Sojourner Truth

 

Sojourner Truth (/soʊˈdʒɜːrnər, ˈsoʊdʒɜˈrnər/; a mụrụ Isabella Bomefree; c. 1797 - November 26, 1883) bụ onye America abolitionist na onye na-agba mbọ maka ikike obodo ndị Africa na America, ikike ụmụ nwanyị, na Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè. A mụrụ Truth n'ohu na Swartekill, New York, mana ya na nwa ya nwanyị gbapụrụ na 1826. Mgbe ọ gara ụlọ ikpe iji nwetaghachi nwa ya nwoke na 1828, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị ojii mbụ meriri ikpe dị otú ahụ megide nwoke ọcha. 

O nyere onwe ya aha Sojourner Truth na 1843 mgbe o kwenyesiri ike na Chineke akpọwo ya ka ọ hapụ obodo ahụ ma banye n'ime ime obodo "na-agba akaebe maka olileanya dị n'ime ya". Okwu ya a ma ama ka e kwuru n'otu oge, na 1851, na Ohio Women's Convention na Akron, Ohio. Okwu ahụ ghọrọ ihe a ma ama n'oge Agha Obodo site n'aha "Ain't I a Woman?", ọdịiche nke okwu mbụ nke e bipụtara na 1863 dị ka a na-asụ ya n'asụsụ Black, nke a na-ekwukarị na South. Otú ọ dị, Sojourner Truth tolitere na-asụ Dutch dị ka asụsụ mbụ ya.

Sojourner Truth na-enyocha Bible na Abraham Lincoln, mbipụta nke oge Agha Obodo

N'oge Agha Obodo, Truth nyeere aka iwebata ndị isi ojii n'ime Ndị agha Union; mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, ọ gbalịrị inweta Onyinye ala site na gọọmentị etiti maka ndị bụbu ndị ohu (nke a chịkọtara dị ka nkwa nke "ahịhịa iri anọ na ịnyịnya ibu"). Ọ gara n'ihu na-alụ ọgụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ndị Africa America ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. Dị ka onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ ya Nell Irvin Painter dere, "N'oge ọtụtụ ndị America chere na ndị ohu dị ka ndị ikom na ndị inyom dị ka ndị ọcha, Eziokwu gosipụtara eziokwu nke ka na-ekwughachi: N'etiti ndị isi ojii bụ ụmụ nwanyị; n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị, e nwere ndị isi ojii. "

A kpughere Ihe ncheta nke Eziokwu na 2009 na Emancipation Hall na U.S. Capitol Visitor Center. Ọ bụ nwanyị Africa America mbụ nwere ihe oyiyi n'ụlọ Capitol. N'afọ 2014, e tinyere Truth na ndepụta nke magazin Smithsonian nke "100 Ndị America Kasị Mkpa nke Oge Nile".

Afọ ndị mbụ

Ụlọ nke Col. Johannes Hardenbergh

E mere atụmatụ na a mụrụ Sojourner Truth n'etiti 1797 na 1800. [1] Eziokwu bụ otu n'ime ụmụ 10 ma ọ bụ 12 nke James na Elizabeth Bomefree (e mesịrị nye aha Baumfree).[2] Nna ya bụ ohu ejidere n'ihe ghọrọ Ghana, ebe nne ya - nke a na-akpọ "Mau-Mau Bet" - bụ ada ndị ohu ejidekwara na mpaghara Guinea.[3] Akpọrọ nna ya "Bomefree" (nke, dị ka Eziokwu si kwuo, bụ Dutch maka "osisi"; tụlee ọganihu ọganihu, "osisi") n'ihi ịdị elu ya.[4] Colonel Hardenbergh zụtara James na Elizabeth Bomefree n'aka ndị ahịa ohu wee debe ezinụlọ ya n'ụlọ ya n'otu nnukwu ugwu a na-akpọ Swartekill (n'ebe ugwu Rifton nke oge a), n'obodo Esopus, New York, 95 kilomita (153 km) n'ebe ugwu New York City.[5] Mgbe ọ bụ nwa ọhụrụ, e rere nwanne ya nwoke dị afọ ise na nwanne ya nwanyị dị afọ atọ ka ọ bụrụ ohu.[4] Ezinụlọ ya ga-ekere òkè n’ịbụ ohu ụmụaka, nne ya kụzikwaara ụmụ ya iwu ekpere.[4] Asụsụ mbụ ya bụ Dutch, ọ nọgidekwara na-asụ Dutch n'oge ndụ ya niile.[6] Charles Hardenbergh ketara ala nna ya wee nọgide na-enwe ndị ohu dịka akụkụ nke ala ahụ.[7]

Mgbe Charles Hardenbergh nwụsịrị na 1806, e rere Truth dị afọ (nke a maara dị ka Belle), na otu n'ime ụmụ ya, maka $100 (~ $ 2,059 na 2025) nye John Neely, na nso Kingston, New York. Ruo mgbe ahụ, Truth na-asụ naanị Dutch, [1] mana ka ọ na-asụ Bekee nke ọma, ọ na-agwa ya okwu n'olu Dutch nke nwere olu dara ada.[2] O mesịrị soro Neely biri dị ka ịnyịnya dị egwu na obi ike, nke a maara maka ịkụ ihe ọ na-eti kwa ụbọchị na ịkụgharị ịnyịnya ahụ ugboro ugboro. Na 1808, Neely rere ya maka $105 (~ $2,116 na 2025) nye onye na-elekọta ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Martinus Schryver nke Port Ewen, New York, onye nwere ya ruo afọ 18. Schryver wee resịzie eziokwu na 1810 nye John Dumont nke West Park, New York.[3]

Dumont dinara ya n'ike ugboro ugboro, ma enwere nnukwu esemokwu dị n'etiti Truth na nwunye Dumont, Elizabeth Waring Dumont, onye megburu ya ma mee ka ndụ ya sie ike karị. N'ihe dị ka afọ 1815, Truth zutere wee hụ otu ohu aha ya bụ Robert si n'ubi dị nso n'anya. Onye nwe Robert (Charles Catton, Jr., onye na-ese ihe) machibido mmekọrịta ha; ọ chọghị ka ndị ohu ya mụọ ụmụ, ọ chọghịkwa ka ụmụ ya mụọ ụmụ. Otu ụbọchị Robert zoro n'eziokwu. Mgbe Catton na nwa ya nwoke chọtara ya, ha ji obi ọjọọ tie Robert ruo mgbe Dumont mechara tinye aka. Eziokwu ahụghị Robert ọzọ mgbe ụbọchị ahụ gasịrị, ọ nwụkwara afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị.[2] Ahụmahụ ahụ kparịrị Eziokwu ruo oge ndụ ya niile. Eziokwu mesịrị lụọ otu ohu meworo agadi aha ya bụ Thomas. Ọ mụrụ ụmụ ise: Jems, ọkpara ya, onye nwụrụ mgbe ọ bụ nwa ọhụrụ; Diana (1815), ihe si na alụmdi na nwunye mmanye John Dumont; na Peter (1821), Elizabeth (1825), na Sophia (ihe dị ka 1826), ndị a mụrụ n'oge mmekọrịta ya na Thomas.[3]

