Gaa na ọdịnaya

Sorley MacLean

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ
Sorley MacLean
mmádu
Ụdịekerenwoke Dezie
Mba o sịObodoézè Nà Ofú, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Dezie
Aha ezinụlọ yaMacLean Dezie
Ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya26 Ọktoba 1911 Dezie
Ebe ọmụmụRatharsair Dezie
Ụbọchị ọnwụ ya24 Novemba 1996 Dezie
Ebe ọ nwụrụInner Hebrides Dezie
NwanneCalum Maclean Dezie
Asụsụ obodoScottish Gaelic Dezie
Asụsụ ọ na-asụ, na-ede ma ọ bụ were na-ebinye akaScottish Gaelic, English Dezie
Asụsụ ọ na-edeScottish Gaelic Dezie
Ọrụ ọ na-arụodee uri, translator, odee akwụkwọ, school teacher Dezie
Onye were ọrụPortree High School, Tobermory High School, Boroughmuir High School, Plockton High School Dezie
Ọkwá o jihead teacher Dezie
Ebe agụmakwụkwọUniversity of Edinburgh, Portree High School Dezie
EsemokwuWorld War II Dezie
Ngalaba aghaBritish Army Dezie
Ihe nritehonorary doctorate of Grenoble-III University, honorary doctorate Dezie
Webụsaịtịhttp://www.sorleymaclean.org Dezie
 

Sorley MacLean (Scottish Gaelic: Somhairle MacGill-Eain; 26 Ọktoba 1911 – 24 Nọvemba 1996) bụ onye Scotland na-ede uri Gaelic, nke ọ́bá akwụkwọ uri nke Scotland kọwara dịka "otu n'ime ndị bụ isi na Scotland na-ede uri nke oge a" n'ihi ịbụ "ọkachamara n'ụzọ nke ọ họọrọ iji ede uri nke ya nakwa mmekọrịta ọ na-enwe ya na ọdịbendị ide uri nke Europe na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Europena".[1] Onye nrite Nobel Seamus Heaney na-ekwunyere MacLean dịka onye zọrọ uri Gaelic nke Scotland.[2]

A zụlitere ya n'ezinụlọ Presbyterian siri ike n'àgwàetiti Raasay, onye e mikpuru na omenala na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Gaelic site na ọmụmụ, mana ọ hapụrụ okpukpe họrọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. Na ngwụcha afọ ndị 1930, ọ ghọrọ enyi ọtụtụ ndị wetara Mgbanwe na Scotland, dị ka Hugh MacDiarmid na Douglas Young. A merụrụ ya ahụ ugboro atọ mgbe ọ na-eje ozi na Royal Corps of Signals n'oge mkpọsa North Africa. MacLean bipụtara obere akwụkwọ mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, n'ihi ọ bụ onye na-achọ izu oke n'ihe niile. N'afọ 1956, ọ ghọrọ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na Plockton High School, ebe ọ kwadoro iji asụsụ Gaelic na agụmakwụkwọ.

N'ime uri ya, MacLean weere otu dowe n'ọnọdụ one ya n'etiti ihe ọdịnala Gaelic yana ihe ndị dị na Europe, na-ejikarị Highland Clearances tụnyere ihe ndị na-eme n'oge a, ọkachasị Agha Obodo Spain. Ọrụ ya bụ ngwakọta pụrụ iche nke ọdịnala na nke oge a nke a na-ekwu na o weghachịrị ọdịnala Gaelic n'ebe kwesịrị ekwesị ma mee ka asụsụ Gaelic dị ike ma ma dịkwa ọhụrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na e bipụtara ọrụ ya kachasị emetụta, Dáin do Eimhir yana An Cuilthionn, na 1943, MacLean aghọghị onye a ma ama ruo n'afọ ndị 1970, mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ ya na nsụgharị Bekee. Uri ya nke ikpeazụ bụ Hallaig, nke e bipụtara n'afọ 1954, nwetara "ọnọdụ ofufe" na mpụga ezi ndị na-asụ asụsụ Gaelic maka nnọchiteanya ya karịrị nke mmadụ nke obodo nta dị na Highland Clearances nke a na-enweghị ndị bi ya ma na-anọchite anya uri Scottish Gaelic niile n'echiche ndị na-asụ Bekee.[3]

