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Shulamith Firestone

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Shulamith Bath Shmuel Ben Ari Firestone (onye amụrụ Feuerstein; [1] Jenụwarị 7, 1945 - Ọgọst 28, 2012) [2] bụ onye edemede na onye na-eme ihe ike. Ọ bụ onye a ma ama na mmalite mmepe nke ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe ike na ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ na onye guzobere òtù ụmụ nwanyị atọ: New York Radical Women, Redstockings, na New York Radikal Feminists. N'ime òtù ndị a, ụfọdụ ndị kpọrọ ya "firebrand" na "fireball" n'ihi ike ọ na-akwado maka ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị.[3]

N'afọ 1967, o kwuru okwu na National Conference for New Politics na Chicago. N'afọ 1968, ọ haziri ihe omume ihe atụ a na-akpọ "The Burial of Traditional Womanhood" wee sonye na ngagharị iwe Miss America n'ikpeazụ n'afọ ahụ.[4] Ọ mere mkpesa banyere iyi egwu mmekọahụ na Madison Square Garden, ha haziri okwu gbasara ite ime, ma mebie nzukọ iwu ite ime.[5][6]

N'afọ 1970, Firestone bipụtara The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution . E wepụtara ya na Septemba nke afọ ahụ, akwụkwọ ahụ ghọrọ ederede nwere mmetụta n'ime Echiche ụmụ nwanyị. Echiche ndị e gosipụtara na The Dialectic of Sex mechara bụrụ ihe dị mkpa maka mmepe nke cyberfeminism na xenofeminism, na arụmụka Firestone a na-ewere dị ka ndị na-ebute ụzọ na mkparịta ụka banyere teknụzụ na okike.[7][8] Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ya dị ka onye edemede, Firestone nyere aka ma nyere aka dezie magazin ụmụ nwanyị Notes . [9]

Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká site na ime ihe ike, a chọpụtara na Firestone nwere schizophrenia, ọnọdụ ọ biri na ya ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2012. Ọrụ ikpeazụ o bipụtara bụ Airless Spaces, nke e wepụtara na 1998. Akwụkwọ ahụ bụ nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi dabere na ahụmịhe ya na ọrịa uche.[10]

E mepụtara ihe ngosi akpọrọ Shulie nke gosipụtara Firestone n'oge ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ ma chọta ụzọ ya dị ka onye na-eche echiche ụmụ nwanyị na onye edemede. A tọhapụrụ ihe ngosi mbụ ahụ, nke gosipụtara Firestone n'onwe ya; Otú ọ dị, e mechara mepụta ntụrụndụ nke mbụ.

Akụkọ ndụ

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Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ

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A mụrụ Firestone na Ottawa, Ontario, Canada na Jenụwarị 7, 1945.[1][2] Ọ bụ nwa nke abụọ n'ime ụmụaka isii na ada mbụ nke Kate Weiss, onye German gbara ọsọ ndụ nke gbanarịrị Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ, na Sol Feuerstein, onye na-ere ahịa na Brooklyn.[3] Nne na nna Firestone bụ ndị Juu Ọtọdọks.[4] N'April 1945, mgbe Firestone dị ọnwa anọ, nna ya sonye na ntọhapụ nke ogige ịta ahụhụ Bergen-Belsen na Germany.[3][a]

N'oge ọ bụ nwata, ezinụlọ Anglicized aha nna ha sitere na Feuerstein ruo Firestone wee kwaga St. Louis, Missouri.[1] Nna ya ghọrọ onye Juu nke Ọtọdọks mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma ma Susan Faludi kọwara ya dị ka onye na-adọ aka ná ntị siri ike. Otu n’ime ụmụnna nwanyị Firestone, Tirzah Firestone, chetara na nna ha wepụrụ iwe ya na Shulamit. Shulamith na-emegidekarị atụmanya nwoke na nwanyị n'ime ezinụlọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe nna ya gwara ya ka ya na nwanne ya nwoke dina, a gwara ya na ọ bụ "n'ihi na ị bụ nwa agbọghọ". Nwanna nwanyị ọzọ, Laya Firestone Seghi, kọrọ akụkọ banyere Sol na Shulamith na-eyi egwu igbu onwe ha.[1]

Tirzah Firestone kọwara nne Firestone dị ka onye nwere "echiche na-enweghị isi nke ịbụ nwanyị" nke echiche ọdịnala nke ịbụ nwanyị ndị Juu kpụrụ.[3]