Nnwere Onwe

N'afọ 1799, steeti New York malitere ime iwu maka iwepụ ịgba ohu, ọ bụ ezie na usoro nke ịtọhapụ ndị ohu na New York agwụghị ruo na July 4, 1827. Dumont kwere nkwa inye Truth nnwere onwe ya otu afọ tupu nnwere onwe steeti, "ma ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-eme nke ọma ma bụrụ onye na-ekwesị ntụkwasị obi". Otú ọ dị, ọ gbanwere obi ya, na-ekwu na mmerụ ahụ aka mere ka ọ ghara ịrụpụta ihe. O were iwe mana ọ nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ, na-akpa 100 pound (45 nke ajị anụ, iji mezuo mmetụta ya nke ibu ọrụ nye ya.

Ná ngwụsị afọ 1826, Truth na nwa ya nwanyị, Sophia, gbapụrụ. Ọ hapụrụ ụmụ ya ndị ọzọ n'azụ n'ihi na a tọhapụghị ha n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro na iwu nnwere onwe ruo mgbe ha jere ozi dị ka ndị ohu e kere agbụ ruo mgbe ha ruru afọ iri abụọ. O mechara kwuo, "Agbaghị m ọsọ, n'ihi na echere m na ọ dị njọ, mana m hapụrụ, na-ekwere na nke ahụ ziri ezi".

Ọ chọtara ụzọ ya gaa n'ụlọ Isaac na Maria Van Wagenen na New Paltz, bụ ndị kpọọrọ ya na nwa ya. Isaac kwuru na ya ga-azụta ọrụ ya maka afọ fọdụrụnụ (ruo mgbe nnwere onwe steeti malitere), nke Dumont nabatara maka $ 20. Ọ biri n'ebe ahụ ruo mgbe a kwadoro Iwu Nnwere Onwe nke New York State otu afọ ka e mesịrị.

Eziokwu matara na Dumont rere nwa ya nwoke Peter, mgbe ahụ dị afọ ise, wee regharịa ya n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị nye onye nwe ya na Alabama.[1] Site n’enyemaka Van Wagenens, o wepụrụ okwu ahụ n’Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke New York. N'iji aha Isabella van Wagenen, ọ gbara akwụkwọ megide onye nwe ọhụrụ Peter, Solomon Gedney. Na 1828, ka ọnwa nke ịgba akwụkwọ gasịrị, ọ weghachiri nwa ya nwoke, bụ onye ndị nwe ya mejọrọ.[2][3] Eziokwu ghọrọ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ojii mbụ gbara onye ọcha akwụkwọ wee merie ikpe ahụ.[4][5][6] Ndị ọrụ na New York State Archives c. chọpụtagharịrị akwụkwọ ụlọikpe metụtara okwu a. 2022.[2]

N'afọ 1827, ọ ghọrọ Onye Kraịst ma sonye na ntọala nke ụka Metọdist nke Kingston, New York. N'afọ 1829, ọ kwagara New York City wee sonye na John Street Methodist Church (Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church).

Na 1833, Robert Matthews, onye a maara dị ka Pathogen Matthias, onye ndu obodo ndị Juu, [1] gara ọrụ dịka onye na-elekọta ụlọ n'ime obodo, ma bụrụ onye otu obodo. Na 1834, e boro Matthews ebubo na eziokwu maka igbu ọchụ nke Elijah Pierson, mana a tọhapụrụ ya n'ihi na eziokwu nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ozi na-akwado iguzosi ike n'ihe ya dị ka ohu.[3] Ikpe a gbakwasara ụkwụ na mwakpo Foot wakporo Oriakụ Matthews, bụ nke a mara ya ikpe ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ ụbọchị iri atọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ maka nlelị ụlọikpe. Ihe omume a mere ka a chụrụ Truth na 1835.[2] Mgbe ahụ ọ lara ezumike nká na New York City na 1843.

N'afọ 1839, nwa Truth bụ Peter nwetara ọrụ n'Ụgbọ mmiri na-egbu whale a na-akpọ Zone of Nantucket. Site na 1840 ruo 1841, ọ natara akwụkwọ ozi atọ site n'aka ya, ọ bụ ezie na n'akwụkwọ ozi nke atọ ọ gwara ya na o zitere ise. Peter kwuru na ọ nwetụbeghị akwụkwọ ozi ọ bụla. Mgbe ụgbọ mmiri ahụ laghachiri n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na 1842, Peter anọghị n'ụgbọ ahụ ma ọ nụtụbeghị eziokwu ọzọ.

Nsonaazụ nke nnwere onwe

Afọ 1843 bụ oge mgbanwe maka ya. Na June 1, Pentikọst Sunday, o nyere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Sojourner Truth. O kpọrọ aha ahụ n’ihi na ọ na-asụ asụsụ Chineke kpọrọ ya ikwusa eziokwu.[1][2] Ọ gwara ndị enyi ya, sị: "Mmụọ na-akpọ m, m ga-aga," o wee malite njem ịgbasa ozi nke mkpochapụ. O bu nanị ihe ole na ole n'ime akpa isi, ọ gawara n'ebe ugwu, si na Ndagwurugwu, Connecticut, gawa Massachusetts.[4]

N'oge ahụ, Eziokwu gosiri na ọ na-aga Millerite Adventists. Ndị Millerị sooro William Miller nke New York, bụ́ onye kwusara na oké mkpagbu ga-apụta na 1843-1844, na-ewebata ọgwụgwụ nke ụwa. Ọtụtụ ndị bi na Millerite nwere nnọọ mmasị n'ozi ọma na ịbụ abụ eziokwu, ọ dọọrọkwa mmasị dị ukwuu mgbe ọ na-ekwu okwu.[1] Dị ka ọtụtụ ndị nwere ike ịhụ Ọbịbịa nke Abụọ tupu ọ hụ ya, Eziokwu kewapụrụ na ndị enyi Millerite ruo oge ụfọdụ.[2][3]