Akụkọ ndụ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Oge ọ malitere

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A mụrụ MacLean na Òsgaig, Raasay na 26 Ọktoba 1911; Scottish Gaelic bụ asụsụ mbụ ya. Tupu ọ gawa akwụkwọ mgbe ọ dị afọ isii, ọ sụrụ asụsụ Bekee nwa ntakịrị .[4]: 23 Ọ bụ nwa nke abụọ n'ime ụmụ nwoke ise a mụụrụ Malcolm (1880–1951) yana Christina MacLean (1886–1974).[5] Ezinụlọ ahụ nwere obere ụlọ ubi dịpụrụ adịpụ, ma na-akwa ákwà, ma ha mechara hapụ ụlọ ubi ahụ kwaga n'ụlọ dị mma, nke bịara nye mkpata ego ha nsogbu mgbe a bịara nwee óké mbịatu akụnaụba n'ụwa niile nke metụtara azụmahịa ịkwa ákwà ha n'ebe ọ dị ukwuu.[6]: 10  Ụmụnne ya ndị nwoke bụ John (1910–1970), onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ na onye mechara bụrụ onye isi Oban High School, onye bụkwa onye na-afụ opi;[5][4]: 27  Calum (1915–1960), onye na-ede akụkọ ifo na onye gụrụ ethnography a ma ama; na Alasdair (1918–1999) yana Norman (c.1917–c.1980), ndị ghọrọ ndị ọkaiwu. Ụmụnne Sorley ndị nwanyị obere abụọ, Isobel nah Mary, bụkwaara ndị nkụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ .[7][5][8] Patronymic ya bụ Somhairle mac Chaluim 'ic Chaluim 'ic Iain 'ic Tharmaid 'ic Iain 'ic Tharmaid; o nweereghị Ike ịchọta agbụrụ ya kpọmkwem ruo n'ògbọ́ nke asatọ.[9]: 211 

N'ụlọ, ọ na-etinye aka na Omenala Gaelic na beul- Faithris (ọdịnala a kọrọ n'ọnụ), ọkachasị abụ ochie. Nne ya, onye Nicolson, ka a zụlitere na nso Portree, ọ bụ ezie na ezinụlọ ya sitere na Lochalsh; [1] [2] ezinụlọ ya tinyererị aka na mkpọsa ndị Highland Land League mere maka ikike ndị mbịarambịa bi n'ụlọ ndị obodo.[10][11] A zụlitere nna ya na Raasay, mana ezinụlọ ya sitere na North Uist na, tupu nke ahụ, ma eleghị anya há sí Mull.[8][6] A chụpụrụ akụkụ abụọ nke ezinụlọ ahụ n'oge Highland Clearances, nke ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ nọ n'obodo ahụ ka na-echeta nke ọma.[11] Ma ezinụlọ nne ya ma nke nna ya nwechara ndị mmadụ ndị obodo ha weere na ha bara ụba, ma ọ bụ site na agụmakwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ihe ọmụma dị ukwuu banyere ọdịnala. [7][6]

Ihe MacLean mụtara banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ndị Gael, ọkachasị nke Clearances, nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na echiche ụwa ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[11]   N'akụkụ nne ya, e nwere ndị na-agụ egwú atọ a ma ama, ndị na-afụ opi abụọ, na onye na-akụ egwú n'obodo. [6] O kwuru na 'Onye kacha nwee ọgụgụ isi na no metụtara m bụ onye na-enwe obi abụọ na onye Socialist (nwanne nna m nwoke na Jordanhill, Alex Nicolson) '. Nicolson etinyelarị aka na ILP a ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ dị ka onye jụrụ n'ihi akọ na uche na WWI ma bụrụkwa onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọkà mmụta Gaelic. Onye dị ịrịba ama bụ nne nna MacLean, Mary Matheson, onye a chụpụrụ ezinụlọ ya na Lochalsh na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ. Ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1923, ya na ezinụlọ ahụ biri ma kụziere MacLean ọtụtụ abụ ọdịnala sitere na Kintail na Lochalsh, yana Skye.[7][6] Dị ka nwatakịrị, MacLean na nwanne nne ya Peigi na-eme njem ịkụ azụ, onye kụziiri ya abụ ndị ọzọ.[8] N'adịghị ka ndị ọzọ nọ n'ezinụlọ ya, MacLean enweghị ike ịbụ abụ, eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ jikọtara ya na mkpali ya ide uri. [12][13] : 17 [13]Macrae. "Obituary: Sorley MacLean", The Independent, 26 November 1996. Retrieved on 6 January 2018.</ref>

Okpukpe Calvin

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Akara ịdọ ndị mmadụ aka na ntị ka a ghara igwu egwuregwu n'ógbè egwuruegwu ahụ na Sọnde.

A zụlitere MacLean na Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland, nke ọ kọwara dị ka "nke kachasị sie ike nke Calvinist fundamentalism".[14] Calvinism kụziri na Chineke ga-azọpụta obere akụkụ nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ, bụ ndị a họọrọ, ebe imirikiti ndị ọzọ bụ ndị mmehie dị n'okike mmadụ mara ikpe ịla n'iyi. Naanị pasent ise nke ndị ọgbakọ ahụ na-eri oriri nsọ; a na-ewere ndị fọdụrụnụ dị ka naanị "ndị na-eso ụzọ" bụ ndị nwere ike ịbụ ndị a kara akara maka mmekpa ahụhụ ebighi ebi na ọkụ mmụọ. Ndị Free Presbyterians kwenyere na Free Church dị oke nwayọọ, ma ya fọdụkwa Chọọchị Scotland. Ha machibidoro ụdị ntụrụndụ ọ bụla na Ụbọchị Izu Ike, mana ha nwere ọdịnala bara ọgaranya nke ịbụ Abụ ọma na-enweghị ngwa égwú na-eso ya. [12]  [15]

