Ruth First
Ruth First | |
|---|---|
 First c. 1960 | |
| Born | Heloise Ruth First 4 Mee 1925 |
| Died | 17 Ọgọstụ 1982 (aged 57) |
| Occupation | Anti-apartheid activist |
| Spouse | Joe Slovo |
| Children | Shawn Slovo, Gillian Slovo, Robyn Slovo |
| Mmekọ ngosipụta: Akara edemede a na-amaghị "[" | Mmekọ ngosipụta: Akara edemede a na-amaghị "[" |
Heloise Ruth First OLG (4 Mee 1925 – 17 Ọgọst 1982) bụ onye South Africa na-akwado mgbochi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ọkà mmụta. Egburu ya na Mozambique, ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na mba ọzọ, site na bọmbụ ngwugwu nke ndị uwe ojii South Africa wuru.
Ezinụlọ na agụmakwụkwọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ndị nne na nna ndị Juu Ruth First, Julius First na Matilda Levetan, si na Latvia kwaga South Africa na 1906 wee ghọọ ndị otu ntọala nke Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA), onye bu ụzọ South Africa Communist Party (SACP). A mụrụ Ruth First na 1925 wee tolite na Johannesburg . Dị ka nne na nna ya, ọ sonyeere ndị Kọmunist, [1] bụ ndị ya na African National Congress na-agba mbọ ịkwatu ọchịchị apartheid nke South Africa.
Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, mbụ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Jeppe maka ụmụ agbọghọ wee bụrụ onye mbụ n'ime ezinụlọ ya ịga mahadum. Ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta bachelor na Mahadum Witwatersrand na 1946. Mgbe ọ nọ na mahadum, ọ chọpụtara na "na ụlọ akwụkwọ South Africa, ihe gbasara ụmụ akwụkwọ bụ okwu mba". O tinyere aka na ntọala nke Federation of Progressive Students, nke a makwaara dị ka Njikọ Ndị Mmụta Na-aga n'ihu, [1] wee mara, n'etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ ibe ya, Nelson Mandela, Onye isi ala South Africa n'ọdịnihu, na Eduardo Mondlane, onye ndu mbụ nke nnwere onwe nnwere onwe Mozambique FRELIMO .
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Nke mbụ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-enyere aka nyocha maka Social Welfare Division of Johannesburg City Council. N'afọ 1946, ọkwa ya na Communist Party kwalitere nke ọma ka e nwụchiri ndị isi n'òtù ahụ. Mbụ wee bụrụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ radical The Guardian, nke steeti mechara machibido ya. [1] Site na akwụkwọ akụkọ nyocha, buru ụzọ kpughee amụma nkewa nke agbụrụ a maara dị ka apartheid, na-ezubere ndị isi ojii South Africa na-eso ịrị elu nke National Party na 1948. [2]
Na 1949, ọ lụrụ Joe Slovo, onye South Africa na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na onye Kọmunist, onye ya na ya nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ, Shawn, Gillian na Robyn . Ọnụ, Slovo na Mbụ ghọrọ ndị isi ike n'ime afọ 1950 ngagharị iwe nke gọọmentị machibidoro mmegharị ọ bụla megidere iwu ha. [2]
Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ya na The Guardian na ndị nọchiri ya, South African Congress of Democrats (COD), otu nku na-acha ọcha nke Congress Alliance, tọrọ ntọala na 1953 site na nkwado sitere na Mbụ. [3] N'afọ 1955, ọ ghọrọ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke a na-akpọ Fighting Talk . Mbụ na Slovo bụkwa ndị otu African National Congress, na mgbakwunye na ndị Kọmunist. Ọ rụkwara aka n'ọrụ n'oge nnukwu ọgbaghara nke 1950s. [1]
Ikpe aghụghọ na njide
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nke mbụ bụ otu n'ime ndị a na-azara ọnụ na Trial Treason nke 1956-1961, yana 155 ndị ọzọ na-akwado mgbochi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ bụ ndị bụ isi na Congress Alliance . Ejiri ọrụ mbụ na ihe odide mbụ mee ihe dị ka ihe akaebe iji gosipụta aghụghọ n'aha Congress Alliance . [4]
Mgbe afọ anọ nke steeti ahụ na-akpagbu ya, nke mbụ na ndị otu narị na iri ise na ise ndị ọzọ a tọhapụrụ n'ebubo ha. Mgbe ọnọdụ mberede nke sochiri ogbugbu Sharpeville na 1960, edepụtara ya ma machibido ya. Ọ pụghị ịga ọmụmụ ihe ma ọ bụ bipụta ihe, a pụghịkwa ịkpọ ya okwu. N'afọ 1963, n'oge ọgba aghara ọzọ gọọmentị mere, a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ ma jide ya n'enweghị ebubo maka ụbọchị 117 n'okpuru Iwu Njide ụbọchị iri itoolu. Ọ bụ nwanyị ọcha mbụ ejidere n'okpuru iwu a. [5]
Nchụpụ na igbu ọchụ
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Na Maachị 1964, mbụ gara biri n'ala ọzọ na London, ebe ọ malitere ọrụ na British Anti-Apartheid Movement . Ọ bụ onye nyocha na Mahadum Manchester na 1972, na n'etiti 1973 na 1978 ọ kụziri na ọmụmụ mmepe na Mahadum Durham . Ọ nọrọkwa oge na nke abụọ na mahadum dị na Dar es Salaam na Lourenço Marques, Maputo .