Na 1844, o hiwere Northampton Association of Education and Industry na Florence, Massachusetts.[1] N'ịbụ ndị ndị na-ekpochapụ ihe tọrọ ntọala, nzukọ a kwalitere ikike ụmụaka ịrụ ọrụ na ime udo. O nwere, n'ime afọ na ọkara nke ndụ ya, ihe dị ka ndị òtù 240, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ihe karịrị 120 n'otu oge.[2] Ha bi na acres 470 (1.9 km2), na-azụ ehi, na-arụ ọrụ igwe nri, igwe osisi, na ụlọ ọrụ silk. Eziokwu na-arụ ọrụ n'ime obodo ma bụrụ nwa agbọghọ na-elekọta ma ndị nwoke ma ndị nwanyị.[1] Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, Eziokwu zutere William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, na David Ruggles. N'ịbụ ndị obodo gbara ume, Truth kwuru okwu mbụ ọ na-emegide ịgba ohu n'afọ ahụ.

N'afọ 1845, ọ sonyeere ezinụlọ George Benson, nwanne di William Lloyd Garrison. N'afọ 1846, Northampton Association of Education and Industry gbasara, n'enweghị ike ịkwado onwe ya. N'afọ 1849, ọ gara John Dumont tupu ọ kwaga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ.

Truth malitere ịgwa enyi ya Olive Gilbert ihe ncheta ya na 1850 William Lloyd Garrison bipụtara akwụkwọ ya, The Narrative of Sojourner Truth: a Northern Slave . N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ zụrụ ụlọ na Florence maka $ 300 wee kwuo okwu na National Women's Rights Convention nke mbụ na Worcester, Massachusetts. N'afọ 1854, site na ego sitere na ire akụkọ ahụ na kaadị-de-visite nke nwere isiokwu, "M na-ere onyinyo iji kwado ihe ahụ", ọ kwụrụ ụgwọ ụlọ nke enyi ya si n'obodo ahụ, Samuel L. Hill.

"Ọ bụghị m nwanyị?"

N'afọ 1851, Truth sonyeere George Thompson, onye abolitionist na ọkà okwu, na njem nkuzi site na etiti na ọdịda anyanwụ New York State. N'ọnwa Mee, ọ gara nzukọ Ohio Women's Rights Convention na Akron, Ohio, ebe o kwuru okwu ya a ma ama gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị, nke e mechara mara dị ka "Ain't I a Woman?". Okwu ya chọrọ ikike mmadụ hà nhata maka ụmụ nwanyị niile. Ọ na-ekwukwa okwu dị ka nwanyị bụbu ohu, na-ejikọta arịrịọ maka abolitionism na ikike ụmụ nwanyị, ma na-esite n'ike ya dị ka onye ọrụ iji mee ka ikike ya hara nhata.

The convention was organized by Hannah Tracy and Frances Dana Barker Gage, both of whom were present when Truth spoke. Various versions of Truth's speech were written, the first of which was published a month later in the Anti-Slavery Bugle by Rev. Marius Robinson, a newspaper owner and editor who was in the audience.[1] Robinson's version of the speech included the question "Aren't I a Woman?", or any other newspaper report of her speech at the time. Twelve years later, in May 1863, Gage published another, very different version. In it, Truth's speech pattern seemed to be characteristic of black slaves in the southern United States, and the speech was quite different from Robinson's. Gage's version of the speech became the most widely circulated, and is known as "Ain't I a Woman?" because the question was repeated four times.[2] Truth's speech pattern is unlikely to be like this, as she was born and raised in New York, and she spoke only Upper New York State Low-Dutch until she was nine years old.[3]   N'adịghị ka akaụntụ Robinson, ụdị Gage's 1863 gụnyere eziokwu ahụ bụ na e rere ụmụ ya 13 ka ọ bụrụ ohu. Ọtụtụ ndị kweere na o nwere ụmụ ise, ndị e rere otu n’ime ha, ma a maghị na ọ na-anya isi ihe karịrị otu nwa.[1] Ihe ndekọ Gage nke 1863 nke mgbakọ ahụ megidere akaụntụ nke ya ozugbo mgbakọ ahụ gasịrị: Gage dere na 1851 na Akron n'ozuzu ya na ndị nta akụkọ karịsịa bụ enyi na enyi na nkwekọrịta ikike ụmụ nwanyị, ma na 1863 o dere na ndị isi mgbakọ ahụ bụ "ndị aghụghọ" na ndị iro.[1] Akụkọ ndị ọzọ nke Okwu Eziokwu na-akọ akụkọ dị jụụ, na ihu niile "na-eji ọṅụ na-agagharị" na nzukọ ebe Eziokwu kwuru; na na ọ bụghị "otu akwụkwọ na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe" mebiri nkwekọrịta nke usoro ahụ.[1] Na akụkọ ndị dị ugbu a, ndị bịara mgbakọ nabatara eziokwu nke ọma, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-ekpochapụ ogologo oge, ndị enyi, na ndị na-aga n'ihu n'ihe gbasara agbụrụ na ikike obodo.[1] N'okwu Gage na 1863, ndị na-eme ihe ọchị zutere Truth, na-eti mkpu ka ọ gbochie ya ikwu okwu.[2] Nzukọ agbụrụ ndị ọzọ nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ndị na-ekpochapụ ndị ọcha zutere ime ihe ike n'ezie, gụnyere ọkụ nke Ụlọ Nzukọ Pennsylvania.

According to Frances Gage's recount in 1863, Truth argued, "That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place everywhere. Nobody helps me any best place. And ain't I a woman?" Truth's "Ain't I a Woman" showed the lack of recognition that black women received during this time and whose lack of recognition will continue to be seen long after her time. "Black women, of course, were virtually invisible within the protracted campaign for woman suffrage", wrote Angela Davis, supporting Truth's argument that nobody gives her "any best place"; and not just her, but black women in general.

N'ime afọ iri sochirinụ, Truth kwuru okwu n'ihu ọtụtụ, ikekwe ọtụtụ narị, nke ndị na-ege ntị. Site na 1851 ruo 1853, Truth so Marius Robinson, onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Ohio Anti-Slavery Bugle, rụọ ọrụ ma gaa gburugburu steeti ahụ na-ekwu okwu. N'afọ 1853, o kwuru okwu na "mob convention" nke ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na Broadway Tabernacle na New York City; n'afọ ahụ, ọ zutere Harriet Beecher Stowe . N'afọ 1856, ọ gara Battle Creek, Michigan, iji gwa otu a na-akpọ Friends of Human Progress okwu.