MacLean mechara kwuo na ọ gbahapụla okpukpe nakwuru ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị socialism mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ,[12] ebe ọ bụ na ọ jụrụ ikwere naọtụtụ ndị mmadụ ka dowere maka mbibi ebighị ebi.[11] N'afọ 1941, o dere na "eleghị anya ndọrọ mmụọ m nke ịmata ihe kpatara enweghị óbị aṅụrị, agaghị n'iru, ndị a na-akpagbu si na nke a."[16] Ọnọdụ ikwenye na nke na-adịchaghị mma nke ọdịnala Calvinist nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ka o si ahụ ụwa, ọ nagidekwara echiche "adịghị ihe o ji akụnaụba na ikike nke uwà kpọrọ".[2][12] Ka e mesịrị na ndụ ya, ọ bịara na-ahụta chọọchị na okpukpe n'ụzọ n'agbagwoju anya. N'agbanyeghị na ọ katọrọ mbịatu nke chọọchị Presbyterian na-abịatu abụ Gaelic, egwu ọdịnala Scotland, ná ọdịnala a na-akọ n'ọnụ, yana mmetụta n'ụzọ dị njọ nke nkuzi ụka na-enwe n'ụfọdụ òtù ndị mmadụ ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị, Prọfesọ Donald Meek (gd) dere na oge ụfọdụ MacLean na-adị ka ọ na-achịkọta echiche liberation theology ọnụ.[2] John MacInnes arụọla ụka na ọzụzụ evangelical Presbyterian ya nwere nhuku dị nnukwu mkpa na nhọrọ ya nke Gaelic dịka ụzọ ọ ga-esi dee uri ya na òtù ọ ga-esi gosipụta ya. MacLean nọ na-agbachitere chọọchị Free Presbyterian megide ndị na-eguzogide ya ndị maara ya naanị nke ntà,[12][17] otu mgbe na-akọwa ndị okenye nke chọọchị Free Presbyterian dịka "ndị dị n'ụdị ndị nsọ, ndị mmadụ nkịtị dị n'ụdị ndị nsọ".[9] Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-arịgọ uri ya olu ka ọ ghara ịkpasu ndị okpukpe n'ezinụlọ ya iwe.[18] Ọ nọkwa na-enwe obi añụrị site n'ụdị ọnụ mmiri okwu yana nakwa nke gosipụtara inwe ọgụgụ isi na inwe nkepụta nke okwuchukwu ndị Protestant na Gaelic.[9] Asụsụ ya gbasara agbasa, ụtọ asụsụ dị elu, na ikpalị inwe ọnụnụ-ọkụ n'obi nke okwuchukwu ndị a nwere mmetụta pụtara ìhè na ka o si ede uri.[12][11]

Afọ ndị 1930

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Raasay Primary School ya na Portree Secondary School . [7][2] N'afọ 1929, ọ hapụrụ ụlọ ya ịga Mahadum Edinburgh . [2] N'ihi ihe gbasara akụ na ụba, ọ họọrọ ịmụ Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Bekee kama ịmụ akwụkwọ Celtic, mkpebi o mechara kwaa ụta "n'ihi na enwere m mmasị naanị na uri, bụkwa naanị na ụfọdụ uri na e kwuwe ya " Ọ kpọsiri onye isi ngalaba Bekee, Herbert Grierson asị ike, onye na-eme ndị na-ede uri dị iche iche ọfụma karịa MacLean; MacLean bịakwara na-eche na Grierson tinyere mmasị ya na ngalaba ahụ.[19][12][8] A kọwawo ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ MacLean dị ka naanị "ihe na-adịghị mma".[20] Mgbe ọ nọ na Edinburgh, MacLean gakwara klas na Ngalaba Celtic, mgbe ahụ n'okpuru William J. Watson.[8] Ọ na-etinye aka n'òtù ndị na-ede akwụkwọ, na-egwuri egwu ya na ndị òtù shinty nke mahadum, ma, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ nwere ọgụgụ isi na Britain n'otu oge ahụ, ọ bụ onye na-akwado Soviet ma, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụ onye òtù ha, ọ na-eso ha dị ka "onye njem" na Communist Party of Great Britain.[10][19] MacLean mechara kọwaa otu oge ọ sonyeere ngagharị iwe e mere megide Sir Oswald Mosley, onye ndú nke British Union of Fascists.[17] Dị ka Onye ọkà mmụta Celtic bụ Emma Dymock si kwuo, agụmakwụkwọ MacLean na Edinburgh gbasara ọhụụ ya nke ọma, obodo ahụ kwa n'onwe ya dị mkpa na ndụ ya.[10] Mgbe ọ nọ na Edinburgh, ọ hụkwara ịda ogbenye n'obodo nke ukwu, ebe ndị dịkasịrị njọ ibi ebi, na ọtụtụ ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'otu ebe, nke dịkwuru njọ karịsịa n'ihi Oké Ndakpọ Akụ̀ na Ụba na-aga n'ihu.[15] Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1933 nweta akara ugo mmụta mbụ, ọ nọgidere na Edinburgh ma gụọ akwụkwọ na Moray House Teachers' Training College, ebe ọ zutere Hugh MacDiarmid.[12][8][19]

