Sophie Germain

 

Marie-Sophie Germain ([maʁi sɔfi ʒɛʁmɛ̃]; 1 Mee 1776 – 27 Jun 1831) bu onye France gbasara mgbakọ na mwepụ, physicist na ọkà ihe ọmụma. N'agbanyeghị mmegide mbụ sitere n'aka ndị ọrụ ibe ya na nsogbu mmekọrịta ọha na eze, o mepụtara echiche ya site n'ọbá akwụkwọ nna ya, ọrụ Euler, na site na akwụkwọ ozi n'okpuru pseudonym nke Monsieur Le Blanc ya na ndị ọkachamara mgbakọ na mwepụ na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị a ma ama, dị ka Lagrange, Legendre, na Gauss. Otu n'ime ndị ọsụ ụzọ nke tiori nke elasticity, e nyere ya Grand Prix nke Paris Academy of Sciences maka ọrụ ya na isiokwu ahụ. Ọrụ ya na Fermat's Last Theorem nyere ntọala maka ọtụtụ mgbakọ mgbakọ na mwepụ mechara.[1] N'ihi ntutu isi ya dị gịrịgịrị, ọ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ site na ahụ, mana ọ bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ onwe ya n'oge ndụ ya niile.[2] Tupu ya anwụọ, a tụrụ aro Gauss ka ọ nweta akara mmụta doctorate, mana nke ahụ agaghị eme nke ọma.[1] Na 27 June 1831, ọ nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa kansa ara. N'otu oge na ndụ ya, e guzobere ihe nrite na Academy of Sciences na nsọpụrụ ya. Enyere ya ihe nrite Sophie Germain.

Oge ọ malitere

Ezinụlọ

A mụrụ Marie-Sophie Germain na Rue Saint-Denis na 1 Jenụarị 1776, na Paris, France, ma mee ya baptizim n'otu ụbọchị ahụ.[4] Dị ka ọtụtụ akwụkwọ si kwuo, nna ya, Ambroise-François, bụ onye ahịa silk bara ọgaranya, na mgbe ụfọdụ ọ bụ onye na-emepụta ihe nlereanya. [5] [6] [7] [8] Na 1789, a họpụtara ya na États-Généraux, ebe ọ nọchitere anya Mgbakọ Mba. A na-eche na Sophie si otú a na-agbanarị esemokwu dị n'etiti nna ya na ndị enyi ya bụ ndị kwadoro ya na nkà na nkà ya. Grey na-atụ aro na mgbe mmụọ ozi na-elekọta ya, Ambroise-François, jụrụ onye ọrụ ụlọ akụ; na ọkụ ọkụ, ahụ ga-egosi na ọ bụ onye na-akwado Germain n'oge ndụ ya niile. [8]

Marie-Sophie nwere nwanne nwanyị nke obere, Angélique-Ambroise, na nwanne nwanyị nke obere, Marie-Madeline. A na-akpọkwa nne ya Marie-Madeline, ọtụtụ "Maries" ndị a nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara ọpụpụ Sophie. Nwa nwanne Germain bụ Armand-Jacques Lherbette, nwa Marie-Madeline, ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ Germain na-arụ ọrụ mgbe ọ gasịrị (lee Ọrụ na nkà ihe ọmụma). [6]

Mmalite nke mgbakọ na mwepụ

Mgbe Germain dị afọ iri na atọ, Bastille dara, na-amanye ya ka ọ nọrọ n'obodo ahụ. Maka akwụkwọ, ọ tụgharịrị gaa n'ọbá akwụkwọ nna ya. N'ebe ahụ, ọ hụrụ L'Histoire des Mathématiques nke JE Montucla dere, onye mmetụta ya na Archimedes masịrị ya. [6]

Germain chere na ọ bụrụ na usoro geometry, nke n'oge ahụ na-ezo aka na mgbakọ na mwepụ niile, nwere ike ijide mmasị dị otú ahụ maka Archimedes, ọ bụ isiokwu kwesịrị ịmụ. [6][9] Ya mere, ọ nyochara akwụkwọ ọ bụla gbasara mgbakọ na mwepụ n'ọbá akwụkwọ nna ya, ọbụnakwa na-akụzi onwe ya Latin na Grik, ka o wee nwee ike ịgụ akwụkwọ dịka nke Sir Isaac Newton na Leonhard Euler. Ọ nụkwara Traité d'Arithmétique nke Étienne Bézout na Le Calcul Différentiel nke Jacques Antoine-Joseph Cousin. Mgbe e mesịrị, Cousin gara leta Germain n'ụlọ, na-agba ya ume n'ọmụmụ ihe ya.[10]