Firestone hapụrụ otu afọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị iji sonyere nwanne ya nwoke tọrọ ya Daniel na Mahadum Washington dị na St. Louis.[3] Ọ gara ọmụmụ Bekee na akụkọ ihe mere eme site na 1961 ruo 1963, wee nyefee ya na agụmakwụkwọ zuru oke na School of the Art Institute of Chicago, ebe o nwetara nzere Bachelor of Fine Arts na eserese na 1967. Mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na Chicago, ọ biri na North Side ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahọrọ akwụkwọ ozi na post ọfịs.[3] N'afọ 1967, o guzobere na Chicago otu Nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị mbụ kemgbe mmegharị nke nhọpụta, nke akpọrọ Westside.[1]

Mgbalị

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Na St. Louis, Firestone rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nhazi na ngalaba mpaghara nke Congress of Racial Equality, ma tinye aka na Catholic Worker Movement. [3]

A maara Firestone dị ka Onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị n'ihi nkwenye ya na ụmụ nwanyị mejupụtara ụdị mmekọahụ a na-emegbu emegbu nakwa na nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike inweta naanị site na iwepụ usoro nna ochie zuru ụwa ọnụ. O sitere n'ọrụ Karl Marx na Friedrich Engels, [11] mgbe ọ na-akatọkwa ha maka ịghara inye nyocha nke na-adabere na mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị. Firestone gbasaa usoro echiche ha iji tinye n'okpuru ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ụdị nyocha dị iche na nke bụ isi.

N'akwụkwọ seminal ya nke 1970 The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution, Firestone dere, "Ụmụ nwanyị ga-ajụ, ọ bụghị naanị ịjụ, ụfọdụ, ọdịiche dị n'otu n'otu, na usoro nke okike."[1] Otu n'ime isi ihe dị n'akwụkwọ ahụ bụ na mmegbu a na-emegbu ụmụ nwanyị na ikike ha nwere ịtụrụ ime na ịmụ nwa - ọnọdụ nke na-abụkarị isi iyi ike nye ụmụ nwoke. Firestone na-egosipụta iji ngwaọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ na-ahapụ ụmụaka na ikiri ndị gba ọtọ.[1] A na-ezutekarị echiche ndị a gbasara mkpa ọ dị na nzaghachi siri ike sitere n'aka ndị inyom ndị ọzọ. A kọwakwara ọrụ ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ na cyberfeminism.

A na-ekwukwa na itinye aka Firestone n'òtù ndị inyom dị ka ihe siri ike, ọkachasị n'ihi na ha na-ekwu maka isiokwu ndị ụmụ nwanyị na-adịghị atụle n'ihu ọha n'oge ahụ. Ihe ndị a gụnyere isiokwu ndị dị ka Orgism ụmụ nwanyị na omume ite ime a manyere ya.

N'afọ 1967, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na abụọ, Firestone gara National Conference for New Politics na Chicago, nke mere site n'August 31 ruo Septemba 1, ya na ihe dịka ndị ọzọ na-eto eto 2,000. Na nnọkọ ahụ, ọ zutere Jo Freeman, ha abụọ jikọtara n'ihi nkụda mmụọ ha nwere banyere enweghị nlebara anya na nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị. Ha abụọ tinyere mkpebi na-akwado iwu alụmdi na nwunye na nke ihe onwunwe ziri ezi na "nchịkwa zuru oke site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị nke ahụ ha".[3]

E weere mkpebi ahụ dị ka ihe na-adịghị mkpa maka mkparịta ụka n'ala. Ọ bụ ezie na Firestone na Freeman nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ime ka nkwupụta ha gbakwunye na njedebe nke usoro ihe omume ahụ, a gwaghị ya okwu n'oge nzukọ ahụ. Mgbe ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere Firestone, nwara ikwu okwu iji mee mkpesa, onye nduzi nzukọ, William F. Pepper, jụrụ ịmata ha. Ka ụmụ nwanyị ise na-abịarute n'elu ikpo okwu iji kwupụta mgbagha ha, a kọrọ na Pepper kụrụ Firestone aka n'isi wee sị, "Nwee obi ụtọ, obere nwa agbọghọ; anyị nwere ihe ndị dị mkpa anyị ga-ekwu maka ya karịa nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị". [5] [12]

Mgbe nzukọ ahụ gasịrị, Firestone na Freeman haziri nzukọ nke dugara n'ịmepụta otu nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na Chicago.[3] A kpọrọ otu ahụ Westside, dabere na ebe nzukọ ya na ụlọ Freeman na West Side nke obodo ahụ.