Mkpọmkpọ ebe nke ụlọ nkume dị na Mull

N'afọ 1934, ọ laghachiri Skye ịkụzi asụsụ Bekee na Portree High School . [2][10] Mgbe Agha Obodo Spain tiwapụrụ na 1936, ọ tụlere inye onwe ya ịlụ ọgụ na International Brigades; dị ka nwa ya nwanyị si kwuo, ọ gaara aga ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị maka ịda ogbenye nke ezinụlọ ya na ọrụ nke ya dị ka onye na-elekọta ha.[2] N'oge ahụ, nne ya na-arịa ọrịa siri ike ebe azụmahịa nna ya na-ada ada.[21] Na Jenụwarị 1938, MacLean natara ọkwa nkuzi na Tobermory High School na Isle of Mull, ebe ọ nọrọ ruo Disemba.[21][22] Afọ ọ nọrọ na Mull nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ebe ọ nọ, n'ihi na Mull ka bibiri ebibi site Highland Clearances nke mere na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, n'oge a chụpụrụ ndị nna nna MacLean.[3] MacLean mechara kwuo, "Ekwenyere m na Mull nwere ọtụtụ ihe jikọrọ ya na uri m: ịma mma ya, nke dị nnọọ iche na nke Skye, na ajọ akara nke oghere dị na ya, mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-apụghị ịnagide nye onye Gael. "O kwenyere na fascism nwere ike imeri na Europe, ọ nwetakwara nkụda mmụọ site na ọdịda na-aga n'ihu nke asụsụ Gaelic. [22][21][4] : 29 [11]

N'agbata afọ 1939 na 1941, ọ kụziri na Boroughmuir High School na Edinburgh, yana na Hawick.[2][10] N'oge a, o dere ọtụtụ n'ime uri ndị ga-aghọ Dáin do Eimhir, gụnyere An Cuilthionn. MacLean metara ndị na-ede uri Scottish Renaissance enyi, gụnyere MacDiarmid, Robert Garioch, Norman MacCaig, Douglas Young, na George Campbell Hay.[20][8] : 4 [8] MacLean, onye bụkwa ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme a ma ama, bipụtara akwụkwọ abụọ nwere mmetụta na uri Gaelic nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness [gd] n'afọ 1938 na 1939, nke mara echiche Celtic Twilight nke Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Scottish Gaelic aka. MacLean boro "Celtic Twilightists" ebubo na ha "na-ekwu na abụ Gaelic bụ ihe megidere àgwà ọ bụla ọ nwere n'ezie", ma kwuo na nkwupụta ha nwere ihe ịga nke ọma naanị n'ihi na Twilightists na-egbo mkpa nke naanị ndị na-asụ Bekee. O kwuru na àgwà doro anya nke ile anya n'ihu ya na mmetụta nke enweghị ike n'ime uri ndị dị ndụ banyere Highland Clearances nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na ndị nwe ala Anglo-Scottish agaaraghị anabata uri nke na-akatọ ha n'ihu ọha.[23] Ojiji o ji uri Gaelic mee ihe dị ka ihe nwere ike ịbụ isi nnweta ihe maka ọmụmụ akụkọ ihe mere eme bụkwa ihe ọhụrụ n'oge ahụ.[23]

Ndụ ya ka e mesịrị

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ọdịdị ile anya Plockton n'afọ 1971

N'afọ 1956, e nyere MacLean ọkwa onye isi nkuzi nke Plockton High School na Wester Ross, na-adịghị anya site n'ebe ezinụlọ nne nna ya bi. Ọ bụ ọrụ siri ike ebe ọ bụ na ebe áhu dịpụrụ adịpụ adịghị adọrọ mmasị ndị na-achọ ịbụ ndị nkuzi, MacLean na-akụzi ihe ugboro ugboro n'ihi oghere ndị pụtara.[24] Mgbe ọ nọ na Plockton, ọ kwalitere ojiji nke agụmakwụkwọ Scottish Gaelic ma mee mkpọsa maka ule Highers maka ndị na-amụ Gaelic.[3] Tupu 1968, enweghi ule dị iche maka ndị na-amụ Gaelic, ndị ga-asọ mpi ha na ndị na-asụ asụsụ amaala ma ọ bụrụ na ha aga Gaelic Highers. MacLean chere na iwu a na-ezighị ezi mere ka ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ghara ịmụ asụsụ Gaelic, ọ bụ ezie na ọ gbara ụmụ akwụkwọ ya ume ka ha lee ule ahụ ọbụlagodi na ha abụghị ndị na-asụ asụsụ.[4] N'afọ 1966, o nyere akwụkwọ na Gaelic Society of Inverness na-akọwa okwu ndị a na-ahụ anya na-emetụta agụmakwụkwọ Gaelic. MacLean kwuru na na kọntinent Europe, ọ bụghị ihe a na-adịghị ahụkarị mmadụ ịmụ asụsụ atọ ma ọ bụ anọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Dị ka MacLean si kwuo, ụmụaka Scotland ga-erite uru site n'ịmụ asụsụ atọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na asụsụ Bekee kwa, na "n'ezie ọ pụtaghị ịtụ anya oke ịhụ mba n'anya nke Gaelic iji chọọ ka Gaelic bụrụ otu n'ime atọ ahụ?" [24] MacLean setịpụrụ atụmanya agụmakwụkwọ dị elu maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ya ma kwalite shinty; na 1965, ndị òtù egwuruegwu Plockton meriri iko maka Ross na Cromarty.[vii][17][24]

