Shuswap

asụsụ, modern language
Obere ụdị nke	Interior Salish
Mba/obodo	Kánada
Ụmụ amaala ka	Secwépemc, British Columbia
Ọkwa asụsụ UNESCO	3 definitely endangered
Ọkwa asụsụ Ethnologue	8a Moribund

Asụsụ Shuswap ( / ˈ ʃ uː ʃ wɑːp / ; Secwepemctsín, [ʃəxʷəpəməxˈtʃin] ) bụ asụsụ Salish nke ime ugwu nke ndị Shuswap na-asụ ( Secwépemc, [ʃəˈxʷɛpəməx] ) nke British Columbia . Asụsụ dị ize ndụ, Shuswap na-asụkarị na Central na Southern Interior nke British Columbia n'etiti Osimiri Fraser na Ugwu Rocky . Dị ka Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọdịbendị Mbụ si kwuo, mmadụ 200 na-asụ Shuswap dị ka asụsụ ala nna, na e nwere 1,190 ndị na-asụ asụsụ.

Shuswap bụ mpaghara ugwu nke asụsụ Salish ime ime, nke a na-asụ na Canada na Pacific Northwest nke United States. Enwere olumba abụọ nke Shuswap:

Ọwụwa Anyanwụ: Kinbasket (Kenpesq't) na Ọdọ Mmiri Shuswap (Qw7ewt/Quaaout)
Western: Canim Lake (Tsq'escen), Chu Chua (Simpcw), Deadman's Creek (Skitsestn/Skeetchestn)–Kamloops (Tk'emlups), Fraser River (Splatsin, Esk'et), na Pavilion (Tsk'weylecw)–Bonaparte (St'uxtews)

Asụsụ Salish ndị ọzọ nke Northern bụ Lillooet na Thompson .

Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị dị n'isiokwu a sitere na Kuipers (1974).

Ọdịda asụsụ

Ọtụtụ asụsụ ụmụ amaala, dị ka Secwepemctsín, nwetara mbelata ngwa ngwa site na ụlọ akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ . Ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị a machibidoro iji asụsụ ụmụ amaala eme ihe n'ikwu okwu na n'ide ihe, nke kpatara ọgbọ abụọ ruo atọ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị a tara ahụhụ dị ukwuu maka ejighị Bekee. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ụmụaka a manyere ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị a ka nwere ike ịsụ asụsụ ala nna ha, ha enwetala nnukwu mmerụ ahụ nke na-akpata nnukwu nsogbu n'ọgbọ n'ọdịnihu. ^[1]

Mgbe emechiri ụlọ akwụkwọ ebe obibi, ụmụaka ndị Aboriginal banyere n'usoro agụmakwụkwọ bụ isi nke Bekee na-achị. A kpasuru mgbasa ozi n'etiti ọgbọ niile nke asụsụ ụmụ amaala n'ihi oke bekee n'agụmakwụkwọ na n'ebe ọrụ. Nke a sokwa mee ka asụsụ ụmụ amaala dara ada nke ukwuu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu nke ọma nke Secwepemctsín ebelatala ruo pasent 3.5 ka ọ na-erule etiti 1990s. ^[1]