Nne na nna Germain anabataghị mmasị mberede ya na mgbakọ na mwepụ, nke a na-eche na ọ baghị uru maka nwanyị. Mgbe abalị bịara, ha ga-ajụ uwe ya na-ekpo ọkụ na ọkụ maka ụlọ ihi ụra ya iji gbalịa igbochi ya ịmụ ihe, mana mgbe ha hapụrụ, ọ ga-ewepụ kandụl, kechie onwe ya na akwa ma mee mgbakọ na mwepụ.[11] Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, nne ya kwadoro ya na nzuzo.[10]

Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Polytechnic

Ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke ụlọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke École Polytechnique

N'afọ 1794, mgbe Germain dị afọ iri na asatọ, École Polytechnique meghere.[7] Dị ka nwanyị, a machibidoro Germain ịga, mana usoro agụmakwụkwọ ọhụrụ mere ka "ihe odide nkuzi dị maka ndị niile jụrụ".[10] Usoro ọhụrụ ahụ chọkwara ka ụmụ akwụkwọ "nyefe ihe edere ede".[12] Germain nwetara ihe odide okwu ma malite iziga ọrụ ya na Joseph Louis Lagrange, onye otu ngalaba. O jiri aha onye bụbu nwa akwụkwọ Monsieur Antoine-Auguste Le Blanc, "egwu", dịka o mechara kọwaara Gauss, "ịkwa emo nke nwanyị sayensị".[10][14] Mgbe Lagrange hụrụ ọgụgụ isi nke M. Le Blanc, ọ rịọrọ ka e nwee nzukọ, ya mere a manyere Sophie ikpughe onye ọ bụ n'ezie. N'ụzọ dị mma, Lagrange enweghị mmasị na Germain bụ nwanyị, ọ ghọkwara onye nduzi ya.[10][7]

Ọrụ mbụ na nkuzi ọnụ ọgụgụ

Germain first became interested in number theory in 1798 when Adrien-Marie Legendre published Essai sur la théorie des nombres.[15] After studying the work, she opened correspondence with him on number theory, and later, elasticity. Legendre included some of Germain's work in the Supplément to his second edition of the Théorie des Nombres, where he calls it très ingénieuse ("very ingenious"). See also Her work on Fermat's Last Theorem below.[16]

Akwụkwọ ozi ya na Gauss

Mmasị Germain na mgbakọ na mwepụ dị ọhụrụ mgbe o depụtaghachiri Carl Friedrich Gauss Disquisitiones Arithmeticae.[15] Mgbe afọ atọ rụchara ọrụ site na mmega ahụ na ịnwale echiche nke onwe ya nke ụfọdụ iwu, o dere, ụfọdụ n'okpuru aha M. Le Blanc, nye onye edemede n'onwe ya, onye jiri ụfọdụ n'ime ha mee ihe maka ọdịmma ya.[17] Nzaghachi Gauss bụ Antoine-Isaac, Baron Silvestre De Sacy, bụ onye ga-ahụ ihe mere Germain ji were aha nwoke wee kweta inyere ya aka izochi ike ya.[19]

Ak ozi mbụ, n e dere na 21 Nọvemba 1804, tụlere p about="#mwt81" data-mw='{"p":[{"temp":{"target":{"wt":"lang","href":"./Template:Lang"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"la"},"2":{"wt":"Disquisitiones"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mw0Q" title="Latin-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Disquisitiones nke Gauss ma gosipụta ụfọdụ ọrụ Germain na Fermat's Last Theorem.[20] N'akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, Germain kwuru na ya gosipụtara iwu ahụ maka n = p − 1, ebe p bụ Ọnụ ọgụgụ mbụ nke ụdị p = 8k + 7.[21] Otú ọ dị, ihe akaebe ya nwere echiche na-adịghị ike, nzaghachi Gauss ekwughị ihe akaebe Germain.[22]        