Ọtụtụ ndị enyi na ndị ọbịa MacLean kwuru maka ihe ọmụma ya dị egwu na mmasị ya miri emi na usoro ọmụmụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme obodo.[25][17] Ọ gara n'ihu na-ekere òkè na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, mesịa sonye na Scottish Labour Party.[17] N'ime afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya, o bipụtara uri ole na ole n'ihi "nchegbu ya banyere ịdị mma na izi ezi karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ"; ọrụ ezinụlọ ya na ọrụ ya hapụụrụ ya obere oge iji dee.[25][24][20] MacLean kwuru na ọ gbara uri ya o dere ọkụ kama ibipụta ya n'ihi "ọtụtụ afọ nke nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ na oriri ahụ nke echiche abụ na-agaghị ekwe omume"[19][1]

Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1972, MacLean kwagara n'ụlọ nne nne nna ya na Peinnachorrain na Braes na Skye, na-enwe echiche banyere Sound of Raasay, ebe ọ zụlitere ifuru roses ma na-eme ihe mkpaọchị ugboro ugboro.[26][17] Mgbe e bipụtara uri ya n'asụsụ Bekee, a malitere chọwa ya n'ụwa niile maka ịgụ uri, nke mere na ọ gara ebe ndị dị ka Rotterdam, Baddeck Cape Breton, na Berlin.[20][27][26] MacLean bụ onye edemede bi na Mahadum nke Edinburgh site na 1973 ruo 1975,[1][10] ebe a kọrọ na ọ na-emeghe ọnụ ụzọ ma na-anabata ndị na-ede uri Gaelic.[28] Ka e mesịrị, ọ bụ onye filidh nke abụọ na Sabhal Mòr Ostaig, mahadum Gaelic-medium dị na Skye, site na 1975 ruo 1976. [1] [29] O sonyere n'ịtọ ntọala ụlọ agụmakwụkwọ ahụ ma rụọkwa ọrụ na bọọdụ ya.[30]N'afọ 1993, nwa ya nwanyị Catrìona nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri anọ na otu; MacLean na nwunye ya nyeere aka ịzụlite ụmụ ya atọ. Onye na-ede uri ahụ nwụrụ ọnwụ chi ya n'ụbọchị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 1996, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asatọ na ise, n'ụlọ ọgwụ Raigmore dị na Inverness.[13]  Templeeti:Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry

Ihe nrite na Nkwanye Ùgwù

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na June 1987, MacLean ghọrọ onye nweere onwe ya mbụ nke Skye na Lochalsh. [31] Ọ natara nzere nsọpụrụ asaa. Ugboro abụọ, ọ bụ onye isi nsọpụrụ nke Gaelic Society of Inverness, na 1970 na 1982; e mere ya onye isi nsọpụrụ nke òtù Saltire Society na 1985. [32] N'afọ 1989, ọ ghọrọ onye òtù Royal Society of Literature. N'afọ sochirinụ, a kpọrọ ya onye mbụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Edinburgh nke Afọ ahụ, ma nye ya ihe nrite ọla edo nke Queen maka ide uri.[10][1][2] O Choille gu Bearradh bụ Saltire Society Scottish Book of the Year maka afọ 1990, MacLean merikwara ihe nrite McVitie's maka onye edemede Scotland nke afọ ahụ. [32] Ọ ghọrọ onye òtù Educational Institute of Scotland na 1991, onye òtù Royal Society of Edinburgh na 1992, onye òtù nsọpụrụ Royal Incorporation of Architects na Scotland na 1996, na onye na-akwanyere ùgwù nke Royal Scottish Academician n'otu afọ ahụ.[32] A họpụtara ya maka Ihe nrite Nobel na edemede na 1992; a tụwo aro na ọ gaara emeri ma ọ bụrụ na o deghị ya n'asụsụ a na-adịghị ahụkebe. [27][33][34] A na-echeta MacLean site na nkume dị na Makars' Court, n'èzí Ọ́bankà ndị odee, Lawnmarket, Edinburgh, nke Iain Crichton Smith kpughere na 1998.[35]

