Sibusisiwe Violet Makhanya
Sibusisiwe Violet Makhanya (1894 - 23 Septemba 1971), bụ onye ọrụ mmekọrịta ojii na South Africa mbụ.
Ndụ mbido
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Amụrụ na 1894, Sibusisiwe Violet Makhanya tolitere na Umbumbulu, Natal, South Africa . Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ, Makhanya gara America, ebe ọ gara Mahadum Columbia na College Teachers . [1] N'ebe ahụ, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ ka ọ ghọọ onye nkụzi tupu ya emechaa laghachi Natal. Makhanya megidere ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze n'oge ahụ site n'ịjụ ịlụ nwanyị, kama ịchụso ọrụ onwe ya. [2]
Amara dị ka Sibusisiwe ma ọ bụ Violet (dabere na mmekọrịta ọha na eze ya na ya na-akpakọrịta), Makhanya mere ebili mmiri na gburugburu ebe mmụta siri ike nke dị n'oge apartheid. Makhanya bụ onye na-akwadosi ike maka ịkụziri ụmụ agbọghọ mkpa ọ dị ịnọgide na-adị ọcha na izere mmekọahụ tupu alụmdi na nwunye, ma mesịa nye aka guzobe otu òtù ndị ntorobịa Bantu - ebe obodo na-akwado maka ahụike na ụkpụrụ Ndị Kraịst. [1] Makhanya na-ekwukwa na ọ malitere otu ndị otu Boy na Girl Scout na South Africa. A na-akpọ otu ndị a otu Bantu Purity League na Pathfinder na Wayfarer Associations, n'otu n'otu. [3] Makhanya mechara hapụ nkuzi ka ọ rụọ ọrụ oge niile n'ịgba otu Bantu Purity League. [4]
Ọnọdụ akụkọ ihe mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Makhanya malitere ọrụ ya n'oge mmegbu dị oke egwu. A na-ahazi agụmakwụkwọ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa na ebumnuche iji hụ na ndị isi ojii South Africa na-eguzosi ike n'ihe nye gọọmentị. Ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ndị isi ojii South Africa n'okpuru iwu Bantu Education Act kwalitere ahaghị nhata nke agbụrụ, ma nyekwa naanị agụmakwụkwọ zuru oke maka ndị isi ojii iji nweta ọrụ ọrụ dị ala mgbe ha gụsịrị akwụkwọ. [5] ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa n'etiti narị afọ nke 20 juru ebe niile, a na-ahụkwa ya site na usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke ejiri n'oge apartheid. Usoro agba agba bụ usoro ọkwa e ji mee ihe n'okpuru apartheid nke na-ahazi agbụrụ site n'ọkwa - ndị ọcha nọ n'elu, na ndị Black South Africa nọ na ala. [6] Agụmakwụkwọ Bantu Education Act-oge mere ka usoro agba agba site na enweghị mmasị n'usoro ọmụmụ. Ebe a kụziiri ụmụ akwụkwọ ọcha ka ha ga-esi na-achụso ọrụ dị elu nke ga-eme ka ha nọgide na-enwe ọgaranya na ọha mmadụ, ndị Black South Africa ka a kụziiri otu esi emejupụta ọrụ dị arọ nke ga-abara ndị na-ekewapụ uru. [5] Ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ Sibusisiwe Makhanya mere ka ọ dị iche na ọtụtụ ndị isi ojii South Africa ndị ọzọ n'oge ahụ, n'ihi na o nyere ya ikike ịrụ ọrụ dị elu karịa nke agụmakwụkwọ n'okpuru ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na-enyekarị.
Dị ka ọtụtụ ndị nkụzi ojii n'oge apartheid, Makhanya nwere ike ịnọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke inwe ọnọdụ ọrụ na-ezighị ezi. [7] ịkpa ókè agbụrụ doro anya na usoro agụmakwụkwọ sokwa na igbochi ndị isi ojii South Africa ịchọ ọrụ nkuzi. [7] Ego gọọmentị na-adịghị mma butere ụgwọ ọnwa ndị nkuzi ezughị oke, nke mere ka ọtụtụ ndị nkuzi ojii banye n'ọrụ ahụ. Ịkwụ ụgwọ maka ndị nkuzi nkuzi nwoke ọcha (erughị eru, ọnụ ọgụgụ nkwado na klaasị) karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke ụgwọ ọnwa ndị nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-alụbeghị di (ndị nkuzi tozuru oke), yana ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu atọ nke ndị nkuzi nwanyị ojii lụrụ di. [7] A na-ekewakwa ndị nkuzi ojii dị ka ihe nke oge a nke " ndị ọrụ na-achọsi ike " ma gbaa ha ọkụ n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi. [7] Enweghị nchekwa ọrụ a mere ka ọtụtụ ndị nkuzi hapụ ọrụ ahụ, nke mekwara ka agụmakwụkwọ dị mma nke ndị Black South Africa nwere ike nweta.