Truth sold cartes-de-visite and cabinet cards, such as this one, to raise money for her work. The text above her name reads "I Sell the Shadow to Support the Substance".

Nzukọ Northampton Camp - 1844, Northampton, Massachusetts: N'otu nzukọ ebe ọ na-ekere òkè dị ka ìgwè ndị na-agbagharị agbagharị, otu ìgwè nke "anụmanụ" mebiri chọọchị ahụ, eserese ahụ, ma yie egwu ịgbanye ya ọkụ. Ụjọ jidere eziokwu n'ihi na a ga-awakpo ndị na-efe ofufe ma zoo n'azụ igbe ná ndụ ya, na-eche na ebe ọ bụ naanị ya bụ onye isi ojii n'ebe ahụ, ìgwè mmadụ ahụ ga-ebu ụzọ wakpo ya. Otú ọ dị, o lekwasịrị anya n'onwe ya na ikike ya ime ihe: ka ego nke mgbasa ozi nke ụka na-ama ndị mmadụ jijiji, Eziokwu gara n'obere ugwu wee bụrụ "n'ụzọ dị ike ya, na ike nile nke olu ya, mbilite n'ọnwụ nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ". Abụ ya, “Ọ bụ n’isi ụtụtụ,” jiri ike ya nile, mbilite n’ọnwụ nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ.” gbara ya ume ka ọ bụrụ abụ, kwusaa ozi ọma, na ikpe ekpere ka ha gbakee.

Mgbakọ Abolitionist - 1840s, Boston, Massachusetts: William Lloyd Garrison kpọrọ Sojourner Truth ka ọ kwuo okwu na mgbakọ na-emegide ịgba ohu kwa afọ. Wendell Phillips kwesiri ikwu okwu n'azụ ya, nke mere ka ọ tụọ ụjọ ebe ọ bụ na a maara ya dị ka ezigbo ọkà okwu. Ya mere Truth bụrụ abụ, "M na-arịọ ndị m", nke bụ egwu mbụ ya bụrụ na ụda nke "Auld Lang Syne".

Mob Convention - Septemba 7, 1853: Na mgbakọ ahụ, ụmụ okorobịa ji "oké ifufe zuru oke" kelee ya, na-eti mkpu ma na-eti nkụ. Na nzaghachi, Eziokwu kwuru, "Ị nwere ike ịfụ ụfụ dịka ịchọrọ, mana ụmụ nwanyị ga-enweta ikike ha n'ụzọ ọ bụla. Ị pụghị ịkwụsị anyị, ma ọ bụ"., dị ka ndị ọkà okwu ihu ọha ndị ọzọ, na-emekarị ka okwu ya kwekọọ n'otú ndị na-ege ntị si meghachi omume na ya. N'okwu ya, Sojourner na-ekwu maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ na-etinye ihe ndị metụtara okpukpe n'okwu ya, ọkachasị akụkọ Esther. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ekwu na, dịka ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'Akwụkwọ Nsọ, ụmụ nwanyị taa na-alụ ọgụ maka ikike ha. Ọzọkwa, Sojourner baara ìgwè mmadụ ahụ mba maka omume ha niile na-eme mkpu na omume rụrụ arụ, na-echetara ha na Chineke na-ekwu "Soro nna gị na nne gị".

American Equal Rights Association - May 9-10, 1867: A na-agụkarị okwu ya na American Equal Rights Association, ma e kewara ya n'etiti. E ji oké ịnụ ọkụ n'obi nabata onye ọbịa karia iji ihu ọchị, ma ugbu a nwere aha ọma. Oku ahụ kwupụtara aha ya dịka otu n'ime ndị na-ekwu okwu.[1] N'akụkụ nke mbụ nke okwu ya, o kwuru banyere mgbasa nke ikike ndị isi ojii. Sojourner rụrụ ụka na n'ihi na ike nke nha anya ikike enwetawo ikike ọhụrụ maka ndị isi ojii, ugbu a bụ oge ịkụziri ndị isi ojii ikike ha. N'okwu ya niile, o kwusiri ike na "A na-achọta ikike mgbe ihe na-aga nke ọma" na, na-atụ egwu na a ga-egbochi agbụrụ ndị ọcha, ọ ga-ewe ogologo oge iji kwadebe ndị mmadụ maka echiche nke ikike nha anya maka ndị isi ojii.

N’akụkụ nke abụọ nke okwu Sojourner, o ji Bible kwuo okwu ya maka ikike nha anya maka ndị dị ike. "Mmadụ bụ onye na-achọ ọdịmma onwe ya nke nwere ikike inwe ihe onwunwe nke ya, ma ọ na-enye ụmụ anụmanụ ihe ruuru ha, ọ na-edobe ha niile n'onwe ya." Onye ọbịa gwara ndị na-ege ya ntị na ya nwere ụlọ nke ya, dị ka mmadụ ọ bụla ọzọ, ya mere ọ na-akwụ ụtụ isi. Agbanyeghị, ha ka ga-eme ntuli aka n'ihi na ha bụ anụmanụ. A manyere ndị ohu ojii ịrụ ọrụ siri ike, dị ka iwu okporo ụzọ. Sojourner kwuru na ọ bụrụ na a ga-eme ka ndị ohu a rụọ ọrụ dị otú ahụ, a ga-ahapụ ha ịtụ vo Ọotu n'ihi na ịtụ vootu dị mfe karịa ịrụ okporo ụzọ.

Nzukọ nke Abụọ nke American Woman Suffrage Association - Boston, 1871: N'okwu dị mkpirikpi, Truth kwuru na ikike ụmụ nwanyị dị mkpa, ọ bụghị naanị maka ọdịmma nke onwe ha, kamakwa "maka abamuru nke ihe okike niile, ọ bụghị nanị ụmụ nwanyị, kamakwa ndị ikom niile nọ n'ihu ụwa, n'ihi na ha bụ nne ha".

Eziokwu raara ndụ ya n'ịlụ ọgụ maka ikike nhata maka ndị America America na ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere ntuli aka, ikike ịtụ vootu, na ikike ihe onwunwe. Ọ bụ onye na-ebute ụzọ n'ịgba mbọ iji dozie okwu ikpe ziri ezi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Dị ka ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ Martha Jones na-ede, "[Mgbe] ndị inyom ojii dị ka Eziokwu na-ekwu maka ikike, ha jikọtara echiche ha na ihe ịma aka nke ịgba ohu na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Eziokwu na-akọ akụkọ nke ya, nke na-atụ aro na òtù ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịme ụzọ ọzọ, nke na-akwado ọdịmma ka ukwuu nke mmadụ niile. " [1][w]

Eziokwu - tinyere Stephen Symonds Foster na Abby Kelley Foster, Jonathan Walker, Marius Robinson, na Sallie Holley - haziri Michigan Anti-Slavery Society na 1853 na Adrian, Michigan. E hiwere ụlọ ọrụ steeti ahụ na 1836 na Ann Arbor, Michigan .    