Ihe Ncheta

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Hugh MacDiarmid degaara MacLean akwụkwọ ozi n'afọ 1977, otu afọ tupu ọnwụ ya, na-ekwu na ya na MacLean bụ ndị Scotland kacha mma n'ide uri na narị afọ nke iri abụọ. [1] MacDiarmid na MacLean nwere mmetụta n'ọrụ ibe ha ma nọgide na-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi dị ukwuu nke e bipụtara.[36] Douglas Young dere na "abụ uri kachasị mma e dere n'ọgbọ anyị na British Isles bụ na Scottish Gaelic, site n'aka Sorley MacLean." John MacInnes kpọrọ ya "onye edemede na-ede dịka onye majie", onye "[kpaliri] Gaelic ruo n'ókè ya".[37] O kwuru na ọ bụ "ihe ijuanya n'ezie" na Gaelic, nke dị obere ogologo oge, nwere ike ịmepụta onye edemede dị ka MacLean, onye na-enweghị ike ikwupụta ihe ọ ga-ekwu n'asụsụ ọ bụla ọzọ: "Somhairle MacGill-Eain chọrọ Gaelic, Gaelic achọọkwa Somhairle MacGall-Eain".[38] Dị ka Iain Crichton Smith, onye ntụgharị nke uri MacLean si kwuo, Dáin do Eimhir bụ "akwụkwọ Gaelic kachasị ukwuu nke narị afọ a", nnyocha nke Christopher Whyte kwenyere na ya.[39] Dị ka Maoilios Caimbeul si kwuo, MacLean bụ onye na-ede uri Scottish Gaelic kachasị mma n'oge niile.[28] Smith jiri ọdịdị nke uri ịhụnanya MacLean tụnyere nke Catallus na William Butler Yeats. Onye nwetara ihe nrite Nobel Seamus Heaney kwuru na MacLean "zọpụtara uri Gaelic... maka oge niile".[2]

Mgbe ọ na-ekweta uru edemede nke ọrụ MacLean bara, Whyte tụrụ aro na ọ bụ ihe mwute na n'afọ ndị 1980 ọ nọchiri anya uri Scottish Gaelic niile n'ụwa ndị na-asụ Bekee. Dị ka Whyte si kwuo, uri MacLean bụ "nke na-abụghị nke Gaelic, dị n'ụdị nke ndị ọkachamara naanị kama ịdị n'ụdị nke ọhaneze, na nke bụ ihe siri ike nghọta ma e wepụ naanị obodo nke na-eji asụsụ ahụ na ndụ ya kwa ụbọchị".[39] MacInnes kwetara na MacLean anaghị egbo mkpa ndị na-agụ ya; Otú ọ dị, n'echiche nke ya, ọ ga-abụ ihe na-ezighi ezi ịkpọ abụ ahụ nke dị n'ụdị nke ndị ọkachamara naanị n'ihi "ezi obi ya", na-ekwu "n'ụzọ na-emetụta uche na ike dị mfe".[38] Ihe siri ike bụ na usoro ọdịnala nke uri Gaelic bụ abụ, ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ ya nke ọma enweghị nkà ịgụ ya nke ọma.[39] [40] Na mgbalị iji mee ka ndị na-asụ Scottish Gaelic nwee ike ịnweta ọrụ MacLean, Sorley MacLean Trust nyere ọtụtụ ndị na-agụ egwú ikike ka ha tinye ụfọdụ n'ime uri MacLean na egwu. [41] [28]

Faịlụ:Runrig concert, Inverness, Aug 2012.jpg
MacLean gụrụ uri ya otu oge na emume ngosi egwu Runrig.

N'ime ụwa ndị na-asụ Gaelic, mmetụta MacLean agbasaala ma na-adịgide adịgide. Onye na-ede uri Aonghas MacNeacail malitere ide ihe n'asụsụ Bekee, n'ihi na "agụmakwụkwọ m mere ka m kwere na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ n'asụsụ Gaelic anwụọla"; o nyere MacLean otuto maka ime ka o kwenye ma kpalie ya ide ihe n'asụsụ Gaelic. Ndị òtù egwu rọk nke Gaelic bụ Runrig kpọrọ MacLean n'otu oge ka ọ bịa n'elu ikpo okwu maka ịgụ uri.[33] Otú ọ dị, MacLean nwere mmetụta dị nta n'imeobodo ndị na-asụ asụsụ Gaelic n'ime ime obodo. Onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Angus Peter Campbell dere na ọ họọrọ ọrụ nke ndị Uist bards nke obodo karịa nke MacLean, na o kwekwara na ndị Uist ndị ọzọ nwere otu mmetụta ahụ.[39] Onye Australia na-ede uri Les Murray kwetara na mmetụta MacLean nwere n'ọrụ ya.[20]

Timothy Neat mere ihe nkiri, Hallaig, na 1984, gụnyere mkparịta ụka nke MacLean banyere mmetụta kachasị na uri ya, na nkọwa nke Smith na Heaney mere, na akụkụ dị ukwuu sitere na uri na ọrụ ya ndị ọzọ, yana ihe ndị sitere na abụ Gaelic. [42] Uri ahụ bụkwa akụkụ nke okwu dị n'abụ nke ihe ngosi opéra nke Peter Maxwell Davies mere, The Jacobite Rising; [43] na ọgụgụ MacLean n'onwe ya nke ya n'asụsụ Bekee na n'asụsụ Gaelic ka Martyn Bennett gosipụtara na album ya Bothy Culture maka egwu na-aza otu aha ahụ. [44]