Mgbe ọnwa ole na ole gachara, Freeman malitere ibipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ akpọrọ Voice of the Women's Liberation Movement, nke e kesara na mba na mba ụwa. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ nyere aka kọwaa ma mee ka mmụba nke nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị na-apụta. Ọtụtụ ndị otu Westside gara n'ihu guzobe òtù ndị inyom ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Chicago Women's Liberation Union.

New York Radical Women

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N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1967, mgbe o nyesịrị aka guzobe otu Westside na Chicago, Firestone kwagara New York City iji gbapụ n'aka onye na-emegbu ya. N'otu ọrụ a na-ebipụtabeghị, ọ kọwara ihe omume mmetọ, gụnyere ịbụ onye a kụrụ ihe n'ike zuru ezu iji wepụ otu ezé ya. Naanị ihe ọ gwara ya bụ nwanne ya nwanyị Laya na enyi nwoke banyere ime ihe ike ahụ.[3]

Mgbe ọ kwagara New York, Firestone guzobere New York Radical Women, otu n'ime ndị otu ụmụ nwanyị kachasị ọhụrụ nke usoro ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ. Ndị ọzọ guzobere ya gụnyere Robin Morgan, Carol Hanisch, na Chude Pam Allen. Otu ahụ bụ òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị mbụ e guzobere na New York City.[13]

Otu ahụ dere akwụkwọ a kpọrọ New York Radical Women's Principles, nke kwusiri ike na a jụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke na-elekwasị anya naanị n'echiche ụmụ nwoke.[14] Nkwupụta ahụ kwuru na a machibidoro akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị ma kpọọ ndị na-akwado echiche ụmụ nwanyị ka ha jikọọ aka megide mmegide ahụ. O kwukwara n'ụzọ doro anya na nkwenye nke otu ahụ na ime ihe ike abụghị ụzọ ziri ezi ma ọ bụ dị irè iji nweta mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.

The New York Radical Women mejupụtara usoro ihe omume nke uche a na-ewere dị ka nke siri ike n'oge ahụ.[14] E mere mmemme ahụ iji gbaa ụmụ nwanyị ume ịhụ onwe ha dị ka ndị siri ike, ndị nweere onwe ha, na ndị siri ike. Ebumnuche nke usoro a bụ ịma ụkpụrụ ọha na eze aka nke na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị bụrụ ndị nọ n'okpuru ụmụ nwoke na iji gbochie ọdịbendị dị ala nke ụmụ nwanyị.

Ihe ndị e ji egbu ọbara

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The New York Radical Women kewara na mbido afọ 1969. [3] Iji gaa n'ihu n'ọrụ nke ndị na-eme ka ndị mmadụ mara ihe, Firestone na Ellen Willis jikọrọ aka guzobe otu nzukọ ọhụrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị a na-akpọ Redstockings. Otu ahụ nwetara aha ya site na Blue Stockings Society, otu ụmụ nwanyị na-ede akwụkwọ na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ. Ndị ama ama na Redstockings gụnyere Kathie Sarachild na Carol Hanisch.

Redstockings kwalitere mkpa ọ dị igosi akụkọ ihe mere eme site n'echiche ụmụ nwanyị ma kwado echiche na ụmụ nwanyị na-ede akwụkwọ nwere ike ije ozi dị ka ike nke iguzogide nna ochie.[14] Ìgwè ahụ weere ịkwalite uche dị ka usoro dị mkpa maka inyocha na ịma mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị aka. Ndị otu na-etinye aka na mkparịta ụka dabere na ahụmịhe onwe onye - dị ka nwata, ọrụ, na ịbụ nne - kama ịdabere naanị na ederede ederede.[15] Site n'omume a, ndị sonyere na-achọ ịchọpụta usoro nkwekọrịta, ịhazi mkpokọta, ma na-ele mmetụta na ahụmịhe nke ha dị ka ụzọ isi zụlite nghọta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ebumnuche nke mkparịta ụka ndị a bụ iji degharịa akụkọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma kwalite mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze. Redstockings ebughị n'obi ịghọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ nnukwu nzukọ ndị otu.   Dị ka New York Radical Women, Redstockings mesiri ike mkpa ọ dị ịgbanwe ọha mmadụ na ọkwa uche. Ìgwè ahụ gbara ụmụ nwanyị ume ka ha nyochaa ọdịdị ha na ahụmịhe onwe ha dị ka ụzọ isi guzogide ọchịchị nwoke. E kwenyere na iweghachite ike onwe onye nwere ike iduga na mgbanwe ọha na eze.[14]

Otu n'ime ihe ndị otu ahụ mere n'ihu ọha bụ mbipụta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ na itinye aka na Mkpesa Miss America nke 1968. [15] The Redstockings gbasara na 1970.