N'ihe dị ka 1807 (isi mmalite dị iche iche), n'oge agha Napoleon, ndị France nọ n'obodo Germany nke Braunschweig, ebe Gauss bi.[23] Germain, na-echegbu onwe ya na ọ nwere ike ịta ahụhụ maka ọdịnihu nke Archimedes, degaara General Pernety (Joseph Marie nke Pernety), enyi ezinụlọ, akwụkwọ ozi, na-arịọ ka o hụ na nchekwa Gauss.[10] General Pernety zigara onyeisi ndị agha ka ha zute Gauss n'onwe ya iji hụ na ọ nọ n'udo.[23] Dị ka ọ bịara, Gauss dị mma, mana aha Sophie nwere mgbagwoju anya.[23]

Ọnwa atọ mgbe ihe ahụ mere, Germain kpughere Gauss ezigbo onye ọ bụ.[14] Ọ zaghachiri, sị: [24]  

Ihe osise nke 1840 nke Carl Friedrich Gauss; nke Gottlieb Biermann sere mgbe Christian Albrecht Jensen gasịrị

Akwụkwọ ozi Gauss degaara Olber na-egosi na otuto ya maka Germain bụ eziokwu.[23][25] N'otu akwụkwọ ozi 1807, Germain kwuru na ọ bụrụ na

x

n

+

na

n

{\displaystyle x^{n}+y^{n}}

bụ nke ụdị

h

2

+ n

f

2

{\displaystyle h^{2}+nf^{2}}

, mgbe ahụ

x + y

{\displaystyle x+y}

bụkwa ụdị ahụ. Gauss zaghachiri site n'ihe atụ na-emegide ya:

15

11

+

8

11

{\displaystyle 15^{11}+8^{11}}

enwere ike ide ya dị ka

h

2

+ 11

f

2

{\displaystyle h^{2}+11f^{2}}

, mana

15 + 8

{\displaystyle 15+8}

enweghị ike.[21][26]

Ọ bụ ezie na Gauss chere echiche nke ọma banyere Germain, azịza ya nye akwụkwọ ozi ya na-egbu oge mgbe niile, ọ naghịkwa enyocha ọrụ ya.[22] N'ikpeazụ, mmasị ya hapụrụ echiche ọnụ ọgụgụ, na 1809 akwụkwọ ozi kwụsịrị.[22] N'agbanyeghị ọbụbụenyi nke Germain na Gauss, ha ahụtụbeghị.[27]

Ọrụ na elasticity

Mgbalị mbụ Germain mere maka onyinye Academy

Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni

Mgbe akwụkwọ ozi Germain na Gauss kwụsịrị, ọ nwere mmasị na asọmpi nke Paris Academy of Sciences kwadoro gbasara nnwale Ernst Chladni na efere ígwè na-ama jijiji. Ebumnuche nke asọmpi ahụ, dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ kwuru, bụ "inye echiche mgbakọ na mwepụ nke ịma jijiji nke elu na iji tụnyere echiche ahụ na ihe akaebe nnwale". Lagrange kwuru na ngwọta maka nsogbu ahụ ga-achọ ka e mepụta ngalaba nyocha ọhụrụ gbochiri ndị niile na-asọmpi ma e wezụga abụọ, Denis Poisson na Germain. Mgbe ahụ, a họpụtara Poisson ka ọ bụrụ onye ọka ikpe kama ịbụ onye na-asọ mpi, ma hapụ Germain dị ka naanị onye na-abanye na asọmpi ahụ.[28][29]

Na 1809 Germain malitere ọrụ. Legendre nyere aka site n'inye ya nhazi, ntụaka, na nyocha ugbu a.[30] O tinyere akwụkwọ ya na mbido oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1811 ma ghara inweta ihe nrite ahụ. Kọmitii na-ekpe ikpe chere na "ezi usoro nke mmegharị ahụ emeghị", ọ bụ ezie na "nnwale ndị ahụ gosipụtara nsonaazụ dị mma".[28] Lagrange nwere ike iji ọrụ Germain nweta usoro nke "ezi n'okpuru echiche pụrụ iche". [20]