Arụmụka malitere n'afọ 2000, mgbe John MacLeod, onyeisi agbụrụ MacLeod، tinyere ugwu Black Cuillin nke Skye n'ahịa iji nweta ego maka nrụzi nke Dunvegan Castle. Ụlọ ọrụ ya na-ahụ maka ụlọ, Savills, jiri ihe ndị sitere na An Cuilthionn kpọsaa ihe onwunwe ahụ. Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ chọpụtara na nke a bụ ojiji na-ekwesịghị ekwesị nke ọrụ MacLean. Savills rịọrọ mgbaghara n'enweghị mgbochi, nke Renee MacLean nabatara.[45][46]

Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nchịkọta abụ
Nkatọ nke akwụkwọ ya

Ihe Ndị Edeturu

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ebe e si Nweta ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Templeeti:Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry

Njikọ mpụga

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Templeeti:Scottish Gaelic literature

Ịgụrụ Gawa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  • John MacInnes (1975), Sorley Maclean's "Hallaig": a note, in Burnett, Ray (ed.), Calgacus 2, Summer 1975, pp. 29 - 32,   
  • Devlin (1977). "On Sorley MacLean". Lines Review 61 (June): 5–19. ISSN 0459-4541. 
  • Herdman (1977). "The Poetry of Sorley MacLean: a non-Gael's view.". Lines Review 61 (June): 25–36. ISSN 0459-4541. 
  • MacInnes, John (1981), A Radically Traditional Voice: Sorley Maclean and the Evangelical Background, na Murray, Glen (ed.), Cencrastus No. 7, Winter 1981 - 82, peeji nke 14 - 17. 
  • (1991) in Campbell: Somhairle – Dàin is Deilbh. A Celebration on the 80th Birthday of Sorley MacLean. Stornoway: Acair. ISBN 978-0-86152-900-1. 
  • Thomson (1994). The Companion to Gaelic Scotland. Glasgow: Gairm. ISBN 978-0-631-12502-0. 

[4]

  • Mackay (2010). Sorley MacLean. Aberdeen: AHRC Centre for Irish and Scottish Studies. ISBN 978-1-906108-11-3. 

[3] [13] [30] [5] [6] [39] [9] [37] [11] [12] [3] [15] [47] [17] [48] [18] [20] [22] [23] [25] [26] [28] [33] [34] [38] [42]

  • Dymock (2011). Scotnotes: The Poetry of Sorley Maclean. Glasgow: Association of Scottish Literary Studies. ISBN 978-1-906841-05-8. 
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Sorley MacLean, Derick Thomson, and the Women Most Dangerous to Men. " The Bottle Imp 21: June 2017. (nke a na-enweta na ohere mepere emepe)
  • Poncarová, Petra Johana (2017). "Sorley MacLean's Other Clearance Poems." Studies in Scottish Literature: Vol. 43: Mbipụta. 1, peeji nke 124-134. (nke a na-enweta na ohere mepere emepe)  

