Shompen

Shompen Shom Peng
Spoken in:	Great Nicobar Island
Total speakers:	400
Language family:	Possibly a language isolate; traditionally considered Austroasiatic  Nicobarese?   Southern    Shompen
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	—
ISO 639-3:	sii
Nicobarese_distribution.png

Shompen, ma ọ bụ Shom Peng, bụ asụsụ ma ọ bụ otu asụsụ a na-asụ na Great Nicobar Island na mpaghara India nke Andaman na Nicobar Islands, n'Oké Osimiri India, n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Sumatra, Indonesia.

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Ndị ọkà okwu

Ndị Shompen bụ ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na-achịkọta ihe na-ebi n'ime ugwu nke Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve. Atụmatụ ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị ihe dịka 400, mana enweghi ọnụ ọgụgụ.

Parmanand Lal (1977:104) kọrọ na e nwere ọtụtụ obodo Shompen n'ime Great Nicobar Island.

• Dakade (10 kilomita n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Pulo-babi, obodo Nicobarese n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke reat Nicobar; mmadụ 15 na ụlọ anọ)  
• Puithey (16 kilomita n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Pulo-babi)  
• Tataiya (nke otu Dogmar River Shompen bi, bụ ndị si Tataiya kwaga Pulo-kunyi n'etiti afọ 1960 na 1977)

Ihe ọmụma

N'ime narị afọ nke 20, naanị data dịnụ bụ ndepụta okwu dị mkpirikpi na De Roepstorff (1875), ihe odide gbasasịrị agbasa Man (1886) na ndepụta ntụnyere na Man (1889).

Ọ bụ otu narị afọ tupu e nwee data ndị ọzọ, na-ebipụta okwu 70 na 1995 na ọtụtụ data ọhụrụ na-ebipụtara na 2003, nke kachasị ruo ugbu a. Otú ọ dị, Blench na Sidwell (2011) na-ekwu na akwụkwọ 2003 bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala akụkụ ụfọdụ na ndị dere ya na-egosi obere ihe ịrịba ama nke ịghọta ihe ahụ, nke jupụtara na anomalies na inconsistencies. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-asụgharị [a] dị mkpirikpi ma schwa [ə] dị ogologo, nke megidere omenala nkịtị na India ma ọ bụ ebe ndị ọzọ. O yiri ka e si n'ebe mbụ ma ọ bụ n'oge gara aga nweta ya, ikekwe site n'oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị. Van Driem (2008) chọpụtara na ọ na-esiri ya ike ịrụ ọrụ, Otú ọ dị, Blench na Sidwell mere mgbalị iji nyochaa ma weghachite data ahụ, dabere na ntụnyere nke okwu ndị a gbazitere na Malay na ndị a pụrụ ịmata na asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Austroasiatic, wee kwubie na data dị na akwụkwọ 1995 na 2003 sitere n'otu asụsụ ahụ ma ọ bụ asụsụ abụọ nwere njikọ chiri anya.

Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikọta Shompen na asụsụ Nicobarese ndị ọzọ, bụ́ ndị mejupụtara alaka nke asụsụ Austroasiatic, mana enweghị ihe akaebe ọ bụla iji kwado echiche a n'oge narị afọ nke 20. Man (1886) kwuru na e nwere obere okwu Shompen nke "yiri Nicobarese" nakwa na "n'ọtụtụ oge", okwu dị iche n'etiti otu Shompen abụọ o ji rụọ ọrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-enye okwu maka "azụ (ahụ)" gikau, tamnōi, na hokōa n'ebe dị iche iche; "ịsa ahụ" dị ka pu(g)oihoɔp na hōhōm; na "isi" dị ka koi na fiāu. N'ụfọdụ n'ime okwu ndị a, nke ahụ nwere ike ịbụ okwu a gbaziri ma e jiri ya tụnyere okwu obodo, ebe ọ bụ na koi yiri Nicobarese, mana ọ na-egosikwa na Shompen abụghị otu asụsụ..

Dabere na data 1997, van Driem (2008) kwubiri na Shompen bụ asụsụ Nicobarese.

Blench na Sidwell na-ekwu ọtụtụ njikọ na Nicobarese na Jahaic na data 2003, gụnyere ọtụtụ okwu ndị a na-ahụ naanị na Nicobaresi ma ọ bụ naanị na Jahaik (ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ na Senoic), ha na-ekwukwa na Shompen na Jahaïc na-ekerịta akụkọ ihe mere eme. N'iburu n'uche na o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-agbaziri Nicobarese, nke ahụ na-egosi na Shompen nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ Jahaic ma ọ bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala asụsụ Aslian, ma ọ bụ ikekwe alaka nke atọ nke ezinụlọ Southern Austroasiatic n'akụkụ Aslian na Nicobarese.