A gbatịpụrụ ahụ ahụ, Germain wee hụkwa na ọ dị mkpa maka ihe nrite ahụ. Na mbụ ọ gara n'ihu na-enye nkwado, ma o wepụrụ akwụkwọ ahụ nile.[28] Aha Florin Germain pụtara na akwụkwọ 1813 ya na ngwaahịa ahụ, ngwaahịa nke ọnụọgụ abụọ, nke ọ natara naanị n'ihi na "ụkpụrụ bụ isi nke ihe [karịrị]".[20] [29] [28] A na-agbatị ahụ ahụ ọzọ, Germain gosikwara ọrụ ya na nke atọ. N'oge a, ọ gakwuuru Poisson.[20] Na 1814, o bipụtara ọrụ nke ya na ngbanwe ma kwenyeghị na nhọrọ Germain (ọ rụrụ ọrụ na isiokwu ahụ na, dịka onye ikpe na kọmitii nkwonkwo, nwere ike imetụta ọrụ ya).[29].

Germain tinyere akwụkwọ nke atọ ya, "Recherches sur la théorie des surfaces élastiques", n'okpuru aha nke ya, na 8 Jenụwarị 1816 ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ meriri ihe nrite site na Paris Academy of Sciences. [20][29][31] Ọ pụtaghị n'ememe ahụ iji nata onyinye ya.[20] Ọ bụ ezie na e mechara nye Germain ihe nrite pụrụ iche, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ enwebeghị afọ ojuju zuru oke.[22][32] Germain nwetara usoro ọdịiche ziri ezi (okwu pụrụ iche nke usoro Kirchhoff-Love), mana usoro ya ebughị amụma nsonaazụ nnwale n'ụzọ ziri ezi, ebe ọ dabere na usoro na-ezighị ezi site na Euler, nke dugara na ọnọdụ ókèala na-ezughị ezi.[33][20] Nke a bụ usoro ikpeazụ Germain maka ịma jijiji nke ụgbọelu lamina:

$N^{2}\left({\frac {\partial ^{4}z}{\partial x^{4}}}+2{\frac {\partial ^{4}z}{\partial x^{2}\partial y^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{4}z}{\partial y^{4}}}\right)+{\frac {\partial ^{2}z}{\partial t^{2}}}=0,$

ebe N bụ ihe na-adịgide adịgide.[²]

Mgbe o meriri asọmpi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, ọ ka na-enweghị ike ịga nnọkọ ya n'ihi omenala ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nke iwepu ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ndị nwunye ndị otu. Afọ asaa ka e mesịrị, ọnọdụ a gbanwere, mgbe ya na Joseph Fourier, odeakwụkwọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, mere enyi, onye nwetara tiketi maka nnọkọ ahụ.[30]

Ọrụ e mere mgbe e mesịrị

Nnyocha banyere echiche nke ihe ndị na-agbatị agbatị, 1821

Germain bipụtara edemede ya na-enweta ihe nrite na ego nke ya na 1821, karịsịa n'ihi na ọ chọrọ igosi ọrụ ya na-emegide nke Poisson. N'ime edemede ahụ, o kwuru ụfọdụ njehie dị na usoro ya.[20]

N'afọ 1826, o zigara akwụkwọ edemede ya nke afọ 1821 n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. Dị ka Andrea Del Centina si kwuo, mmezigharị ahụ gụnyere mgbalị iji mee ka ọrụ ya doo anya site na "iwebata echiche ụfọdụ na-eme ka ọ dị mfe". Nke a mere ka ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nọrọ n'ọnọdụ na-adịghị mma, ebe ha chere na akwụkwọ ahụ "ezughị oke na ihe na-enweghị isi", mana ha achọghị "imeso ya dịka onye ọrụ ibe ya, dịka ha ga-emeso nwoke ọ bụla, site n'ịjụ ọrụ ahụ". Ya mere Augustin-Louis Cauchy, onye a họpụtara ka ọ nyochaa ọrụ ya, tụrụ aro ka o bipụta ya, ọ gbasoro ndụmọdụ ya.[36]