Ntughari asụsụ na teknụzụ

Ihe interface na Facebook dị na Secwepemctsín. ^[2] Weebụsaịtị Voices mbụ nwere Portal Community Secwepemctsin (Ọwụwa Anyanwụ ọwụwa anyanwụ), ^[3] Portal Community Secwepemc, ^[4] na Splatsin (olumba ọwụwa anyanwụ) Portal Community ^[5] maka mmụta asụsụ. Otu akụkọ nke ọnwa Nọvemba 2012 mere atụmatụ ihe dị ka 150 ndị na-ekwu okwu nke ọma, nke ka ukwuu karịa 65, na-agbakwụnye na "ihe dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ 400 na-amụ asụsụ ahụ, na" ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mmụta Secwepemctsin dị n'okpuru afọ 19. " ^[6] Ngwa asụsụ Secwépemc dị maka iOS . ^[7] Secwepemc Cultural Education Society wepụtara Nintendo DSi software na 2013 na-akụziri Secwepemctsin ụmụaka. ^[6] ^[8] Ndị ikike asụsụ nke ndị okenye iri na-asụ nke ọma, si East, West, na North, na-edekọ ịkpọ okwu. As of 2013^[update] , onye nkuzi asụsụ nọkwa na nkwadebe, enwere ike ibupụ ya na CD maka ojiji na-anọghị n'ịntanetị. ^[9] David Lacho, nwa akwụkwọ nna ukwu nke Mahadum nke British Columbia, mepụtara ngwa akụkọ akụkọ eziokwu agbakwunyere nke a na-akpọ Tuwitames, dị na Ụlọ Ahịa Apple App, ^[10] iji nyere ndị mmadụ aka ịmụta asụsụ Splatsin nke Secwepemctsín iji kwado atụmatụ imegharị asụsụ obodo.

Nke cseyseten (akwu asụsụ) na Adams Lake ka a na-eduzi kpamkpam n'asụsụ Secwepemc. ^[11] Mmemme akwụ́ asụsụ na Secwepemctsín na-emekwa ya na Splatsin Tsm7aksaltn (Splatsin Teaching Center) Society ebe ndị nne ochie ( kikia7a ) na-akpakọrịta ma na-akụziri ụmụaka. ^[12] Na Jenụwarị 21, 2013, Mahadum Thompson Rivers malitere inye klaasị asụsụ Secwepemctsín nke onye na-ekwu okwu nke ọma bụ Janice Billy kuziri. ^[13]

fonology

Asụsụ Shuswap nwere ọtụtụ consonants nke a na-ejikarị mkpụrụedemede Rome na-anọchi anya ya. A na-eji sistemụ abụọ na-anọchi anya ụda Shuswap. Otu bụ usoro e ji mee ihe na monograph dị peeji 298 nke Kuipers maka asụsụ ahụ. Ọ na-eji ụfọdụ mkpụrụedemede na-abụghị akụkụ nke mkpụrụedemede Rome. Usoro nke ọzọ gbadoro ụkwụ na nke Randy Bouchard nke British Columbia Language Project chepụtara. Ọ dabere kpam kpam na mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Rome. Otu ihe dị iche bụ akara 7, nke a na-eji na-anọchi anya nkwụsị glottal .

Usoro ụdị Bouchard yiri ka ọ bụ nke a na-eji n'etiti ndị Shuswap n'onwe ha. Ewezuga akara ngosi dị iche iche ejiri, ndịiche ndị ọzọ dị n'etiti sistemu abụọ a. Sistemu Kuipers na-eji ọtụtụ mgbanwe akpaaka eme ihe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-akpọ mkpụrụedemede n mgbe ụfọdụ [n], mgbe ụfọdụ [ən], na mgbe ụfọdụ [nə] . Nhọrọ nke ịkpọ okwu dabere na iwu etinyere na-akpaghị aka. A na-atụ anya ka onye na-agụ ya mara iwu ndị a.

Iwu ahụ na-ekpuchi usoro mgbanwe atọ: (1) ụda ụda na-agbachi agbachi na-akpaghị aka (A na-ekpuchi ụda ụda olu na-abụghị nke akpaaka n'okpuru usoro ụda olu .), (2) mgbanwe mgbanwe nke ụda olu n'etiti consonantal na ụda olu, na (3) ntụgharị nke velars dị larịị, uvulars, na laryngeal na-ada ụda kwekọrọ na ya. Usoro ụdị Bouchard adịghị ka ọ chọrọ ka onye na-agụ ya mara ọtụtụ iwu ndị ọzọ. Enwere ike ịhụ ọmụmaatụ okwu ndị edere na ụdị Bouchard na webụsaịtị abụọ. ^[14] Webụsaịtị ndị a enweghị ihe atụ zuru oke iji gosi ka esi ejikwa mgbanwe niile akpaaka na sistemụ ụdị Bouchard. Ya mere, ejiri usoro mkpoputa Kuipers mee ihe n'isiokwu a.