Otú ọ dị, Paul Sidwell (2017) kewara Shompen dị ka asụsụ Southern Nicobarc, kama ịbụ alaka dị iche nke Austroasiatic.

Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

O doghị anya ma nkọwa a metụtara ụdị Shompen niile ma ọ bụ etu o si bụrụ ụdaume..

A na-enweta àgwà ụdaume asatọ site na transcription, /i e ɛ a ə ɔ o u/, nke nwere ike ịbụ asalized ma ọ bụ gbatịkwuo. E nwere ọtụtụ usoro ụdaume na diphthongs.

		Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Mkpịsị aka
Ụgbọ imi		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Kwụsị	enweghị olu	p	t	c	k	ʔ
	kwuru okwu	b	d	ɟ	ɡ
	<small id="mwqg">aspirated</small>	pʰ	tʰ		kʰ
	iku ume	bʱ			ɡʱ
Ihe na-esiri ike	enweghị olu	ɸ			x	h
	kwuru okwu				ɣ
Ihe atụ			l	j	w

Ọtụtụ mgbọrọgwụ Austroasiatic nwere nkwụsị imi ikpeazụ, *m *n *ŋ, na-apụta na Shompen nwere nkwụsị ọnụ olu [bd ɡ], nke yiri Aslian na karịsịa Jahaic, onye imi ikpeazụ ya abụrụla nke a na-egbochi ma ọ bụ nke a na-ekwu okwu ya n'ọnụ. Ọ bụ ezie na nkwụsị imi Jahaic jikọtara ya na nkwụsị ọnụ, nkwụsị ọnụ Shompen yiri ka ọ furu efu na mbụ, mana a na-enwetaghachi ya ka imi ya ghọrọ nke a na-ekwu okwu ya. Otú ọ dị, enwere ọtụtụ okwu na-ejide nkwụsị imi ikpeazụ. O doro anya ma ịgbaziri ego site na Nicobarese zuru oke iji kọwaa ihe ndị a niile. A gaara emegharị Shompen n'okpuru mmetụta nke Nicobarese, ma ọ bụ ndị ọkachamara nwere ike inye okwu Nicobarese n'oge ịkpọ oku.

Mgbanwe ụda ndị ọzọ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ okwu ikpeazụ *r na *l na-agbanwe na [w], *r tupu ụdaume na-agbanye na [j], ihichapụ *h na *s ikpeazụ, na ịgbaji ụdaume ogologo nke Austroasiatic n'ime diphthongs.

Orthography

Enweghị ụzọ a na-esi ede asụsụ Shompen.

Mkpụrụedemede

• a - [a]
• ā - [aː]
• À - [ã]
• ã̄ - [ãː]
• e - [e]
• ē - [eː]
• Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ
• ẽ̄ - [ẽː]
• ɛ/E - [ɛ]
• ɛ̄ - [ɛː]
• ɛ̃ - [ɛ̃]
• ɛ̃̄ - [ɛ̃ː]
• m - [i]
• ī - [iː]
• Onye na-eme ihe nkiri
• ĩ̄ - [ĩː]
• o - [ma ọ bụ][o]
• ō - [oː]
• õ - [õ]
• Shia - [õː]
• ɔ/O - [ọ]
• ɔ̄ - [ɔː]
• ɔ̃ - [ɔ̃]
• ɔ̃̄ - [ɔ̃ː]
• ö - [ə]
• u - [u]
• ū - [uː]
• ũ - [ũ]
• ũ̄ - [ũː]

Mkpụrụ okwu

• b - [b]
• bh - [bɦ]
• c - [c]
• d - [d]
• Shia - Shia
• g - [ɡ]
• gh - [ɡɦ]
• ɣ - [ɣ]
• h - [h]
• j - [ɟ]
• k - [k]
• kh -
• l - [l]
• m - [m]
• n - [n]
• ŋ/ṅ/ng - [ŋ]
• ɲ/ñ - [ɲ]
• p - [p]
• ph -
• t - [t]
• th - [nke a]
• w - [w]
• x - [x]
• y - [j]
• ʔ/? [ʔ]

Okwu

Okwu	Shompen	Southern Nicobarese	Proto-Nicobarese
okpomọkụ	dai (d)	Ọ gbachiri nkịtị	*taɲ
anọ	fuat	Ọdịdị	*Foon
nwa	Kaat	koyan	*kuːn
egbugbere ọnụ	N'ihi ya,	__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ	*manuːɲ
nkịta	kab	Obi	*ʔam
abalị	Ike	hatòm	*hatəːm
nwoke	akòit	[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]	*koːɲ
ntị	Uzo nke Uzo	Uzo nke Uzo	*naŋ
otu	heng	heg	*hiaŋ
afọ	(kàu)	wīang	*ʔac
anyanwụ	Okpok-ngia	hēg	-

Hụkwa

• Asụsụ Southern Nicobarese