E bipụtara otu ọrụ ọzọ nke Germain na elasticity n'afọ ọ nwụrụ, mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, na 1831, "Mémoire sur la courbure des surfaces". O jiri mgbagwoju anya mee ihe na nyocha ya (lee Honors in number theory). [20]

Ọrụ ndị ọzọ na nkuzi ọnụ ọgụgụ

Ọrụ kachasị mma Germain bụ na nkuzi ọnụ ọgụgụ, na enyemaka ya kachasị mkpa na nkuzi ọnụọgụ bụ nke ikpeazụ nke Fermat. [5][16] N'afọ 1815, mgbe asọmpi ahụ gasịrị, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nyere ihe nrite maka ihe akaebe nke Fermat's Last Theorem.[38] Ọ kpọghachiri mmasị Germain na nkuzi ọnụ ọgụgụ, ọ degaara Gauss akwụkwọ ọzọ mgbe afọ iri nke enweghị akwụkwọ ozi.[15]

N'akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, Germain kwuru na nchepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ bụ ngalaba kachasị amasị ya nakwa na ọ dị n'uche ya oge niile ọ na-amụ elasticity.[38] O depụtara atụmatụ maka ihe akaebe n'ozuzu nke Fermat's Last Theorem, gụnyere ihe akaebe maka ikpe pụrụ iche.[39] Akwụkwọ ozi Germain degaara Gauss nwere ọganihu dị ukwuu n'ihe akaebe. Ọ jụrụ Gauss ma ụzọ o si eme ihe na iwu ahụ bara uru ịchụso. Gauss azaghachighị.[40]

Ọrụ ya na Fermat's Last Theorem

Pierre de Fermat

Enwere ike kewaa Theorem Ikp nke Fermat n'ọnọdụ abụọ. Ọnọdụ 1 na-agụnye ike niile p nke na-adịghị ekewa nke ọ bụla nke 'x', y, ma ọ bụ 'z'. Ọnọdụ 2 na-agụnyekwa p niile nke na-ekewa ọ dịkarịa ala otu nke x,y, ma ọ dị ka z. Germain tụrụ aro ihe ndị a, nke a na-akpọkarị "Sophie Germain's theorem": [41]   Germain jiri nsonaazụ a gosip ikp mbụ nke Fermat's Last Theorem maka primes niile dị iche iche p < 100, mana dị ka Andrea Del Centina si kwuo, "ọ gosipụtara n'ezie na ọ na-ejide maka exponent ọ bụla p < 197".[42] L. E. Dickson mechara jiri theorem Germain gosipụta ikpe mbụ nke Fermat's Last Theorem maka primes niile na-erughị 1700.[43]    

N'ihe odide a na-ebip nke akp Remarque sur l'impossibilité de satisfaire en nombres entiers a l'equation xp + yp = zap,[41] Germain gosipụtara na ihe atụ ọ bụla na-emegide Fermat's theorem maka p > 5 ga-abụ nọmba "nke nha ya na-atụ egwu echiche",[44] ihe dị ka ọnụọgụ iri anọ.[45] Germain ebipụtaghị akwụkwọ a. A maara iwu ya naanị n'ihi ihe odide ala ala na akwụkwọ Legendre na nkuzi ọnụ ọgụgụ, ebe o ji ya gosipụta iwu ikpeazụ nke Fermat maka p = 5 (lee Correspondence with Legendre). [44] Germain gosikwara ma ọ bụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ gosipụta ọtụtụ nsonaazụ ndị a na-ekwu na ọ bụ Lagrange ma ọ bụ ndị a chọtara ọtụtụ afọ ka e mesịrị.[1] Del Centina na-ekwu na "mgbe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ narị afọ abụọ gasịrị echiche ya ka bụ isi", [1] mana n'ikpeazụ usoro ya anaghị arụ ọrụ. [44]    

Ọrụ na nkà ihe ọmụma

Na mgbakwunye na mgbakọ na mwepụ, Germain gụrụ nkà ihe ọmụma na nkà mmụta uche.[10] Ọ chọrọ ịhazi eziokwu ma chịkọta ha n'ime iwu ndị nwere ike ịmepụta usoro nke nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ na nkà mmụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nke na-amalite mgbe ahụ. Auguste Comte toro nkà ihe ọmụma ya nke ukwuu.[46]