Ndị Na-ahụ Maka Ụmụ nwanyị na New York

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Na ngwụcha afọ 1969, mgbe ọ hapụrụ Redstockings, Firestone na Anne Koedt guzobere New York Radical Feminists. Ọ hapụrụ otu ahụ na June 1970 n'ihi nkewa nke Susan Brownmiller kpatara.[3]

Ọtụtụ mwepu na omume nke Firestone lekwasịrị anya na ikike anụmanụ. Na March 1969, ọ haziri okwu ite ime nke mbụ [1] e okwu na-agba a n ´ a nzuk o. Ihe omume ahụ eserese ngosi iri na abụọ bụ ndị Firestone gbara ume ka ha kesaa echiche ha n'ihu nsogbu ite ime.

Òtù ndị inyom nke Firestone guzobere na-etinye aka na ngosipụta dịgasị iche iche na ihe ngosi n'okporo ámá. Omume ndị a gụnyere ịkpaghasị ikpe iwu ite ime na ime ngagharị iwe n'ebe ndị na-egbochi ụmụ nwanyị na-esoghị ụmụ nwoke ịbanye. Otu ngosipụta a ma ama bụ "Burial of Traditional Womanhood," nke emere na 1968 na Arlington National Cemetery, ebe ndị sonyere mere emume olili ozu ihe atụ maka nwa bebi na-anọchite anya Nwanyị na-elekọta ụlọ.[16]

Omume ndị ọzọ gụnyere ịtọhapụ ụmụ oke na Madison Square Garden n'oge ngosi agbamakwụkwọ, nke e bu n'obi imebi ihe omume ahụ ma katọọ ihe ngosi nke alụmdi na nwunye, yana isonye na oghere ọha na eze nke ụmụ nwoke na Wall Street dị ka ụzọ isi dọta uche na nsogbu nke iyi egwu mmekọahụ.

Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị

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Ka ọ na-erule oge e bipụtara The Dialectic of Sex na October 1970, Firestone apụọla na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Na mmalite 1970s, ọ kwagara St. Marks Place ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe. Ọ gbasoro ọrụ mbipụta nke ya, nke akọwara dị ka “katalọgụ ụwa nke ụmụ nwanyị”, nke butere mkpakọrịta okpomọkụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ nka na Nova Scotia. O mechara rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-edegharị akwụkwọ na Massachusetts Institute of Technology na Cambridge.[1]

N'agbata 1978 na 1980, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na CETA Artists Project. Dị ka akụkụ nke mmemme ahụ, o kere ihe osise na Arthur Kill State Prison for Men ma kee ihe osise. Ndị a gụnyere ihe ngosi Rome maka City Arts Center na Lower East Side, maka American Nursing Home na 26 Avenue B, na ọrụ ndị ọzọ o kere ya na onye na-ese Art Guerra na akara na Richmond Hill, Queens, na 116th Street nso Jamaica Avenue.

Ịlụso ọrịa uche ọgụ

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N'etiti afọ ndị 1970, Firestone malitere inwe mgbaàmà nke ọrịa uche. Dị ka Susan Brownmiller si kwuo, na ọkara mbụ nke afọ 1970, Firestone boro omume Brownmiller ụta maka ọnọdụ ya na-akawanye njọ.[17]