Na Nọvemba 1978, Mbụ weghaara ọkwa onye isi nyocha na Center of African Studies (Centro de Estudos Africanos), Universidade Eduardo Mondlane na Maputo, Mozambique . [6] Egburu ya site n'iwu Craig Williamson, onye isi na ndị uwe ojii South Africa, na 17 Ọgọst 1982, mgbe ọ meghere ogbunigwe ngwugwu nke ezigara na mahadum. [7] [8] Bridget O'Laughlin, onye ọkà mmụta gbasara mmadụ nke ya na Mbụ na-arụkọ ọrụ, nọ n'ụlọ ọrụ nke mbụ mgbe e gburu ya, ma gbaa akaebe na Commission Truth and Reconciliation Commission . [9]
Ihe ncheta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Akwụkwọ nke mbụ, 117 Days, bụ akụkọ ya maka njide, mkpọrọ na ajụjụ ya site n'alaka ndị uwe ojii South Africa pụrụiche na 1963. E bipụtara ya nke mbụ na 1965. Ihe ncheta ahụ na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu banyere otu o si tachie obi “kewapụ na enweghị mmetụta uche” ebe ọ na-anagide “nrụgide inye ozi gbasara ndị otu ya na Alaka Pụrụ Iche”. [5]
Nwa ya nwanyị, onye edemede Gillian Slovo, bipụtara ihe ncheta nke ya, Ihe nzuzo ọ bụla: Ezinụlọ m, obodo m, na 1997. Ọ bụ akụkọ banyere nwata ya na South Africa na mmekọrịta ya na ndị nne na nna na-akwado ya. [10]
Ihe nkiri
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ihe nkiri A World Apart (1988), nke nwere ihe ngosi nke nwa ya nwanyị Shawn Slovo na onye Chris Menges duziri ya, bụ akụkọ ndụ banyere otu nwa agbọghọ ọcha bi na South Africa na ndị nne na nna na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ọ bụ ezie na a na-akpọ ezinụlọ Roth na fim ahụ. Barbara Hershey na-egwu agwa dabere na Ruth First.
Ihe nkiri 2006 Catch a Fire banyere onye na-eme ihe nkiri Patrick Chamusso bụ Shawn Slovo dere, na n'ime ya nke mbụ, bụ nwa nwanyị ọzọ, Robyn Slovo, bụ onye bụkwa otu n'ime ndị na-emepụta ihe nkiri.
Ụgbọ mmiri nche
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'afọ 2005, Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi South Africa wepụtara ụgbọ mmiri na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi aha ya bụ Ruth First .
Na March 2011, mba Gambia nyere stampụ akwụkwọ ozi na nsọpụrụ ya, na-akpọ ya aha dị ka otu n'ime ndị dike akụkọ ifo nke Africa .
Ọrụ e bipụtara isi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- (1963) South West Africa.
- (1965) 117 Days.
- (with R. Segal), (1967) South West Africa: A Travesty of Trust. London. 1967.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - (1970) The Barrel of a Gun: Political Power in Africa and the Coup d'etat in Africa.
- (co-edited with J. Steele and C. Gurney), (1972) The South African Connection: Western Investment in Apartheid. London. 1972.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - (1970) Libya: The Elusive Revolution.
- (with Ann Scott), (1980) Olive Schreiner. London: Andre Deutsch. London: Andre Deutsch. 1980.
- (1983) The Mozambican Miner: Proletarian and Peasant.
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Ndepụta ndị mmadụ nọ n'okpuru mmachibido iwu n'okpuru ịkpa ókè agbụrụ
- Marion Sparg - nwanyị nwanyị ANC gbara mkpọrọ afọ 25 maka ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru
- Gert Sibande
- South Africa nduku boycott
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Marks (October 1983). "Ruth First: A Tribute". Journal of Southern African Studies 10 (1): 123–128. DOI:10.1080/03057078308708071.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Shain. Ruth First | Jewish Women's Archive. jwa.org. Retrieved on 29 April 2020.
- ↑ Ruth Heloise First | South African History Online. sahistory.org.za. Retrieved on 29 April 2020.
- ↑ Marks (1 October 1983). "Ruth first: a tribute". Journal of Southern African Studies 10 (1): 123–128. DOI:10.1080/03057078308708071. ISSN 0305-7070.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 First (1965). 117 Days. Penguin. OCLC 222077295.
- ↑ "Why Was Ruth First in Mozambique?", Deportate, Esuli e Profughe [Deported Exiles and Refugees], no. 26, pp. 26–41, Dec 2014. Retrieved on 8 January 2017.
- ↑ TRC hears eye witness account of Ruth First bomb blast. SAPA (22 February 1999). Retrieved on 22 January 2025.
- ↑ "Ruth First: Williamson given amnesty", Independent Online (South Africa), 1 June 2000. Retrieved on 22 January 2025.
- ↑ "Bridget O'Laughlin testimony to TRC (half-way through the file)", TRC, 22 February 1999. Retrieved on 8 January 2017.
- ↑ Geiger (25 May 1997). Books | The Cause Came First. The New York Times. Retrieved on 22 January 2025.
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Akwụkwọ mbụ Ruth online
- Akwụkwọ Ruth First na Mahadum London
- Ruth First Educational Trust na-enye ohere maka ụmụ akwụkwọ South Africa postgraduate ka ha mụọ na Mahadum Durham.
- The First pan-African martyr, Mail & Guardian, Adekeye Adebajo, 25 Ọgọst 2010
- Ruth First Jeppe High School maka Girls Memorial Trust Archived emebere ya na July 2010 wee nye onyinye scholarships maka nkuzi zuru oke na Jeppe High School maka ụmụ nwanyị maka oge agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Ezubere ya maka ụmụ agbọghọ nọ na ọkwa 7 nke na-egosipụta njirimara ndu, obi ike, mkpebi siri ike na ikike imetụta obodo ha nke ọma.
- Icheta Rut Mbụ, nwanyị nwere ọhụụ, agụụ , nke Peter Vale, The Daily Dispatch, 17 Ọgọst 2012