Udaume

Asụsụ Shuswap nwere ụdaume ise zuru oke, /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/, na otu ụdaume mbelata, /ə/ .

Nhazi mkpụrụedemede

Okwu Shuswap nwere azuokokoosisi, nke enwere ike itinye mgbakwunye dị iche iche na ya. Okwu ole na ole nwere mgbọrọgwụ abụọ. Mgbọrọgwụ ọ bụla nwere nrụgide nwere ike ịnwe ihe ọzọ na-enweghị nchekasị, ebe a na-eji [ə] dochie ụdaume.

Ọtụtụ mgbọrọgwụ nwere ụdị CVC ma ọ bụ CC (nke ikpeazụ bụ naanị ma ọ bụrụ na enweghị nchekasị). Mgbọrọgwụ ndị ọzọ bụ CVCC ma ọ bụ CCVC.

Suffixes na-amalite ma ọ bụ site na ụdaume nrụgide (dobere n'ụdị ebe a na-enwe nrụgide) ma ọ bụ nkwenye. Prefixes na-enwekarị ụdị C- ma ọ bụ CC-.

Nchegbu

Nchegbu na Shuswap apụtachaghị nke ọma, ọ na-apụta naanị n'okwu dị ogologo. Ebe ọ bụ na [u] na [i] na-enwe nrụgide mgbe niile na [ə] Ọ dịghị mgbe, nchekasị na-adịkarị mfe ịkọ.

Usoro ụda olu

Ọ bụ ezie na Kuipers (1974) akọwapụtaghị, n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, ụdị consonant nke glottalized ma ọ bụ nke gbara okirikiri yiri ka ọ na-anọchi anya mgbanwe allophonic. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, consonants nke nwere ụdị okirikiri a na-agbakọta tupu na mgbe [u] gasịrị. . Otú ọ dị, glottalization nwere ike ịdị iche (mgbọrọgwụ q'e y -, "tọlite ihe owuwu," versos q'e y' -, "dee") ma ọ bụ allophonic (mgbọrọgwụ q'e y - pụtara na consonant ikpeazụ glottalized na stq'e y' -qn, "wụfuru"). Mgbanwegharị consonant nwekwara ike inwe mmetụta na glottalization.

Enwere ụzọ dị iche iche nke gburugburu ha si emetụta ụda. Ndị na-atụgharị n'ọnọdụ ụda bụ schwa akpaka na-ebute ụzọ, dịka ọmụmaatụ okwu /stʼmkelt/ ("nwa nwanyị"), akpọ [stɬʼəmkelt] . Mgbachi nke ụdaume, dị ka akọwara n'okpuru, bụ ikpe ọzọ.

Nkesa nke ụdaume dị nnọọ mgbagwoju anya. Udaume ndị a nwere ụdị dị iche iche ndị a:

i = [i~e]
u = [u~o]
o = [ɔ]
e = [ɛ] .

/a/ and /ʌ/ are unchanged. The environment around uvulars and velars produces a different set of variants, including occasional slight diphthongs. Additionally, some roots cause darkened vowels to appear in suffixes; one example is the prefix -ekst ("hand, arm"), which is darkened in x°əl’-akst. The darkened vowels are as follows:

e = [a]
ị = [o]
i = [e] .

Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ

Mgbakwunye

Sistemụ ntinye nke Shuswap siri ike. A na-eji prefix s- nominalizing iji wepụta aha site na ngwaa, yana prefixes iji gosi ọnọdụ gapụtara na ngwaa. Ihe atụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ prefixes dị nta nke Shuswap dị n'okpuru:

/t'l'-/: n'oge oge gara aga
/c-/ ma ọ bụ /s-/: ebe a
/t-/ ma ọ bụ /tk-/: n'elu, n'èzí
/wλ-/: otu ndi mmadu
/ʔ-/: onye nke abụọ nwere otu ihe

Ọtụtụ aha nwere suffixes . A na-ejikwa suffixes gosipụta ngwaa ndị na-agafe agafe, ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe na nke dị mkpa. N'okpuru bụ ọmụmaatụ ole na ole ewepụtara site na nnukwu nchịkọta nke suffixes Shuswap:

/-eps/: azụ olu
/-tem'/: ala, ọwa mmiri, ala ala
/-itʃeʔ/: elu, zoo
/-esq't/: ụbọchị
/-eq/: tomato
/-el'txʷ/: ihe yiri mpempe akwụkwọ, akpụkpọ, ogbugbo

Usoro Morphological

Shuswap na-eji ọtụtụ ndegharị eme ihe . Ụfọdụ ihe atụ nke mmụgharị dị mfe bụ:

Mmụgharị mbụ: [s-tíq'm] (bitterroot) ruo [tətíq'm] (kwadebe bitterroots)
Mmụgharị ikpeazụ: [puxʷ-m] (ịfụ) ruo [pəxʷ'úxʷ] (zara)
Mkpokọta mmụgharị: [piq] (ọcha) gaa [pəq-'piq] (ntụ ọka)
Mweghachi nke consonant

Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, e nwere ọtụtụ ụdị nsụgharị mgbagwoju anya, gụnyere usoro dịka 11V12, 112V23, na 1123V34 (ebe 1 na-anọchite anya C ₁, wdg).

Ọ bụghị ụdị mmụgharị niile na-arụpụta ma na-arụ ọrụ. Mkpokọta mmụgharịgharị na-egosi ọnụọgụgụ yana mmụgharị nke nkwenye dị ntakịrị, mana ọtụtụ mmegharịgharị ndị ọzọ siri ike ịkọwa.

Na mgbakwunye na mmụgharị, mgbọrọgwụ morphemes nwere ike gbanwee site n'ime glottalization, dị ka mgbọrọgwụ CVC pụtara dị ka CʔVC. Ọ bụ ezie na usoro ahụ anaghị arụpụta ihe, ọtụtụ ụdị edekọ na-ezo aka na steeti, dịka ọmụmaatụ [pʔeɣ] (oyi oyi) site na [peɣns] (ọ na-eme ka ọ dị jụụ). Mgbanwegharị consonant nwere ike ịga n'ihu dị ka ọ dị na mbụ site na iji glottalization ime ime.

Syntax

Usoro okwu

Usoro okwu na Shuswap bụ n'efu; A na-ebufe mmekọrịta syntactic n'ụzọ dị mfe site na usoro akara ikpe . Agbanyeghị, ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị mana ọ dịghị mkpa ka onye amụma buru isi okwu ahụ.

Ahịrịokwu nwere predicate mbụ:

wist ɣ-citx ulo di elu
gbuo l-nx̌peʔe nna nna m kwuru

Ahịrịokwu nwere isiokwu mbụ (dị ụkọ):

ɣ-sq°yic m-cunsəs ɣx̌°ʕ°elmx fox gwara oke bekee.

Akara ikpe

Shuswap na-eji okwu abụọ eme ihe: ihe zuru oke, maka isiokwu nke ngwa ngwa intransitive, isiokwu nke ngwa ngwa ntụgharị, na ihe nke ngwa ngwa ntụgharị; na onye ikwu, maka ikpe ndị ọzọ niile (dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye na-eme ihe ngwa ngwa, ma ọ bụ adverb).