Na May 1974, Firestone gara zoo na St. Louis mgbe ọ hụchara nwanne ya nwoke, Daniel, onye na-agwaghị ya okwu banyere ọnwụ nke abụọ ya, ma hapụ nwa ya nwoke. Na mbụ, a kọrọ na ọ nwụrụ n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala, Firestone mesịrị kpebie na ihe kpatara ọnwụ bụ mgbọ egbe n'obi; a hapụrụ ozu ahụ n'ụjọ ruo mgbe e lichara ya. Firestone gara olili ozu nwanne ya wee dee, "Ma igbu ọchụ ma ọ bụ igbu onwe ya, ndụ ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, [ọ] nyeere m aka mgbu na-eto eto." Na 1977, mgbe ọ matara na ndị enyi ya na-eme njem, Sol na Kate Firestone, na-eme atụmatụ ịkwaga Israel, ọ gara St. Louis iji chịkọta ngwongwo ya. Mgbe ya na nna ya kparịtasịrị obere okwu, bụ́ onye yiri egwu na ọ ga-ajụ ya, ọ raara ezinụlọ ya nye n’akwụkwọ ozi.[1] Dị ka nwanne nwanyị Firestone Tirza si kwuo, ọnwụ nna ha na 1981 mere ka Shulamith nwee nkụda mmụọ: "N'ụzọ ụfọdụ, ọ tụfuru ihe o nyere."

Ka ọ na-erule oge e bipụtara The Dialectic of Sex na October 1970, Firestone apụọla na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Na mmalite 1970s, ọ kwagara St. Marks Place ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe. Ọ gbasoro ọrụ mbipụta nke ya, nke akọwara dị ka “katalọgụ ụwa nke ụmụ nwanyị”, nke butere mkpakọrịta okpomọkụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ nka na Nova Scotia. O mechara rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-edegharị akwụkwọ na Massachusetts Institute of Technology na Cambridge.[1]

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1993, otu nkwado e guzobere n'okpuru nduzi nke Dr. Fraser ma bụrụ nke Lourdes Cintron nke Visiting Nurse Service duziri nyeere Firestone aka ịpụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ. Ọ jụrụ ikwurịta banyere ụmụ nwanyị; n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ka ọ na-erule afọ 1995, ọ malitere ide akwụkwọ nke abụọ ya.[3] N'ime afọ ndị ikpeazụ nke afọ 1990, netwọk nkwado ahụ gbasara ka Dr. Fraser kwagara ebe ọzọ ma Lourdes Cintron dara ọrịa. A hapụrụ Firestone n'enweghị nlekọta mgbe niile ma gaa n'ihu na-alụ ọgụ na ọnọdụ ya ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. [3]

N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2012, a hụrụ Firestone nwụrụ anwụ n'ụlọ ya dị na New York City. Onye nwe ụlọ ahụ chọpụtara ihe ahụ mgbe ndị agbata obi kọrọ na ọ na-esi ísì ọjọọ na-esi na ya apụta. Otu onye nlekọta lere anya na windo site na mgbapụ ọkụ wee hụ ozu ya n'ala. Dị ka onye nwe ụlọ ahụ, Bob Perl, si kwuo, e mere atụmatụ na ọ nwụọla ihe dịka otu ọnwa.[10]

Nwanne nwanyị Firestone, Laya Firestone Seghi, kwuru na ọ nwụrụ n'ihi ihe ndị sitere n'okike. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na ezinụlọ ahụ na-agbaso nkwenkwe ndị Juu Ọtọdọks, emeghị nyocha nke ozu, na-ahapụ ohere a na-ejighị n'aka na agụụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara ọnwụ ya. [1][3] Akụkọ gosiri na Firestone anọwo na-ebi ndụ n'ụzọ dịpụrụ adịpụ ma nwee ahụike na uche na-adịghị mma n'oge na-eduga n'ọnwụ ya.[2][10]

Otu edemede ncheta nke onye nta akụkọ Susan Faludi, nke e bipụtara na The New Yorker ọtụtụ ọnwa ka e mesịrị, nyere nkọwa ndị ọzọ, na-ekwu maka ọgụ Firestone na schizophrenia ogologo oge ma na-atụ aro na agụụ na-akpata onwe ya nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara ya. E mere emume ncheta ya. [3]

Ide ihe

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Ihe edeturu

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Site na New York Radical Feminists, Firestone nyere aka mepụta na dezie usoro ndetu. Akwụkwọ ndị a bụ ndetu sitere na afọ mbụ (June 1968), ndetu sitere na afọ nke abụọ (1970), na ndetu sitere na afọ nke atọ (1971), nke ikpeazụ nke Anne Koedt deziri ya mgbe Firestone nọ na ezumike.