Agụmakwụkwọ na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]ndabere na agụmakwụkwọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mkparịta ụka mbụ Violet na agụmakwụkwọ bụ mgbe ọ malitere ụlọ akwụkwọ abalị kpọmkwem maka ụmụ ehi nakwa ụlọ akwụkwọ oyi maka ma ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwanyị nke malitere dịka ụlọ akwụkwọ Sunday. Violet na-ahazi nnukwu nzukọ kwa afọ maka ndị isi obodo ya. Edere ọtụtụ akụkọ gbasara Violet's Community Center n'akwụkwọ akụkọ mpaghara ha, nke bụ mgbe akụkọ ya malitere ịgbasa. Isiokwu ahụ kọwara otú ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ si bata na klas ha mgbe ha zụchara ehi ụbọchị dum. [8] Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime klaasị ahụ na-ewe ihe dị ka awa abụọ kwa ụbọchị n'izu, na-abụkarị n'abalị, a na-ahụkwa ụmụ okorobịa na-eto eto n'azụ ụlọ ya ka ha na-agba bọl ozugbo tupu ọmụmụ ihe amalite. Mgbe nkuzi ahụ gwụchara, usoro ahịrị malitere ịmalite maka nri abalị, bụ nke a na-arụ n'azụ azụ nke etiti ahụ. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ n’abalị ka e mesịrị, Violet haziri ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ ga-anọ n’ihi na e nweghị ụgbọ njem. Mgbe e mesịrị na ọrụ ya, Violet mekwara klas agụmakwụkwọ maka ndị okenye ma nwee ike ịme obere ọbá akwụkwọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Umbumbulu . [8]
Ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ dị mkpa, Violet rịọkwara ka e nye ya onyinye simenti n'aka ndị obodo ya. O nwere ike ịhọrọ otu ụbọchị wee kpọọ ya Cement Sunday. Ebumnuche ya bụ inweta ego iji nwee ike wuo ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ n'ikpeazụ. Otu nwanyị a na-akpọ Lucy Johnston nyere 5000 pound mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. Site n'onyinye a, Violet nwere ike wuo klaasị ọ chọrọ. Mgbe e mesịrị na ọrụ ya, ọ bụ ndị ozi ala ọzọ nke American Board na Eastern Cape Province na-elekọta ọkwa nkuzi mbụ ya. O nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ na Bizana ihe dị ka afọ atọ. N'afọ 1916, nwa akwụkwọ ya nwere ike ịnye ya ebe ọ nọrọ ruo 1923. N'agbata afọ 1923 na 1927 ndị bọọdụ họpụtara ya ka ọ na-elekọta ụlọ mbikọ ụmụ nwanyị Grey Street na Durban. [8]
Apartheid na agụmakwụkwọ itinye aka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'ileghachi anya na itinye aka na nkuzi Violet, akwụkwọ akpọrọ "Ọ bụghị ma nwa bebi nnwale" [9] na-akọwa akụkọ ya site na akwụkwọ ozi. Site n'otu nwanne nwanyị Mabel Palmer, Lili Moya na Sibusisiwe Makhanya nke na-egosi "echiche ụmụ nwanyị nwere uche dị mfe nke ike nke nwanne nwanyị nke mgbaji nke klaasị, afọ, na agbụrụ na-enweghị akaụntụ." [9] Ndị niile na-ekerịta ọdịiche ha na agụụ maka agụmakwụkwọ. Akwụkwọ ahụ na-ekwu maka "ihe bụ okwu na-agba ọkụ na South Africa nke oge a, ọdịdị nke agụmakwụkwọ ojii na ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ." [9] Ndụ Violet na-akpụzi mgbe niile site n'aka ndị nna ochie nke obodo ha na ọgba aghara ha bi na ya n'ihi ọdịiche dị n'etiti ozi ozi nke ndị nna ochie nke Kraịst na ụdị nke South africa na onye isi obodo ya ahaziri agbụrụ nke dabere na usoro ọrụ ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ. A kọwara Violet dị ka nwanyị zulu pụtara ìhè, na ụmụ nwanyị zulu ịbụ ndị kacha mma n'ọgbọ ya n'ezie ọ dị mgbagwoju anya ime mgbanwe n'ụdị agụmakwụkwọ. Ma otu ihe violet nwere bụ àgwà siri ike na o nwere ezigbo ọnọdụ. Nganga ya na njirimara zulu ya na ebumnuche nke ozi ya nwere ike hụ na ọ gaghị ata ahụhụ dịka nwanne ya nwanyị ndị ọzọ.