Two of her philosophical works, Pensées diverses and Considérations générales sur l'état des sciences et des lettres, aux différentes époques de leur culture, were published, both posthumously. This was due in part to the efforts of Lherbette, her nephew, who collected her philosophical writings and published them.[47] Pensées is a collection of personal notes on scientific subjects (the writings of Tycho, Newton, and Laplace), aphorisms, and philosophical reflections.[48][49] In Considérations, the work admired by Comte, Germain argues that there are no substantive differences between the sciences and the humanities.[50]

Afọ ndị ikpeazụ

Foto nke ihe nkpuchi ọnwụ Sophie Germain, na-egosi kpachapụrụ anya mebie okpokoro isi nke a na-eme na mmalite nke oge a na France

N'agbanyeghị ihe Germain rụzuru, asambodo ọnwụ ya depụtara ya dị ka "rentière - annuitant" (onye nwe ala), ọ bụghị "mathématicienne".[52]-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref">[./Sophie_Germain#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMozans1913156-52 [52]][53] Ma ọ bụghị onye ọ bụla nwere mmasị n'ọrụ ya. Mgbe okwu nke nzere nsọpụrụ pụtara na Mahadum Göttingen na 1837 - afọ isii mgbe ọnwụ Germain gasịrị - Gauss kwara arịrị, sị: "ọ [Germain] gosipụtara ụwa na ọbụna nwanyị nwere ike ịrụzu ihe bara uru na sayensị kachasị sie ike na nke a na-adịghị ahụkebe ma n'ihi ya ọ gaara kwesị nzere nsọpụrụ".[54]

Nnyocha

Vesna Petrovich chọpụtara na nzaghachi nke ụwa gụrụ akwụkwọ na mbipụta na 1821 nke edemede Germain nwetara ihe nrite "dị site na nkwanye ùgwù ruo na enweghị mmasị".[31] N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ụfọdụ ndị nkatọ toro ya nke ukwuu. Banyere edemede ya na 1821, Cauchy kwuru, sị: "[ọ] bụ ọrụ nke aha onye dere ya na mkpa isiokwu ahụ kwesịrị nlebara anya nke ndị mgbakọ na mwepụ. "[it][27] Claude-Louis Navier zigara Germain akwụkwọ ozi na-akpọ ya "ọrụ dị ịrịba ama nke na mmadụ ole na ole nwere ike ịgụ ya, ọ bụ naanị otu nwanyị nwere ike ide ya".[55][56]

Echiche nke oge a na-ekweta na ọ bụ ebe a ka Germain nwere nkà dị ukwuu dị ka ọkà mmụta sayensị, nakwa na ngwaọrụ ya maka ịchọpụta isi ísì na-enweghị ike ọ ga-eji ha mee ihe n'ezie. Dị ka ngwaọrụ Gray si kwuo, "Ọrụ Germain na-agbanwe agbanwe nwere ụfọdụ nguzogide n'ozuzu ya, nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi enweghị nkenke ya na usoro ahụ."

"Nsogbu na Germain tiori nke vibrations, Gray na-ekwu na" ọrụ Germain bụ isi maka mmepe nke a zuru ezu tiori nke ike ndọda. "Mgbe e wuru Eiffel Tower na aha 72 French ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị injinia, na mgbakọ na mwepụ e depụtara, aha Germain adịghị n'ime ha; H. J. Mozans chere na n'agbanyeghị mkpa nke ọrụ ya na-ewu na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ. nwanyị.[29][52]

Banyere ọrụ mbụ na nkuzi nke ọnụọgụgụ, J. H. Sampson na-ekwu, sị: "Ọ maara ihe a na-ekwu na ọ bụ algebra; ma ọrịa nke obere ihe nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara ọrụ ahụ. N'ezie, ọrụ ya nke oge a nke gbadatara anyị yiri ka ọ na-emetụta nanị elu elu. obere akụkụ na akụkụ ha dị iche iche ". Mana Marilyn n'onwe ya [Sich] nyere ya [16] [53] [50] [50] [31] Louis Bucciarelli na Nancy Dworsky, ndị na-ede akụkọ ndụ Germain, ọbụna dere, sị: "Ihe akaebe niile na-egosi ike Sophie Germain ịse na ime ihe nwere àgwà egwuregwu siri ike nke nwa nwoke".