Ikpe ziri ezi:

wist ɣ-citx ulo di elu
m-tʔeyns ɣ-x̌°ʕ°elmx ɣ-sk'lep Fox met Coyote

Ikpe ikwu:

wist t-citx° ụlọ dị elu
m-cuntməs ɣ-sq°yic t-x̌°ʕ°elmx Rabbit gwara Fox (isiokwu ahụ dị na Absolutive)

Ụdị ndị ọzọ

Aha na ngwaa na-apụta maka ụdị dị iche iche, dabere na gburugburu syntactic ha.

Ụdị dị larịị: aha na ngwaa intransitive, jikọtara maka mmadụ. Na mgbakwunye, a na-eme ihe dị iche n'etiti okwu ndị dabere n'ihe na isiokwu; tụnyere [lm-wiwk tn ] "nke m hụrụ" na [lm-wiwk cms ] "onye hụrụ m."
Ụdị suffixal: maka ngwaa intransitive, yana ngwaa na aha transitive (onye nke atọ naanị). Ụdị a na-abụkarị nhọrọ na mgbe ụfọdụ iwu. Ọmụmatụ nke ojiji na-agụnye dị ka ihe kwesịrị ekwesị nnọchi ([xwislxəx° wl meʔ kicx-k], "gbaa ruo mgbe ị rutere ebe ahụ") na n'ahịrịokwu "if" na "mgbe" ([l-twiwtwn], "mgbe m tolitere").
Ụdị akpọpụtara: maka aha na ngwaa intransitive. Ngwa ngwa a na-akpọ intransitive nominalized na-ezo aka n'ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke ihe omume, dị ka na [yʔen t'-sq°iʔq°e l-nstix°C'e l-pəxyewtəs] "nke a bụ groundhog m gbara ụnyahụ." A na-ejikwa nhọpụta aha n'ajụjụ, ee-ma ọ bụ-ee ma ọ bụ webata ya na "ihe".
Ụdị ʔs: na-ezo aka n'eziokwu, na-enwe nkwubi okwu nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ: [cuct-kn ʔnsʔiʔλn] "Achọrọ m iri."

Ihe atụ lexicon

Ndị na-esonụ bụ ndepụta nke mgbọrọgwụ (depụtara iche iche ma ọ bụ dị ka usoro ha kacha mfe), na nhọrọ nke okwu ndị sitere na mgbọrọgwụ ndị a site na affixes .

Mgbọrọgwụ	Mwepụta	Pụtara
c-anụmanụ		gbasaa
	x-p't-min'	na-ekpuchi gburugburu ihe
	x-pət-cin'-tn	ibo ụzọ akpụkpọ anụ
ptek		gafere
	x-ptetk-tn	ahịrị imecha
	x-ptək-ew's	ịgafe ụzọ
tʔik°		ọkụ
	tətʔiʔk°-m	na-enwu / na-acha uhie uhie na-ekpo ọkụ
	tik°-n'k-tn	ero eji eme oku
ciq°		uhie
	cəq°-cin-tn	lipstick
	cəq°-cq°eq°sxn'	penny
q°el		ikwu okwu, ikwu okwu
	cq°l-nt-es	ịkpọ, kpọọ
	q°lt-əmiʔ	ekwu okwu
ee		kpochapuru
	x-ewu-m	isere mmiri
	x-ewu-mn	ebe ịkụ azụ, ịwụ
sq° ex-t		nwoke ohia, bugbear
	tq°əx-q°əx-n't-es	ime ka ndị mmadụ maa jijiji site n'omume ọjọọ
	q° ex-sns	ịgwa mmadụ banyere ihe omimi anya ma ọ bụ ahụmahụ

Ebitere okwu na bekee

Okwu kokanee, ụdị salmon, sitere na Shuswap.