Na 1856, Eziokwu zụtara ala dị nso na Northampton, mana ọ hapụghị ala ọhụrụ ahụ ogologo oge. Na Septemba 3, 1857, o resịrị Daniel Ives ihe onwunwe ya nile, nke ọhụrụ na nke ochie, ma kwaga na Battle Creek, Michigan, ebe ọ sonyeere ndị otu Millerite mbụ bụ ndị tọrọ ntọala Chọọchị Adventist nke Seventh-day. Ntugharị mkpochapụ malitere na Michigan na Ohio. N'ebe a, ọ sonyeere ndị isi nke Michigan abolitionist Progressive Friends, ndị ụfọdụ n'ime ha zutere na mgbakọ mba ahụ.[1] Site na 1857 ruo 1867, Eziokwu bi n'obodo Harmonia, Michigan, utopia ime mmụọ. Ọ kwagara na Battle Creek dị nso, Michigan, bi na 38 College St. ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1883. [2] Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ 1860 si kwuo, ezinụlọ ya na Harmonia gụnyere nwa ya nwanyị, Elizabeth Banks (afọ 35), na ụmụ ụmụ ya James Caldwell (akpọ "Colvin"; afọ 16) na Sammy Banks (afọ 8). [3]

Eziokwu nyeere aka n'ịbanye ndị ojii n'ime ndị agha Union n'oge Agha Obodo. Nwa nwa ya, James Caldwell, debara aha na 54th Massachusetts Regiment. Na 1864, National Freedman's Relief Association na Washington, D.C. goro eziokwu dị ka onye nkwuchite ọnụ, na-arụ ọrụ iji kwalite ọnọdụ maka ndị Africa America. N'October nke afọ ahụ, Onye isi ala Abraham Lincoln kpọrọ ya òkù ka ọ bịa na White House.[1][2] Na 1865, mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ Freedman na Washington, Eziokwu nọ n'ụzọ iji nyere aka na nkewa.[1]

A na-ekwu na eziokwu dere abụ, "The Valiant Soldiers", maka 1st Michigan Colored Regiment; a sịrị na ọ bụ ya dere n'oge agha ahụ ma bụrụ ya na Detroit na Washington, D.C. A na-abụ ya na ụda nke "John Brown's Body" ma ọ bụ "The Battle Hymn of the Republic". Ọ bụ ezie na Truth kwuru na ọ bụ ya dere okwu ndị ahụ, a rụrịtara ụka (lee "Marching Song of the First Arkansas").

Na 1867, Eziokwu si Harmonia kwaga Battle Creek. N'afọ 1868, ọ gara n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ New York wee soro Amy Post, wee gaa n'ihu na-eme njem na East East. N’otu okwu nkwukọrịta okwu na Florence, Massachusetts, mgbe o si njem na-agwụ ike lọta, mgbe a kpọrọ Truth ka o kwuo okwu, o biliri wee sị, “Ụmụntakịrị, abịara m ebe a dị ka ndị ọzọ, ịnụ ihe m ga-ekwu.” [1]

N'afọ 1870, Truth gbalịrị inweta Onyinye ala site n'aka gọọmentị etiti nye ndị bụbu ndị ohu, ọrụ ọ gbasoro ruo afọ asaa n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma. Mgbe ọ nọ na Washington, D.C., ya na Onye isi ala Ulysses S. Grant nwere nzukọ na White House. N'afọ 1872, ọ laghachiri na Battle Creek, bụrụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mkpọsa ntuli aka nke Grant, ọbụnakwa gbalịa ịtụ vootu n'ụbọchị ntuli aka, mana a jụrụ ya n'ebe ntuli aka.

Eziokwu kwuru banyere mkpochapụ, ikike ụmụ nwanyị, mgbanwe ụlọ mkpọrọ, ma kwusaara ndị omebe iwu Michigan ozi ọma megide ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ. Ọ bụghị onye ọ bụla nabatara nkwusa na nkuzi ya, ma ọ nwetara ọtụtụ ndị enyi na nkwado siri ike n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị a ma ama n'oge ahụ, gụnyere Amy Post, Parker Pillsbury, Frances Gage, Wendell Phillips, William Lloyd Garrison, Laura Smith Haviland, Lucretia Mott, Ellen G. White, na Susan B. Anthony.[1].

Ọrịa na ọnwụ

Ili nke eziokwu na Oak Hill Cemetery

Ụmụ ya nwanyị abụọ lekọtara eziokwu na afọ ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya. Ụbọchị ole na ole tupu ọnwụ ya, onye nta akụkọ sitere na Grand Rapids Eagle bịara ịgba ya ajụjụ ọnụ. "Ihu ya adọtara ma dọpụta ya, ma o doro anya na ọ nọ n'oké ihe mgbu. Anya ya na-egbuke egbuke ma na-amụ anya, n'agbanyeghị na ọ pụghị ikwu okwu." [1]

Eziokwu nwụrụ n'isi ụtụtụ nke Nọvemba 26, 1883, n'ụlọ ya na Battle Creek.[1] Na Nọvemba 28, 1883, e mere olili ya na Chọọchị Congregational-Presbyterian, nke onye ụkọchukwu ya, Reverend Reed Stuart duziri. Ụfọdụ ụmụ amaala ama ama nke Battle Creek jere ozi dị ka ndị na-ebu ya; ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu puku mmadụ gara ozi ahụ. E liri eziokwu n'ebe a na-eli ozu Oak Hill.[2]

Frederick Douglass offered a eulogy for her in Washington, D.C. "Venerable for age, distinguished for insight into human nature, remarkable for independence and courageous self-assertion, devoted to the welfare of her race, she has been for the last forty years an object of respect and admiration to social reformers everywhere."

Ihe Nketa

Ihe ncheta na ihe oyiyi

E guzobere ọtụtụ ihe ncheta iji sọpụrụ Sojourner Truth, na-echeta ndụ ya na ọrụ ya. Ihe ndị a gụnyere ihe ncheta, bust, na ihe oyiyi zuru oke.