Templeeti:Queen's Gold Medal for PoetryTempleeti:Scottish Gaelic literature

Edensibịa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sorley MacLean. Scottish Poetry Library. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved on 17 August 2018.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "20mh linn– Am Bàrd: Somhairle MacGill-Eain", BBC Alba – Làrach nam Bàrd. Retrieved on 17 August 2018. (in gd)
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 (5 January 2015) "Sorley MacLean's Other Clearance Poems". Studies in Scottish Literature 43 (1): 124–134. ISSN 0039-3770. 
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 (1979) "An Interview with Sorley MacLean". Studies in Scottish Literature 14 (1): 23–36. ISSN 0039-3770. 
  5. 1 2 3 4 Shaw, John (2017). Calum Maclean Project. The University of Edinburgh.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 (1986) "Sorley MacLean: The Man and his Work", Sorley MacLean: Critical Essays (in en). Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 9–38. ISBN 978-0-7073-0426-7. 
  7. 1 2 3 4 Life – A Raasay Childhood (1911–1929). Sorley MacLean online. Archived from the original on 14 July 2013. Retrieved on 6 January 2018.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Gillies. Sorley MacLean. Royal Society of Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved on 21 August 2018.
  9. 1 2 3 4 MacDonald, Donald Archie (1986). "Some Aspects of Family and Local Background: an Interview with Sorley MacLean", Sorley MacLean: Critical Essays. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 211–222. ISBN 978-0-7073-0426-7. 
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Alumni in history: Sorley Maclean (1911–1996). University of Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved on 30 November 2015.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (2007) "Landscape in the Poetry of Sorley MacLean", Celtic Literatures in the Twentieth Century. Research Institute for Irish and Celtic Studies University of Ulster. ISBN 978-5-9551-0213-9. 
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Calder, Angus (2016). The poetry of Sorley MacLean. Open University.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Macrae, Alasdair. "Obituary: Sorley MacLean", The Independent, 26 November 1996.
  14. ↑ MacLean (1 November 1994). "Hallaig". PN Review 21 (2). 
  15. 1 2 3 (1 January 1987) "Poetry of Displacement: Sorley MacLean and his Writing". Studies in Scottish Literature 22 (1). ISSN 0039-3770. 
  16. ↑ Watson (2009). "'Death's Proletariat': Scottish Poets of the Second World War", in Kendall: The Oxford Handbook of British and Irish War Poetry. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-174351-1. 
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "A personal eulogy for Sorley MacLean", The Herald, 15 October 2011.
  18. 1 2 (5 September 2016) "Ireland's eternal Easter: Sorley MacLean and 1916". Irish Studies Review 24 (4): 441–454. DOI:10.1080/09670882.2016.1226678. ISSN 1469-9303. 
  19. 1 2 3 4 University Days. The Sorley MacLean Trust. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved on 18 August 2018.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sorley MacLean in Non-Gaelic Contexts (2007).
  21. 1 2 3 Out of Skye to the World (1934–1943). The Sorley MacLean Trust. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved on 18 August 2018.
  22. 1 2 3 (1997) British Poetry from the 1950s to the 1990s: Politics and Art (in en). Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-25566-5. 
  23. 1 2 3 Cheape, Hugh (2016). "'A mind restless seeking': Sorley MacLean's historical research and the poet as historian", Ainmeil thar Cheudan: Presentations to the 2011 Sorley MacLean Conference. Sabhal Mòr Ostaig, Isle of Skye: Clò Ostaig, 121–134. ISBN 978-0-9562615-4-0. 
  24. 1 2 3 4 Plockton (1956–1969). The Sorley MacLean Trust (18 January 2013). Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved on 19 August 2018.
  25. 1 2 3 Writing Scotland – Sorley MacLean. BBC.
  26. 1 2 3 The Harvest of his Genius. The Sorley MacLean Trust.
  27. 1 2 "Death of poet Sorley MacLean", The Irish Times, 25 November 1996. Retrieved on 18 August 2018.
  28. 1 2 3 4 Feartan ann am bardachd Shomhairle MhicGill-Eain (gd). The Sorley MacLean Trust (2007).
  29. ↑ "Sir Iain Noble Memorial Lecture recalls life of poet Sorley MacLean", Stornoway Gazette, 26 November 2016. Retrieved on 22 January 2023.
  30. 1 2 "Sir Iain Noble Memorial Lecture recalls life of poet Sorley MacLean", The Stornoway Gazette, 26 November 2016.
  31. ↑ "Freedom of Skye", The Glasgow Herald, 15 June 1987, p. 3. Retrieved on 15 December 2016.
  32. 1 2 3 Distinctions and honours. The Sorley MacLean Trust. Archived from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved on 20 August 2018.
  33. 1 2 3 "Sorley MacLean: A Salute to the saviour of Gaelic verse", The Scotsman, 14 June 2011.
  34. 1 2 "Book review: Sorley MacLean", The Scotsman.
  35. ↑ Makars' Court. Museums and Galleries Edinburgh (16 November 2017). Archived from the original on 18 August 2018. Retrieved on 17 August 2018.
  36. ↑ The Correspondence Between Hugh MacDiarmid and Sorley MacLean: An Annotated Edition. Oxford University Press (8 April 2010). Retrieved on 17 August 2018.
  37. 1 2 (1978) "Sorley MacLean: A Bard and Scottish Gaelic". World Literature Today 52 (2): 229–232. DOI:10.2307/40132748. ISSN 0196-3570. 
  38. 1 2 3 MacInnes, John (2006). "Language, Metre and Diction in the Poetry of Sorley MacLean", Dùthchas nan Gàidheal: Selected Essays of John MacInnes. Edinburgh: Birlinn Ltd., 392–417. ISBN 978-1-84158-316-7. 
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 Templeeti:Cite thesis
  40. ↑ Mathieson (19 September 2011). Blas 2011: Hallaig, A Musical Celebration of Sorley MacLean. Archived from the original on 18 August 2018. Retrieved on 18 August 2018.
  41. ↑ Hallaig – A Celebration of Sorley MacLean. Urras Shomhairle – The Sorley MacLean Trust. Archived from the original on 18 August 2018. Retrieved on 18 August 2018.
  42. 1 2 (2015) Harrison Birtwistle Studies (in en). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-09374-4. 
  43. ↑ McGregor (2017). Perspectives on Peter Maxwell Davies (in en). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-55435-0. 
  44. ↑ "Obituary: Martyn Bennett", The Independent. Retrieved on 17 August 2018.
  45. ↑ MacQueen (27 November 1998). (86) Sorley Maclean, copyright and the sale of mountains. Scots Law News. Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved on 30 August 2018.
  46. ↑ Ross. "Cuillins seller apologises to poet's family; Use of Sorley Maclean's poem in advertising literature 'not appropriate'", The Herald, 12 October 2000.
  47. ↑ Publications. The Sorley MacLean Trust.
  48. ↑ MacInnes, John (2006). "Hallaig: A Note", Dùthchas nan Gàidheal: Selected Essays of John MacInnes. Edinburgh: Birlinn Ltd., 418–421. ISBN 978-1-84158-316-7. 
Ewepụtara site na "https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sorley_MacLean&oldid=644432"