Ihe ncheta

Ili Sophie Germain na Père Lachaise Cemetery

Ebe izu ike Germain na Père Lachaise Cemetery na Paris nwere akara ili.[27][8] N'ememe otu narị afọ nke ndụ ya, a gụrụ okporo ámá na ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị aha ya, a na-etinyekwa ihe ncheta n'ụlọ ebe ọ nwụrụ.[8] City Council nke Paris nyere iwu ka Zachariah Astruc mee bust, dabere na ihe nkpuchi ọnwụ na nchịkọta nke National Museum of Natural History, nke e guzobere n'ogige isi nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na 2 August 1890. [59] Enweghị ihe yiri Germain nke sitere na ndụ, ma ọ bụ nkọwa okwu nke oge a banyere ọdịdị ya.[59]

Nsọpụrụ na nkuzi ọnụ ọgụgụ

E. Dubouis defined a sophien of a prime n to be a prime θ where θ = kn + 1, for such n that yield θ such that xn = yn + 1 (mod θ) has no solutions when x and y are prime to n.[61]

Germain curvature (nke a na-akpọkwa mean curvature) bụ

(Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ezie na

k

1

+

k

2

)

/

2

{\displaystyle (k_{1}+k_{2}) /2}

, ebe k1 na k2 bụ ọnụọgụ kachasị elu na nke kacha nta nke nkwonkwo nkịtị. [54][20]

Aha Sophie Germain na-ekwu na maka ihe ọ bụla {x, y},

Ihe nrite Sophie Germain

Ihe nrite Sophie Germain (French: Prix Sophie Germain), nke Foundation Sophie Germain na-enye kwa afọ, bụ nke Academy of Sciences na Paris na-enye. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịsọpụrụ onye France na-eme mgbakọ na mwepụ maka nyocha na ntọala nke mgbakọ na mwepụ. E guzobere onyinye a, nke ruru € 8,000, na 2003, n'okpuru nkwado nke Institut de France.

N'afọ 2026, a mara ọkwa Germain dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị 72 nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na STEM nke a tụpụtara ka agbakwunye aha ha na Ndị ikom 72 emerela na Eiffel Tower. Onye isi obodo Paris, Anne Hidalgo mara ọkwa atụmatụ ahụ na-agbaso aro nke kọmitii nke Isabelle Vauglin nke Femmes et Sciences [fr] na Jean-François Martins nke ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ nke na-elekọta Eiffel Tower. Ọrụ Germain na ozizi nke elasticity kwadoro ngụkọta e ji wuo ụlọ elu ahụ mana aha ya esoghị na ndepụta mbụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị.[67]

Germain na omenala a ma ama

N'ọrụ akụkọ ifo "The Last Theorem" nke Arthur C. Clarke na Frederik Pohl, a na-ekwu na Sophie Germain bụ onye na-akpali onye isi, Ranjit Subramanian, iji dozie Fermat's Last Theorem.

Egwú banyere ndụ Sophie Germain, nke akpọrọ The Limit, nke Freya Catrin Smith na Jack Williams dere, gosipụtara na VAULT Festival na London, 2019.

A na-ezo aka na Sophie Germain na Season 1 Episode 3 nke 2025 British miniseries Prime Target. Akwụkwọ ọbá akwụkwọ akpọrọ Sophie Germain: The Unsolved Riddle (ọ dịghị akwụkwọ dị otú ahụ) na-eje ozi dị ka " igbe ozi" maka onye nwere ọgụgụ isi, onye nwụrụ anwụ na-ekwu maka ọnụ ọgụgụ mbụ aha ya bụ Safiya Zamil ka o nyefee onye na-eme mgbakọ na mwepụ n'ọdịnihu akwụkwọ ozi e ji aka dee na nchọta ọnụ ọgụgụ mbụ yiri nke ahụ.