Women's Rights Organization in the U.S.A.: A New Look

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N'afọ 1968, Firestone bipụtara edemede akpọrọ The Women's Rights Movement in the U.S.: A New View . [6] N'ọrụ a, o kwuru na òtù na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị nwere ikike ịghọ ndị na-eme mgbanwe. Firestone kwusiri ike na mmegharị ahụ abụwo mgbe niile nke siri ike, na-ezo aka na ndị suffragists nke narị afọ nke 19 dị ka ihe atụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-ama ụlọ ọrụ ndị guzosiri ike dịka ụka, ikike nwoke ọcha, na usoro ezinụlọ ọdịnala aka. Edemede ahụ gbalịrị imegide akụkọ ndị na-ebelata ọgụ ụmụ nwanyị na-alụ na ụdị mmegbu ha guzogidere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.

Asụsụ Mmekọahụ

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The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution (1970) bụ akwụkwọ mbụ Firestone ma ghọọ ederede ntọala nke ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ.[18] Akwụkwọ ahụ tụpụtara usoro ụmụ nwanyị siri ike nke gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na echiche ihe onwunwe nke akụkọ ihe mere eme dabere na mmekọahụ.[11] Firestone chepụtara ọha mmadụ na-enweghị mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị ma mepụta echiche nke chọrọ ịkọwa ma gbaghaa enweghị nhata nke sitere na ọdịiche dị iche iche nke ụmụ nwanyị.[19][20]

N'akwụkwọ ahụ, Firestone kwuru na iwepụ ụdị mmekọahụ ga-achọ ihe yiri mgbanwe nke klas - nke yiri njide nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe na echiche Marxist. Ọ tụrụ aro na ụmụ nwanyị ga-enwetaghachi ikike n'ịmụ nwa, gụnyere usoro ndụ na nke ụlọ ọrụ gbara ọmụmụ na ịzụlite nwa gburugburu. O dere, sị:   Firestone jikọtara echiche nke Sigmund Freud, Wilhelm Reich, Karl Marx, Frederick Engels, na Simone de Beauvoir iji wuo echiche ya. O kwetara na mmetụta nke Lincoln H. na Alice T. Day's Too Many Americans (1964) na Paul R. Ehrlich's The Population Bomb (1968).

N'adịghị ka ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị nke oge ya, Firestone jụrụ echiche ahụ na enwere ike inweta nnwere onwe site n'ịkwado ịdị elu nke ụmụ nwanyị. Kama nke ahụ, o kwuru na ọganihu mmadụ chọrọ ịgafe okike n'onwe ya, na-ekwu, sị: "Anyị enweghịzi ike ịkwado nlekọta nke usoro ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị n'ihi mmalite ya na okike", na "Mgbukpọ nke okike chọrọ ka ụmụ nwanyị na-achịkwa ụzọ ọmụmụ. "[6]

Firestone kwukwara na ndị Black power movement bụ ihe na-akpali akpali, na-ele atụmatụ ya maka mpako agbụrụ na mkpebi onwe onye anya dị ka ihe metụtara ọgụ ụmụ nwanyị.[21] O kwuru na ndị ọzọ na-eme ihe ike na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe dị ka ndị nwere mmetụta n'ịkpụzi usoro atụmatụ ya maka ụmụ nwanyị.

Firestone kọwara ime ime na ịmụ nwa dị ka "ihe obi ọjọọ" ma lee ezinụlọ nuklia anya dị ka isi ihe na-akpata mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị. O kwenyere na ọganihu na teknụzụ ọmụmụ - dị ka igbochi ọmụmụ na ime ime ime ime - nwere ike ikwe ka e kewapụ mmekọahụ kpamkpam site na ọmụmụ. Ọ kwadoro maka ọmụmụ aka, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ya "nwa a na-etinye n'ụgbọ," dị ka ụzọ isi tọhapụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ihe ndị a chọrọ maka ịmụ nwa.[11][22]

Na mgbakwunye na nkatọ , Firestone ewepụra nke nkụda ndị nne na nna na-enwe ike na mgba ha na uto nto. [1] O kwuru na bọtịnụ na- uto ha site na njikwa ndị ọrụ, ọrụ mmadụ na ibe ya, na ọnọdụ ha dị ala n'ime usoro.[2] Firestone mmetụta na mmetụta nne na akụkụ n'ime ekiri mere ka nsere if a na-emegbu emegbu ma napụ ha akwụkwọ onwe na akwụkwọ onwe na aha.[1] Iji dozie nke a, ọ bụ aro ka a Maris usoro , ekiri ma mma aro ka a ngosi n'otu n'otu kama site n'aka ndị nne na nna n'otu.[3][2] tsare nke onwe fim na-edepụta onwe mpempe dɔtara otuto site n'aka Simone de Beauvoir na Ms.