Edebere ezigbo akara akụkọ ihe mere eme mbụ na Battle Creek na 1935, mgbe etinyere ihe oyiyi ahụ n'ụlọ elu History History, na Ogige Ncheta. Steeti Michigan gara n'ihu mata ihe nketa ya site n'ịkọpụta okporo ụzọ M-66 dị na Calhoun County Sojourner Truth Memorial Highway, na-esi na ndịda Athens gaa Morgan Road na Pennfield Township, n'ebe ugwu nke ama egwuregwu Battle Creek.[1][2]

1999 bụ ihe ncheta narị afọ abụọ nke ọmụmụ Sojourner. Iji kwanyere ihe omume ahụ ùgwù, a gbakwunyere ihe osise Sojourner Truth nke Tina Allen gbakwunyụrụ na Monument Park na Battle Creek. A na-eji ọla nchara kpụọ ihe ncheta Sojourner dị mita iri na abụọ.

N'afọ 1981, a kpughere ihe ngosi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ohio na saịtị nke Universalist "Old Stone" Church na Akron ebe Sojourner Truth nyere ya okwu "Ain't I a Woman?" na Mee 29, 1851. Sojourner Truth Legacy Plaza, nke gụnyere ihe oyiyi ya site n'aka onye na-ese ihe na onye Akron bụ Woodrow Nash, meghere na Akron na 2024.

N'afọ 1862, onye America na-ese ihe William Wetmore Story rụchara ihe oyiyi marble, nke Sojourner Truth kpaliri, nke akpọrọ The Libyan Sibyl . Ọrụ ahụ meriri ihe nrite na London World Exhibition. Ihe osise mbụ ahụ nyere Metropolitan Museum of Art, na New York City, site na Erving Wolf Foundation na 1978.

N'afọ 1983, e kpughere ihe ncheta iji sọpụrụ Sojourner Truth n'ihu ụlọ ikpe Ulster County dị na Kingston, New York. Kọmitii Sojourner Truth Day nyere ihe ncheta ahụ iji cheta otu narị afọ nke ọnwụ ya.

Na 1990, Gọvanọ New York Mario Cuomo nyere Nelson Mandela ihe oyiyi ụkwụ abụọ nke Sojourner Truth, nke onye omenkà New York Ruth Inge Hardison mere, n'oge nleta ya na New York City.[1]

N'afọ 1998, n'ụbọchị ncheta afọ 150 nke Seneca Falls Convention, a kpughere ihe oyiyi nke eziokwu nke ndị na-ese ihe A. Lloyd Lillie, Jr., na Victoria Guerina na Women's Rights National Historical Park. Ọ bụ ezie na Truth abịaghị mgbakọ ahụ, ihe oyiyi ahụ gosipụtara okwu a ma ama nke Truth na 1851 na Akron, Ohio, ma kweta ọrụ dị mkpa ya n'ọgụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị.

N'afọ 2013, etinyere ihe oyiyi ọla nchara nke Eziokwu dị ka nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na otu na Port Ewen, New York, ebe Eziokwu biri ọtụtụ afọ mgbe ọ ka bụ ohu. Ọ bụ New Paltz, New York, onye na-ese ihe bụ Trina Green kere ihe a.

N'afọ 2015, ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie Klyne Esopus tinyere ihe ncheta akụkọ ihe mere eme na Ulster Park, New York na-echeta njem Truth na-aga nnwere onwe na 1826. Ọ gara ihe dị ka kilomita 14 site na Esopus, n'elu ihe bụzi Floyd Ackert Road, gaa Rifton, New York.

N'afọ 2020, ekpughere ihe ọkpụkpụ na Walkway Over the Hudson Park na Highland, New York. Ọ bụ onye omenkà Yonkers bụ Vinnie Bagwell mepụtara ya, nke New York State Women Suffrage Commission nyere ya ọrụ.[1] Ihe ọkpụkpụ a nwere ederede, Braille, na akara. Akpụkpọ ụkwụ ya na-eje ozi dị ka ihe ndabere iji kpuchie ndụ onye ọbịa, ihe oyiyi nke nne na-eto eto ohu na-akasi nwa ya obi, akara ngosi ịzụ ahịa ohu, ihe oyiyi nke ndị enyi ya na-ekpochapụ ya, na ihe oyiyi nke ndị ọgbọ ya na-ekpochapụ, na ihe ngosi maka ụmụaka na-ekiri.

Na Ọgọst 26, 2020, ncheta afọ 19 nke U.S. Civil Rights Movement, ihe oyiyi na-asọpụrụ Eziokwu, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, na Susan B. Anthony ka ekpughere na Central Park na New York City.[1] Ọ bụ onye America na-ese ihe bụ Meredith Bergmann mere ihe a kpụrụ akpụ a akpọrọ “Ihe ncheta ndị ọsụ ụzọ ikike ụmụ nwanyị”. Ọ bụ ihe ọkpụkpụ mbụ na Central Park gosipụtara ụmụ nwanyị akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ihe oyiyi nke Alice na Wonderland bụ naanị nwanyị ọzọ a na-egosi na ogige ahụ.[2] Atụmatụ mbụ maka ihe ncheta ahụ gụnyere naanị Stanton na Anthony, mana mgbe ndị nkatọ welitere mkpesa na enweghị ụmụ nwanyị agba, agbakwunyere eziokwu na nhazi ahụ.[3] [4] [5]

Na Febụwarị 28, 2022, Gọvanọ New York Kathy Hochul raara Sojourner Truth State Park nye n'akụkụ ebe a mụrụ ya.

California

N'afọ 1999, a kpughere Sojourner, ihe oyiyi limestone nke Mexico nke Sojourner Truth nke onye na-ese ihe Elizabeth Catlett, na Sacramento, California na nkuku nke K na 13th Street. E bibiri ya n'afọ 2013, ebe a hụrụ ya ka ọ gbawara.

A raara ihe oyiyi ọla nchara nke onye na-ese ihe na San Diego bụ Manuelita Brown nye na Jenụwarị 22, 2015, na campus nke Thurgood Marshall College of Law, nke Mahadum California, San Diego, California. Onye na-ese ihe nyere ihe ahụ na kọleji.

Massachusetts

N'afọ 2002, e debere ihe oyiyi Sojourner Truth Memorial nke onye na-ese ihe n'Oregon bụ Thomas "Jay" Warren na Florence, Massachusetts, n'otu obere ogige ntụrụndụ dị na Pine Street na Park Street, ebe o biri afọ iri.

Washington, D.C.

