nhọpụta ya na UNHRC.[2] Dị ka United Nations Special Rapporteur for Violence Against Women (UNSPVAW), Manjoo nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ iji gosipụta ọdịiche dị n'etiti nkwa gọọmentị na ihe e mere iji kwado ụmụ nwanyị ndị ime ihe ike na-akpa. Manjoo emeela nke a site n'itinye ọtụtụ okwu ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị ụzọ dị ka iwu isiokwu e debere na UNHRC.

Manjoo nyere akụkọ isiokwu na UN Human Rights Council na UN General Assembly. Iwu ndị a na-akọ akụkọ banyere nyocha nke UN Special Rapporteur chịkọtara na usoro ha tụrụ aro. Manjoo anọgidewo na-enye iwu isiokwu na okwu dịgasị iche iche gbasara ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị.

Iwu ndị a gụnyere:

  • ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ nwere nkwarụ
  • Ogbugbu ụmụ nwanyị na-akpali okike na ọrụ ha na ime ihe ike
  • ụzọ e si abanye n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na ihe si na ya pụta
  • nkwụghachi ụgwọ maka ụmụ nwanyị ndị e mekwara ihe ike
  • ụdị ịkpa ókè dị iche iche na ime ihe ike
  • ibu ọrụ steeti maka ịrụsi ọrụ ike na iwepụ ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị.

Usoro isiokwu ahụ kpughere oghere dị n'iwu mpụ mba ụwa n'etiti ụkpụrụ ikike mmadụ na ọgwụgwọ na ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị.[1] Ọ nwara ime ka ndị ọzọ na-aza ajụjụ n'akụkụ nke mba ọchịchị n'ụwa nile, na-ekwu na steeti na-adịghị na-ahụ maka ọrụ ha na ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị; na-akpọ maka ọrụ "dị mkpa" maka mba ka ha anabataghị ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị nke ọma.[2] Oku a maka ịza ajụjụ doro anya na akụkọ akụkọ abụọ ikpeazụ nke Manjoo nke kwuru na, n'okpuru iwu mba ụwa, enweghị usoro na-etinye iwu na-akwado iwu na mba ndị otu iji kpochapụ ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị. Manjoo bụkwa onye ama ama maka ikpughe gọọmentị ma ọ bụ otu dị iche iche ma ọ bụ enweghị mmasị na mmerụ ahụ ụmụ nwanyị, nke butere nkatọ mgbe ụfọdụ.

Karịsịa, Manjoo nwetara mgbasa ozi mba mgbe, mgbe nyocha ụbọchị iri na isii nke UK gasịrị, Manjoo kwupụtara na UK nwere ọnụnọ a na-ahụ anya nke ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị na ngosipụta nwoke na nwanyị nke ụmụ nwanyị, na-azọrọ na mgbasa ozi Britain ga-ata ụta maka ibu ọrụ ya na "ihe ngosi na-adịghị mma na nke karịrị mmekọahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị" na "ahịa nke ahụ ha" Ọtụtụ ndị iwe were iwe maka njirimara a nke UK ma katọọ Manjoo maka echiche ya, na-ewere ha dị ka nkọwa na nnọchite anya nke UK na-ezighị ezi ma nyefee ya na 2014 .[2] Na-ezo aka n'ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka ya na ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ọkachamara na India dị ka ihe akaebe nke mmetọ miri emi nke anụ ahụ, mmekọahụ, na nke uche nke ụmụ nwanyị na-eme na nzuzo ma nabata ya na steeti. Ndị ọrụ gọọmentị si India gọnahụrụ na ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị bụ usoro, ma katọọ nkwupụta Manjoo maka ịbụ ihe dị mfe na mkpokọta. Manjoo kpọrọ oku maka nkwekọrịta zuru ụwa ọnụ iji kwụsị ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na 2014, na-ekwu na "enweghị nkwekọrịta iwu kwadoro na mba ụwa na-anọchite anya otu n'ime ihe mgbochi maka ịkwalite na ichebe ikike ụmụ nwanyị na nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị".[3]

Onyinye na nsọpụrụ

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  • Ihe nrite William McKinley maka Ezi Ọchịchị - Albany Law School (2013)
  • International Human Rights Award - American Bar Association (2014) [4]
  • Degree nsọpụrụ nke Doctor - Mahadum nke Glasgow (2015)