Angela Davis mechara katọọ The Dialectic of Sex maka ọgwụgwọ ya maka ụdị mmegbu ndị ọzọ. Davis kwuru na Firestone belatara usoro mmegbu niile - dị ka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmegbu nke ndị nọ n'ọkwá - na mgbasawanye nke ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị. O kwukwara na nyocha Firestone gosipụtara mgbagwoju anya Oedipus n'okwu agbụrụ, nke, dị ka Davis si kwuo, mere ka Echiche agbụrụ dị ike banyere ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị ojii.[23]

Ebe ikuku na-enweghị

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Na 1998, Firestone bipụtara Airless Spaces, nchịkọta ihe ncheta gbasara mmetụta ọgwụ na schizophrenia.[1][2] Site na akụkọ onwe onye, akụkọ ndị ahụ na-akọ akụkọ ndụ ndị mmadụ na New York City na-emeso ọrịa uche na ịda ogbenye. Akwụkwọ ahụ na-enyocha ihe ịma aka nke uche na mgba ndị nwere ọrịa uche na-eche ihu, gụnyere mmetụta nke ihere, ihere, egwu, owu ọmụma, na ikewapụ onwe ha. Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-enwekarị mgba na akụkụ mmetụta uche na nke anụ ahụ nke ndụ ha. A kọwawo oghere ikuku na-enweghị ikuku dị ka parody nke ọrụ Firestone, mana kwa n'ihi ngosipụta ya nke ụmụaka ndị nwere uche. Akụkọ ahụ na-enyocha mgba nke ndị na-agbalị ịnyagharịa usoro ahụike uche na mkparị dị n'ime ha.[3]

Ihe Nketa

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Asụsụ Mmekọahụ

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The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution ka na-eji n'ọtụtụ mmemme ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. Ntuziaka ya, dị ka ịzụlite ụmụaka n'ụzọ na-anọpụ iche, na-egosipụta echiche Firestone setịpụrụ iji nweta.[24] Ọtụtụ n'ime echiche ndị bụ isi n'ime akwụkwọ ahụ ka na-ewu ewu na arụmụka ụmụ nwanyị banyere ojiji nke ọganihu teknụzụ na ọmụmụ.[8] A na-ewere ọrụ Shulamith Firestone dị ka mmalite nke njikọta nke sayensị na teknụzụ na echiche dị oke egwu site na anya ụmụ nwanyị. A ka na-ekerịta echiche ya ma na-atụle ya gụnyere nkwenye ya na ọ dị mkpa ka ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ chụsoo ọrụ na injinia na sayensị. A pụkwara ịchọta echiche Firestone na ọganihu sayensị dị ka mmepụta nke sperm na àkwá aka na otu mmepụta ha nwere ike isi duga n'iwepụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị.

Cyberfeminism na xenofeminism

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Ejikọtara olu okwu nke mmekọahụ na xenofeminism.[1] Nnyocha nke Firestone nke ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụmụaka na ọrụ nne na-amụ nwa, na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "nwoke" na-ezo aka n'ahụ ahụ, ahụ nwere ike na ikike nke xenofeminists na-ekwu na ọ bụghị mmadụ niile na-adabere na ọchịchọ ha. Helen Hester, otu n'ime ndị na-ede akwụkwọ nke The Xenofeminism Manifesto, kọrọ ahụmahụ ya na echiche agụụ na-akpali nke Firestone dọtara na ya.[2] N’ezie, Shulamith bụ otu n’ime ndị isi na ngagharị iwe megide ụmụaka.

Ihe odide

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  • (1968). "The Women's Rights Movement in the U.S.: A New View". Ihe edeturu site na Afọ Mbụ. New York: New York Radical Women.
  • (1968). "The Jeanette Rankin Brigade: Woman Power?". Ihe edeturu site na Afọ Mbụ. New York: New York Radical Women.
  • (1968). "On Abortion", Ihe edeturu site na Afọ Mbụ. New York: New York Radical Women.
  • (1968). "Mgbe ụmụ nwanyị rap banyere mmekọahụ". Ihe edeturu site na Afọ Mbụ. New York: New York Radical Women.
  • (1968), ed. Ihe edeturu site na Afọ Mbụ. New York: New York Radical Women.
  • (nke a na-akpọ "The Origin of Life - Five Questions Worth Asking") Ihe edeturu site na Afọ nke Abụọ. New York: New York Radical Women.
  • (1970). The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution. New York: William Morrow na Company.
  • (1971), ya na Anne Koedt, eds. Ihe edeturu site na Afọ nke Atọ. New York: New York Radical Women.
  • (1998). Ebe ikuku na-enweghị ikuku. New York: Semiotext (e) .