  N'afọ 2009, etinyere U.S. Capitol)">bust nke Sojourner Truth na US Capitol . Ọ bụ onye omenkà a ma ama bụ Artis Lane kpụrụ bust ahụ. Ọ dị na Emancipation Hall nke US Capitol Visitor Center. Site na ntinye a, Eziokwu ghọrọ nwanyị ojii mbụ a na-asọpụrụ na ihe oyiyi n'ụlọ Capitol.

Nkwado ndị ọzọ

Sojourner Truth, c. 1864

E webatara Truth n'ime National Women's Hall of Fame na Seneca Falls, New York, na 1981. A kpọbatakwara ya na Michigan Women's Hall of Fame, na Lansing, Michigan. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ sonyere na klas ahụ mgbe e guzobere ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ na 1983.

U.S. Postal Service wepụtara stampụ ncheta, 22 cents iji sọpụrụ Sojourner Truth na 1986. Ọ bụ Jerry Pinkney kere ihe osise mbụ ahụ, ma gosipụta ihe osise abụọ nke Eziokwu. Stamp ahụ bụ akụkụ nke usoro Black Heritage. Ụbọchị mbụ nke mbipụta ahụ bụ February 4, 1986.

N'afọ 2002, onye ọkà mmụta nke Mahadum Temple bụ Molefi Kete Asante bipụtara ndepụta nke 100 Greatest African Americans, nke gụnyere Sojourner Truth.

N'afọ 2014, a gụrụ asteroid 2495 Truth21 aha iji sọpụrụ ya.

Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Akụ na United States kwupụtara na 2016 na a ga-egosipụta eziokwu nke onye ọbịa na azụ nke ụgwọ $ 10 ọhụrụ, yana Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Alice Paul, na 1913 Women's Suffrage Procession. A na-ahazi iwebata ụgwọ ọhụrụ $5, $10, na $20 na 2020 na njikọ 100th nke ngafe nke Ndezigharị nke iri na Iwu United States. [1] Onye ode akwụkwọ ego Steve Mnuchin kwadoro ụgwọ $ 20 ahụ, nke ga-egosipụta Harriet Tubman, yana usoro nnabata ụmụ nwanyị 1913.

Na Septemba 19, 2016, odeakwụkwọ US nke ndị agha mmiri Ray Mabus kwupụtara aha ụgbọ mmiri ikpeazụ nke nkwekọrịta iwu isii dị ka USNS Sojourner Truth (T-AO 210) . Ụgbọ mmiri a ga-abụ akụkụ nke John Lewis-class nke Fleet Replenishment Oilers nke akpọrọ aha iji sọpụrụ ndị dike US na ndị na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ ugbu a na-ewu na General Dynamics NASSCO na San Diego, CA.

E gosipụtara Google Doodle na Febụwarị 1, 2019, iji sọpụrụ Sojourner Truth . E gosipụtara doodle ahụ na Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Israel, Ireland na Germany.

Maka egwuregwu mbụ ha na Machị 2019, ụmụ nwanyị nke otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị nke United States na-eyi uwe elu nwere aha nwanyị ha na-asọpụrụ n'azụ; Christen Press họọrọ aha Sojourner Truth .

Metro-North Railroad kpọrọ otu n'ime ụgbọ ala ndị njem ya Shoreliner II - No.6188 - iji sọpụrụ Sojourner Truth.

Ọrụ nka

N'afọ 1892, Frances Titus nyere onye na-ese ihe na Albion bụ Frank Courter ọrụ ise nzukọ dị n'etiti Truth na President Abraham Lincoln nke mere n'ụbọchị iri abụọ na itoolu nke ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1864.

N'afọ 1945, Elizabeth Catlett mepụtara akwụkwọ akpọrọ I'm Sojourner Truth dị ka akụkụ nke usoro na-asọpụrụ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Ihe e bipụtara dị na nchịkọta nke Metropolitan Museum of Art. Ọ ga-emecha mepụta ihe oyiyi zuru oke nke Eziokwu, nke egosiri na Sacramento, California.

N'afọ 1958, onye na-ese ihe n'Afrịka bụ John Biggers mepụtara ihe osise a na-akpọ Contribution of Negro Woman to American Life and Education dị ka akwụkwọ edemede doctoral ya. A kpughere ya na Blue Triangle Community Center (nke bụbu YWCA) - Houston, Texas ma gosipụta Sojourner Truth, Harriet Tubman, na Phillis Wheatley.

N'ịbụ onye sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nwanyị na-asụ ụzọ bụ Gerda Lerner, onye na-ese ihe nwanyị Judy Chicago (Judith Sylvia Cohen) kere The Dinner Party, usoro eserese mgbasa ozi, n'etiti 1974 na 1979. Ebe Sojourner Truthetting bụ otu n'ime 39. Thelọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ndị Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ụmụnna Sackler nyere Elizabeth A. 2000.[1]

Onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na onye edemede na-akpọ ya nnukwu ọrụ mbụ ya mgbe Truth's "Ain't I a Woman?" okwu. E bipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ na 1981.

Egwú Broadway The Civil War, nke malitere na 1999, gụnyere nsụgharị dị mkpirikpi nke Truth's "Ain't I a Woman?" okwu dị ka akụkụ okwu. Na ndekọ 1999 nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, ọ bụ Maya Angelou kụrụ egwu ahụ.

N'afọ 2018, e sere ihe osise a na-akpọ Sojourner Truth: Ain't I A Woman? , a kwụnyere ya na ngosi na mgbidi mpụga nke Akron Civic Theatre na Lock 3 Park na Ohio. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọrụ anọ dị na New York na North Carolina dị ka akụkụ nke "Ịhụnanya gafee U.S.A". nke onye na-ese eriri OLEK duziri.

Ọbá akwụkwọ, ụlọ akwụkwọ, na ụlọ

• N'afọ 1969, e guzobere otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Sojourner Truth Organization.
• N'afọ 1996, onye na-ese ihe nkiri na onye na-eme ihe nkiri obodo Shonna McDaniels guzobere Sojourner Truth African American (Art) Heritage Museum na South Sacramento, California (nke a maara nke ọma dị ka "SOJO" Museum).
• N'afọ 1998, Velma Laws Clay guzobere Sojourner Truth Institute na Battle Creek, iji "gbasawanye akụkọ ihe mere eme na akụkọ ndụ nke ọrụ ndụ Sojourner True ma gaa n'ihu na ọrụ ya site n'ịkụzi, igosipụta na ịkwalite ọrụ ndị na-eme ka echiche na ụkpụrụ ndị ọ guzo".
• E guzobere Ụlọ Eziokwu Sojourner n'ọtụtụ obodo US iji nye ebe obibi na ọrụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-enweghị ebe obibi ma ọ bụ mmetọ n'ụlọ. Ndị a gụnyere Sojourner Truth Houses na Boston, MA, Providence, na Pittsburgh.