Mgbe Violet dị obere, amaara ya na ọ nọ na mpaghara ozi, ọ nwere ike inwe mmasị a na ihe gbasara obodo na site na nke a, o nwere ike guzobe na hazie Njikọ Bantu Purity. Ebumnuche ya bụ imeziwanye ụkpụrụ omume nke ụmụ agbọghọ Africa. Na ha abụọ na-arụ ọrụ, ụlọ akwụkwọ Bantu na ụlọ akwụkwọ abalị masịrị ọrụ Phelps Stokes na agụmakwụkwọ mgbe ha na-eleta Natal. Ma ọ jụsiri nnọọ ike ka ndị ọrụ ebere kpụzie ya wee nupụ isi n'usoro ihe a. Violet chepụtara isi ihe ga-enyere aka ịnagide nrụgide nke ikeketeorie nke bụ mmegharị maka ọdịda ọdịda anyanwụ na agụmakwụkwọ. Nke a apụtaghị na ọ na-elepụ anya n'ụzọ ochie mana mgbe ọ na-etolite, ọ hụrụ uru ọdịnala bara. Ma maka ya nke a pụtara ịbanye n'ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze si mba ọzọ na ime ka ha kwekọọ na nke ụmụ amaala bụ isi ihe na-eme ka ọ nwee ihe ịga nke ọma. Ka ọ laghachiri na Umbumbulu, ọ haziri òtù ntorobịa ọzọ a na-akpọ Bantu Youth League. Violet bụ nwanyị nke mmụọ na nnwere onwe, nke akwụkwọ ahụ na-akọwa dugara ya n'echiche siri ike nke ihe a maara n'oge a maara agbụrụ. [9]
Ọnwụ na ihe nketa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ná ngwụsị afọ ndị 1960, ahụ ike Violet bịara ka njọ. N'ihe dị ka 70 ọ na-arịa ọrịa ugboro ugboro, ya mere ọ bịara doo anya na ahụike ya na-agbada. Tupu ya anwụọ, o kwuru "A na-achọkwu ebe ọdịnala na mmekọrịta ọha na eze. Ịdị iche iche na-ebutekarị ekworo, enyo na ike ọgwụgwụ. Site na ịbịakọta ọnụ ndị mmadụ ga-amụta ịrụ ọrụ dịka otu iji meziwanye ọnọdụ ha." [8] Site na mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 23 Septemba 1971, Makhanya alụbeghị di. Ndị ikwu ya kwuru na ọ ga-abụ na ọ na-ekwu okwu nke ukwuu na onye isi ike maka mmekọrịta ogologo oge, ndị enyi ya kwuru na ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike nke ukwuu ịlụ di. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, a kwanyere Makhanya ugwu site na nraranye nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị n'aha ya, nakwa site n'ịkwado ọrụ ya na Umbumbulu Community Center. [4]
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- 1 2 Healy-Clancy (2012). "Women and the Problem of Family in Early African Nationalist History and Historiography". South African Historical Journal 64 (3): 464-465. Healy-Clancy, Megan (2012). "Women and the Problem of Family in Early African Nationalist History and Historiography". South African Historical Journal. 64 (3): 464–465. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ (1989) in Vail: The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa. Berkeley: University of California.
- ↑ Duff (2020). "‘Dear Mrs Brown’: Social Purity, Sex Education and the Women’s Christian Temperance Union in Early Twentieth-Century South Africa". Social History 45 (4): 479.
- 1 2 Lewis (1992). Against the Wind: Five South Africans Follow Their Dreams. Natal, South Africa: University of Natal. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content - 1 2 Christie (1988). "Bantu Education: Apartheid Ideology and Labour Reproduction", in Kallaway: Apartheid and Education: The Education of Black South Africans,. Johannesburg, South Africa: Ravan Press, 168.
- ↑ Apartheid | South Africa, Definition, Facts, Beginning, & End | Britannica (en). www.britannica.com (2024-04-26). Retrieved on 2024-04-28.
- 1 2 3 4 Horrell (1964). A Decade of Bantu Education. Johannesburg, South Africa: South African Institute of Race Relations.
- 1 2 3 4 Ust. Sibusisiwe Violet Makhanya | FunDza (en-US). Retrieved on 2024-05-03.Ust, Homeabout; FunDza, C'sCONTACTHELP © 2024. "Sibusisiwe Violet Makhanya | FunDza". Retrieved 2024-05-03.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid<ref>tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content - 1 2 3 4 Moya (1987). Not either an experimental doll : the separate worlds of three South African women, Internet Archive, Bloomington : Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34843-2. Moya, Lily Patience; Palmer, Mabel; Makhanya, Sibusisiwe; Marks, Shula (1987). Not either an experimental doll : the separate worlds of three South African women. Internet Archive. Bloomington : Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34843-2. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
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