Edensibia

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  1. 1 2 3 Fox. "Shulamith Firestone, Feminist Writer, Dies at 67", The New York Times, August 30, 2012.
  2. 1 2 Butnick. "Shulamith Firestone (1945-2012)", Tablet Magazine, August 30, 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Faludi. "Death of a Revolutionary", The New Yorker, 2013-04-08. Retrieved on 2019-10-08. (in en)
  4. ↑ Shulamith Firestone's Women's Liberation action materials from the Redstockings Archives. www.redstockings.org. Retrieved on 2020-05-08.
  5. 1 2 Hall (6 June 2011). American Patriotism, American Protest: Social Movements Since the Sixties. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0365-3. 
  6. 1 2 3 Halbert (January 2004). "Shulamith Firestone: Radical feminism and visions of the information society". Information, Communication & Society 7 (1): 115–135. DOI:10.1080/1369118042000208933. 
  7. ↑ Angel. At the Speed of Light: from cyberfeminism to xenofeminism, cyberfeminism, xenofeminism and the digital ecology of bodies. Western Sydney University, 9–10. 
  8. 1 2 Paasonen (2010). "From Cybernation to Feminization: Firestone and Cyberfeminism", in Merck: Further Adventures of the Dialectic of Sex: Critical Essays on Shulamith Firestone, Breaking Feminist Waves (in en). Palgrave Macmillan US, 61–83. DOI:10.1057/9780230109995_4. ISBN 9780230109995. 
  9. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Routledge-Dictionary".
  10. 1 2 3 Anderson, Lincoln. "Shulamith Firestone, radical feminist, wrote best-seller, 67", The Villager, August 30, 2012. Retrieved on August 31, 2012.
  11. 1 2 3 Firestone (1970a). The Dialect of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc. ISBN 978-1-78478-052-4. OCLC 905734953. 
  12. ↑ Freeman (1999). "On the Origins of Social Movements", in Freeman: Waves of Protest: Social Movements Since the Sixties. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., (7–24), 19. 
  13. ↑ Bindel. "Shulamith Firestone obituary", The Guardian, 6 September 2012.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Pearce (November 1999). "The radical feminist manifesto as generic appropriation: Gender, genre, and second wave resistance". Southern Communication Journal 64 (4): 307–315. DOI:10.1080/10417949909373145. 
  15. 1 2 Sarachild. Consciousness Raising: A Radical Weapon. 
  16. ↑ Maglaque. "The radical legacy of Shulamith Firestone", New Statesman, 21 October 2020.
  17. ↑ Cooke. "US feminist Susan Brownmiller on why her groundbreaking book on rape is still relevant", The Guardian, February 18, 2018. Retrieved on 28 August 2022.
  18. ↑ Fox (August 30, 2012). Shulamith Firestone, Feminist Writer, Dies at 67. The New York Times.
  19. ↑ (2016) in Marso: Fifty-One Key Feminist Thinkers. Routledge. DOI:10.4324/9781315558806. ISBN 9781315558806. Retrieved on 2019-09-30. 
  20. ↑ Weeks (October 2015). "The Vanishing Dialectic : Shulamith Firestone and the Future of the Feminist 1970s". South Atlantic Quarterly 114 (4): 735–754. DOI:10.1215/00382876-3157111. 
  21. ↑ Merck (2010). Further Adventures of The Dialectic of Sex: Critical Essays on Shulamith Firestone. Springer, 1–6. ISBN 9780230109995. 
  22. ↑ 1969 Throwback Report: "RADICAL FEMINISM". YouTube. Archived from the original on August 21, 2019. Retrieved on February 28, 2019.
  23. ↑ Davis (2019). Women, Race & Class. London: Penguin Classics, 163. ISBN 9780241408407. 
  24. ↑ Chertoff (31 August 2012). Eulogy for a Sex Radical: Shulamith Firestone's Forgotten Feminism. The Atlantic.

Njikọ mpụga

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 Templeeti:Radical feminism

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