• Sojourner Truth Club, Birmingham, AL, 1895
• Sojourner Truth Club, Battle Creek, Michigan, 1897
• Sojourner Truth Club, Los Angeles, CA, 1906
• Sojourner Truth Club, Denver, CO, site na 1916
• Sojourner Truth Study Club, Omaha, NE, site na 1933
• Sojourner Truth Study Club, St. Louis, MO, site na 1938
• Women's Sojourner Truth Study Club, Pasadena, CA site na 1945
• Sojourner Truth Political Study Club, Los Angeles, CA, site na 1946
• Sojourner Truth Club, Richmond, IN, site na 1974

• Akụkọ nke Sojourner Truth: A Northern Slave (1850). Dover Publications 1997 mbipụta: ISBN 0-486-29899-X Penguin Classics 1998 mbipụta:ISBN 0-14-043678-2. Okwu mmeghe na nkọwa nke Nell Irvin Painter. Mahadum Pennsylvania n'ịntanetị mbipụta (HTML format, otu isi na ibe ọ bụla) Mahadum Virginia n'ịntali mbipụta (HTML format, 207 kB, akwụkwọ dum na otu peeji)
  • Dover Publications 1997 mbipụta:  
  • Penguin Classics 1998 mbipụta: . Okwu mmeghe na nkọwa nke Nell Irvin Painter. 
  • Mahadum Pennsylvania online mbipụta (HTML format, otu isi kwa peeji)
  • Mahadum Virginia online mbipụta (HTML format, 207 kB, akwụkwọ dum na otu peeji)

Hụkwa

• Elizabeth Freeman
• Elizabeth Key Grinstead
• Ndepụta nke ndị ohu
• Ndepụta nke ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị
• Ndepụta nke ndị abolitionist
• Ndepụta nke ndị Africa na America abolitionists
• Akụkọ ọgwụ na United States

Edensibia

• Andrews, William L., ed. Sisters of the Spirit: Three Black Women's Autobiographies of the Nineteenth Century (Indiana University Press, 1986).
• Bernard, Jacqueline. Journey toward freedom: The story of Sojourner Truth (Feminist Press at CUNY, 1990).
• Field, Corinne T. "Old-Age Justice and Black Feminist History: Sojourner Truth's and Harriet Tubman's Intersectional Legacies." Radical History Review 2021.139 (2021): 37–51.
• Grigsby (2015). Enduring Truths: Sojourner's Shadows and Substance. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226192130. 
• Johnson (1994). The Kingdom of Matthias: A Story of Sex and Salvation in 19th-Century America. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195098358. 
• Mabee (1993). Sojourner Truth: Slave, Prophet, Legend. New York and London: New York University Press. ISBN 0814755259. 
• Mabee, Carleton. "Sojourner Truth, Bold Prophet: Why Did She Never Learn to Read?." New York History 69.1 (1988): 55–77. JSTOR 23178487
• Mandziuk, Roseann M., and Suzanne Pullon Fitch. "The rhetorical construction of Sojourner Truth." Southern Journal of Communication 66.2 (2001): 120–138.
• Murphy, Larry G. Sojourner Truth: A Biography (ABC-CLIO, 2011).
• Painter, Nell Irvin. "Sojourner Truth in life and memory: Writing the biography of an American exotic." Gender & History 2.1 (1990): 3–16. online
• Painter (1996). Sojourner Truth: A Life, A Symbol. New York and London: W.W. Norton & Co.. ISBN 0-393-31708-0. 
• Painter, Nell Irvin (2000). "Truth, Sojourner" in American National Biography.  doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1500706
• Peterson, Carla. "Doers of the Word": African American Women Speakers and Writers in the North (1830–1880) (Rutgers University Press, 1998).
• Piepmeier (2004). Out in Public: Configurations of Women's Bodies in Nineteenth-Century America'. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0807855693. 
• Redding, Saunders. "Sojourner Truth," Edward T. James ed. Notable American Women vol 3 (1971) 481
• Sheehan (2003). Truth: A Novel. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-4444-3. 
• Smiet, Katrine. Sojourner Truth and Intersectionality: Traveling Truths in Feminist Scholarship (Routledge, 2020).
• Stetson (1994). Glorying in Tribulation: The Lifework of Sojourner Truth. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. ISBN 0-87013-337-3. 
• Stone (1835). Matthias and his Impostures- or, The Progress of Fanaticism. 
• Vale (1835). Fanaticism – Its Source and Influence Illustrated by the Simple Narrative of Isabella, in the Case of Matthias, Mr. and Mrs. B. Folger, Mr. Pierson, Mr. Mills, Catherine, Isabella, &c. &c.. New York: G. Vale. “Fanaticism –.”  Online edition (PDF format, 9.9 MB).
• Vetter, Lisa Pace. The Political Thought of America's Founding Feminists (New York UP, 2017) pp. 198–212.
• Williams (1993). The African American encyclopedia. Marshall Cavendish Corp.. ISBN 1-85435-551-1. 
• Yee, Shirley J. Black women abolitionists: A study in activism, 1828–1860 (Univ. of Tennessee Press, 1992). online
• Yellin, Jean Fagan. Women and Sisters: The Antislavery Feminists in American Culture (Yale University Press, 1989).

• Works by Sojourner TruthnaỌrụ Gutenberg
• Works by or about Sojourner TruthnaEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet
• Works by Sojourner TruthnaLibriVox (Akwụkwọ ndị a na-ege ntị n'ógbè ọha na eze)
• McMillian. Sojourner Truth: Online Resources. Library of Congress.
• Nyquist. On the Trail of Sojourner Truth in Ulster County, New York. Sojourner Truth Library. SUNY New Paltz.
• Home Page. Sojourner Truth Institute of Battle Creek. Archived from the original on February 17, 2022. Retrieved on February 1, 2019.
• Sojourner Truth Biography. biography.com (January 6, 2021).
• Writings of Sojourner Truth. American Writers: A Journey Through History. C-SPAN (April 30, 2001).
• Michals (2015). Sojourner Truth. National Women's History Museum. Archived from the original on March 31, 2018.
• Akụkụ nke ndụ ya na-akọghachi na ihe nkiri redio nke 1948 "Eziokwu Na-aga Washington", ihe ngosi sitere na Destination Freedom, nke Richard Durham dere