Ntụaka

1 2 Ignace (2017). Secwépemc People, Land, and Laws: Yerí7 re Stsq'ey's-kucw. McGill-Queen's Press, 121–144. ISBN 978-0-7735-5203-6.
↑ Scannell (2012-10-16). Facebook in Your Indigenous or Endangered Language. Rising Voices. Retrieved on 2012-10-22.
↑ FirstVoices: Secwepemctsin (Eastern Dialect) Community Portal. Retrieved on 2012-10-22.
↑ Secwepemc Community Portal. FirstVoices. Retrieved on 2012-10-22.
↑ Splatsin (Eastern dialect) Community Portal. FirstVoices. Retrieved on 2012-10-22.
1 2 Mike Youds. "Nintendo scores for native language", Kamloops Daily News, 2012-11-29. Retrieved on 2013-01-13.
↑ Catherine Litt. "Native language learns to talk tech : Language of Shuswap Nation has promising future thanks to modern technology", Kamloops Daily News, 2013-02-04. Retrieved on 2013-02-09.
↑ Wood. "Despite limited resources, indigenous-language programs persevere in B.C.", Georgia Straight, Vancouver's News & Entertainment Weekly, 2014-01-22. Retrieved on 2014-02-27.
↑ Jackey Sharkey. Tablet tools teach endangered aboriginal language. CBC Kamloops. Retrieved on 2013-01-19.
↑ Tuwitames: Splatsin Stsptakwla. App Store Preview. Apple. Retrieved on February 16, 2022.
↑ McIvor. Language Nest Programs in BC. Early childhood immersion programs in two First Nations Communities. Practical questions answered and guidelines offered. Retrieved on 2013-06-02.
↑ Splatsin Tsm7aksaltn Society. Retrieved on December 13, 2019.
↑ Devan Tasa. "First Aboriginal language course teaches Secwepemctsín", The Omega, 2013-01-20. Retrieved on 2013-01-20.
↑ Land of the Shuswap, Secwepemcúl'ecx. Archived from the original on 2008-10-04. Retrieved on 2008-11-12.

Njikọ mpụga

[:0-1] 1 2 Ignace (2017). Secwépemc People, Land, and Laws: Yerí7 re Stsq'ey's-kucw. McGill-Queen's Press, 121–144. ISBN 978-0-7735-5203-6.

[2] Scannell (2012-10-16). Facebook in Your Indigenous or Endangered Language. Rising Voices. Retrieved on 2012-10-22.

[3] FirstVoices: Secwepemctsin (Eastern Dialect) Community Portal. Retrieved on 2012-10-22.

[4] Secwepemc Community Portal. FirstVoices. Retrieved on 2012-10-22.

[5] Splatsin (Eastern dialect) Community Portal. FirstVoices. Retrieved on 2012-10-22.

[youds-6] 1 2 Mike Youds. "Nintendo scores for native language", Kamloops Daily News, 2012-11-29. Retrieved on 2013-01-13.

[7] Catherine Litt. "Native language learns to talk tech : Language of Shuswap Nation has promising future thanks to modern technology", Kamloops Daily News, 2013-02-04. Retrieved on 2013-02-09.

[8] Wood. "Despite limited resources, indigenous-language programs persevere in B.C.", Georgia Straight, Vancouver's News & Entertainment Weekly, 2014-01-22. Retrieved on 2014-02-27.

[9] Jackey Sharkey. Tablet tools teach endangered aboriginal language. CBC Kamloops. Retrieved on 2013-01-19.

[10] Tuwitames: Splatsin Stsptakwla. App Store Preview. Apple. Retrieved on February 16, 2022.

[11] McIvor. Language Nest Programs in BC. Early childhood immersion programs in two First Nations Communities. Practical questions answered and guidelines offered. Retrieved on 2013-06-02.

[12] Splatsin Tsm7aksaltn Society. Retrieved on December 13, 2019.

[13] Devan Tasa. "First Aboriginal language course teaches Secwepemctsín", The Omega, 2013-01-20. Retrieved on 2013-01-20.

[14] Land of the Shuswap, Secwepemcúl'ecx. Archived from the original on 2008-10-04. Retrieved on 2008-11-12.

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