• Ihe akaebe nke Fermat's Last Theorem maka ndị na-akọwa ihe ụfọdụ
• Sophie Germain Counter Mode
• Sophie Germain bụ onye mbụ
• Ihe nrite Sophie Germain
• Echiche Sophie Germain
• Usoro oge nke ụmụ nwanyị na sayensị
• Usoro oge nke ụmụ nwanyị na mgbakọ na mwepụ

Edensibia

 

• bipụtara ọzọ dị ka Bell, Eric Temple (1986). Ndị ikom nke mgbakọ na mwepụ. Simon na Schuster. ISBN 0-671-62818-6.Bell (1937). Men of Mathematics. Simon and Schuster. Bell (1986). Men of Mathematics. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-62818-6. 
• Bucciarelli, Louis L; Dworsky, Nancy (1980). Sophie Germain: An Essay in the History of the Theory of Elasticity, D. Reidel:Holland  
• Case (2005). Complexities: Women in Mathematics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11462-5. 
• Cipra (2008). "A Woman Who Counted". Science 319 (5865). DOI:10.1126/science.319.5865.899a. PMID 18276866. 
• Del Centina (2005). "Letters of Sophie Germain preserved in Florence". Historia Mathematica 32 (1): 60–75. DOI:10.1016/j.hm.2003.11.001. 
• Del Centina (2008). "Unpublished manuscripts of Sophie Germain and a revaluation of her work on Fermat's Last Theorem". Archive for History of Exact Sciences 62 (4): 349–392. DOI:10.1007/s00407-007-0016-4. 
• Del Centina (2012). "The correspondence between Sophie Germain and Carl Friedrich Gauss". Archive for History of Exact Sciences 66 (6): 585–700. DOI:10.1007/s00407-012-0105-x. 
• E bipụtaghachiri ya dị ka Dickson (1919). History of the Theory of Numbers, Volume II: Diophantine Analysis. Carnegie Institution. Dickson (2013). History of the Theory of Numbers, Volume II: Diophantine Analysis. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-15460-2. 
• E bipụtaghachiri ya dị ka Dunnington (1955). Carl Friedrich Gauss: Titan of Science. A study of his life and work. Hafner. Dunnington (2004). Carl Friedrich Gauss: Titan of Science. Mathematical Association of America. ISBN 978-0-88385-547-8. 
• Gray (2005). "Sophie Germain", in Bettye Anne Case: Complexities: Women in Mathematics. Princeton University Press, 68–75. ISBN 0-691-11462-5. 
•  
• Mackinnon (1990). "Sophie Germain, or, Was Gauss a feminist?". The Mathematical Gazette 74 (470): 346–351. DOI:10.2307/3618130. 
• Moncrief (2002). "Germain, Sophie", in Barry Max Brandenberger: Mathematics, Volume 2: Macmillan Science Library. Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 978-0-02-865563-5. 
• Mozans (1913). Women in Science: With an Introductory Chapter on Women's Long Struggle for Things of the Mind. D. Appleton, 154–157. 
• Musielak (2020). Sophie Germain: Revolutionary Mathematician, 2nd, Cham: Springer Biographies. ISBN 978-3-030-38374-9. 
• Ogilvie (1990). Women in Science: Antiquity Through the Nineteenth Century: a Biographical Dictionary with Annotated Bibliography. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-65038-0. 
• Petrovich (1999). "Women and the Paris Academy of Sciences". Eighteenth-Century Studies 32 (3): 383–390. DOI:10.1353/ecs.1999.0022. 
• Sampson (1990). "Sophie Germain and the Theory of Numbers". Archive for History of Exact Sciences 41 (2): 157–161. DOI:10.1007/BF00411862. 
• (1896) in Stupuy: Œuvres philosophiques de Sophie Germain, 2nd (in French), Paris: Firmin-Didot. 
• Ullmann (2007). "Life and work of E.F.F. Chladni". European Physical Journal ST 145 (1): 25–32. DOI:10.1140/epjst/e2007-00145-4. 
• Waterhouse (1994). "A counterexample for Germain". American Mathematical Monthly 101 (2): 140–150. DOI:10.2307/2324363. 

Njikọ mpụga

•  
• Sophie GermainnaUsoro mgbakọ na mwepụ Genealogy Project
• Sheroes nke akụkọ ihe mere eme; Sophie Germain
• Sophie Germain na akụkọ ihe osise E debere ya na Wayback Machine na Kids Love Science project