Ihe odide

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  • Akụkọ nke Rapporteur pụrụ iche banyere ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị, ihe kpatara ya na ihe si na ya pụta (2017) [5]
  • (1 January 2009) "The challenges of formalisation, regulation, and reform of traditional courts in South Africa". Malawi Law Journal 3 (2): 157–181. 
  • Manjoo (1 November 2015). "'Bridging the Divide': An Interview with Professor Rashida Manjoo, UN Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women". Feminist Legal Studies 23 (3): 329–347. DOI:10.1007/s10691-015-9303-7. 
  • Manjoo (2012). "The Continuum of Violence against Women and the Challenges of Effective Redress". International Human Rights Law Review 1 (1): 1–29. DOI:10.1163/22131035-00101008. 
  • Akụkọ nke Rapporteur pụrụ iche banyere ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị, ihe kpatara ya na ihe si na ya pụta, Mgbakwunye: Ọrụ India: nkwupụta nke steeti na akụkọ nke Rapporteurs pụrụ iche (2014) [6]
  • Ịzụ ahịa ụmụ nwanyị: Ụkpụrụ, Eziokwu, na Ihe ịma aka (2014) [7]
  • Kọmitii Eziokwu na Mmekọrịta nke South Africa- Ihe Nlereanya maka Ikpe Zere (2012) [8]
  • Padayachee (1 January 1996). "Domestic violence support services will fail without agency networking". Agenda 12 (30): 73–78. DOI:10.1080/10130950.1996.9675548. 
  • Ime ihe ike na ikpe ziri ezi dabere na nwoke na nwanyị na mpaghara esemokwu na mpaghara esemọkụ (2011) [9]
  • Czapanskiy (1 October 2008). "The Right of Public Participation in the Law-Making Process and the Role of the Legislature in the Promotion of this Right". Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law 19 (1): 1–40. 
  • (2012) "Gender Injustice and the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission", Gendered Peace, 147–164. DOI:10.4324/9780203939130-9. ISBN 9780203939130. 
  • Nkwado nke Iwu Onwe Onye Alakụba na South Africa: Mmetụta nke Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ nke Ụmụ nwanyị (2007) [10]
  • Gịnị dị n'Aha? The Identity and Reform of Customary Law in South Africa's Constitutional Dispensation (2006) [11]
  • Manjoo (1 January 2005). "South Africa's National Gender Machinery". Acta Juridica 2005 (1): 243–272. 
  • Ikike Mmekọahụ N'ime Usoro nke Omenala Ọdịbendị ma ọ bụ Otu (2005) [12]
  • Manjoo (2004). "Legislative Recognition of Muslim Marriages in South Africa". International Journal of Legal Information 32 (2): 271–282. DOI:10.1017/S0731126500004133. 
  • Ikike ụmụ nwanyị na 2014

Ihe odide

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  1. ‘Bridging the Divide’: An Interview with Professor Rashida Manjoo, UN Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women. Rashida Manjoo and Daniela Nadj. 2015. Retrieved 11.15.2018
  2. Manjoo. "Special Rapporteur on violence against women finalizes country mission to the United Kingdom ...", United Nations Human Rights. Office of the High Commissioner, 15 April 2014.
  3. UN expert calls for a legally binding global treaty for the elimination of violence against women (en). OHCHR. Retrieved on 2022-07-07.
  4. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  5. Heaney (2017-06-08). Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its Causes and Consequences, on Her Mission to Israel (en-US). Question of Palestine. Retrieved on 2019-01-13.
  6. Refugees. Refworld | Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Addendum : Mission to India: comments by the State on the report of the Special Rapporteur (en). Refworld. Retrieved on 2019-01-13.
  7. Trafficking of Women: Norms, Realities, and Challenges. Archived from the original on 2019-01-13. Retrieved on 2024-11-29.
  8. The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission—a Model for Gender Justice? | Publications | UNRISD. www.unrisd.org. Retrieved on 2019-01-13.
  9. Gender-based Violence and Justice in Conflict and Post-Conflict Areas.
  10. The Recognition of Muslim Personal Laws in South Africa: Implications of Women's Human Rights.
  11. Hinz (2006). The Shade of New Leaves: Governance in Traditional Authority ; a Southern African Perspective (in en). LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 9783825892838. 
  12. "Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity". Agenda Feminist Media.