Gaa na ọdịnaya

Spirit children

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Nwa ike bụ okwu Ghana maka ikike nwebere nke e mere na o nwere ike ike nke na-akpata ọgụ.[1]  A na-akatọ Nkwarụ na Ghana nke ukwuu ma ọtụtụ mgbe naanị ụzọ na eze na-ewere dị ka ihe a na-anabata iji gwọọ ikike bụ igbu ma ọ bụ chụpụ ha site n'ibu onye amoosu.[2][3]  A na-akpọ ịkpọ Chichuru ma ọ bụ kinkiriko na-egosi Kassena-Nankana nke Northern Ghana.[4]  ụzọ ndị a na-esikarị n'ime ime obodo.[5]  Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na onye ọrụ na nwa ike bụ "ezi" ọ dịghị ihe maka nwa ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe ha ha..[1]

.Echiche na ememe ndị yiri ya "ụmụ amoosu" nke Benin, "ụmụ akwụkwọ" nke Mali na Ivory Coast, na "ụmụ ndị na-eme ihe ọchị" nke Tanzania "[2]

Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya

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Àgwà ya

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Nsogbu nsogbu nke ụbụrụ na-abụ nnukwu ma ọ bụ obere isi, spina bifida, hydrocephalus, ezé a na-amụ ọmụmụ na aka gbajiri agbaji ma ọ bụ nke nwere ike.[1]  A ịta nwa ụta maka ike ihe ma ọ bụ anụ ụlọ obodo.[2]  A na-eche na igbu anụmanụ totem na-eme ka ike nke anụmanụ ahụ na-awụli elu n'ime mmadụ.[3]

Nkwarụ na ọrịa

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Ụmụaka mmụọ na-enwekarị nkwarụ ma ọ bụ ọrịa ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ala ala.[4] Ọ bụrụ na nne na-arịa ọrịa n'oge ime, a pụkwara ile nwatakịrị ahụ anya dị ka nwa mmụọ. Ọ bụrụ na nwatakịrị ajụ iri nri, ha nwekwara ike ịbụ nwa mmụọ.[5] "Ịjụ ịga nke ọma" a na-egosi na nwatakịrị ahụ nwere ike ịbụ mmụọ na-emerụ ahụ.[5] Ezinụlọ na-atụ egwu nwa ha n'ihi na e nwere obere ihe ọmụma banyere nlekọta ụmụaka nke oge a ha nwere ike ịnweta [4] ma kwenyere na nwatakịrị ahụ ga-emecha bibie ụlọ ezinụlọ ahụ.[2]

Mmụọ Na-adọta

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Ekwenyere na ụmụ nwere ike ike ụfọdụta na-tata ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na ha na-aga ije ka ha na-eri nri.[1]  A na-eche na echiche ndị a na-ahụ na-egosi na nri nri ma ga-abanye ma tụba ime ihe ahụ.[1]  Omume ndị na- , , , ndị egwuregwu egwuregwu "iji ụzọ mbata na ụzọ mbata a na-akwadoghị", ịsa akwa egwuregwu n' viola, na ịsa ahụ n' .[1]  Ọtụtụ ndị na-ewere usoro ọnwụ anwụ n'ime obodo dị ka otu ike na-alọghachi.[2]  Mgbe nke a mere, ndị obodo na-egbu onye nwụrụ anwụ a n'oge na-adịbeghị anya ka otu ahụ ahụ wee ghara isi..[1]

Akụkụ Ndị Dị n'Otu

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Ndị otu obodo ahụ na-mịka  ụka dị ka "ndị na-akpali akpali, ndị maara ihe, ndị uwe, na ndị na-eme Ihe nri".  [1] Ndị otu obodo na-ekwukwa na ike na-enwekarị nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ.  N'etiti umu niile a na Ghana, ụmụ nwere ike ụmụ nwoke inwe Nkwenkwe amoosu.[6]

N'ezie, mkpa siri siri ike nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na nri nri na-agba ume omume ndị a.[1]  [2]A na-ekwere na-egosi ngosi ngosi n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ.[3]  Nkwenye ụmụ a siri ike nke ụkpụrụ na-ịgụ nke ndị nne na nna na-egbu ụmụ ha. [7][8]

Nkọwa nke ememe ahụ

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Ịkwadebe ihe a na-eme

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emegide echiche na-abụ site na "ndị ikom na-eme ka mmadụ nwee mmekọahụ".[1]  Ezin ike ahụ na-achọ "nwoke na-eme ihe" iji gwọọ nwa akwụkwọ site na iji "dongo" (iko dị nsasị nke e ji mpi anụmanụ mee).  [1] Ndị ikom ahụ ga-ahụ tii ("nchịkọta") nke nwere ikike a mara ka "bunbunlia".[1]  N'ime Xhosa, e nwere "ọgwọ ojii" nke ndị ikom na-ahụ na tii.[1]  Ọgwụ ahụ nwere osisi dị iche iche a na-ere ọkụ nke a na-agwakọta ya na beita.[4]

Inye ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na

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Nwanyị meworo agadi n'ezinụlọ nwatakịrị ahụ na-enye "mmanya" (nke nwere ike ma ọ bụ na ọ gaghị enwe ihe na-egbu egbu) n'aka nwatakịrị mmụọ. [2]Mgbe nwa ahụ nwụsịrị, "nwoke na-eme ihe ike" na-ekpuchi ya n'ime akwa ụra ochie, na-atụfu ozu ahụ n'ime ọhịa / ọhịa, ma na-eme emume iji hụ na mmụọ ọjọọ anaghị alaghachi.[2] A na-ekwu na "dongo" na "concoction" na-eziga mmụọ ahụ n'ime ọhịa [5] dịka a na-ekwere na ụmụaka mmụọ bụ mmụọ na-emerụ ahụ nke na-eme ka mmadụ. Ebe ndị ọzọ na-ekwu na nwatakịrị ahụ nwụrụ anwụ na-alaghachi n'ụwa nke ndị nna nna ha.[9]

Nzaghachi gọọmentị

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Akwụkwọ omenala ahụ iwu na Ghana n'afọ 2013, ma a ka na-eme ya n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ihi akara ndebanye aha ọnwụ.[1]  [2]Otu isi okwu aro na n'etiti 22 na 27% nke 27% nke amụ sitere na omenala ikike.[3]  Ihe nke Mahadum Alberta Ethics Review Board na NHRC Institutional Review Board mere, ngwa na 36% nke ngosi na-anwụ bụ n'ihi ihe okike, kama site na mmepụta.[4]  Aadịghị ekwe nkwa ikike nke ikike na- Nchegbu ebe ọ bụ na edebanyeghị aha ha n'ụzọ iwu.[10]

Ghana weputara Iwu Ndebanye aha ọnyụnyụ na ọnwụ nke 1965 nke mmetụta ka edebanye aha ọkụ niile na ọnwụ.[1]  icon ya bụ "inye ozi ziri ezi na nke a mmetụta na ya mkpughe ọkụ na-ahụ niile na-eme na Ghana maka maka ike na ike nke mba ahụ site na ndebanye aha na fere ha".[1]  Ndebanye aha afa ka bụ nsogbu ebe ọ bụ na ime obodo ebe ọ bụ obere ihe na ndị ọrụ n'ime ime obodo.[2]  Dabere na ozi sitere na 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey, ịgba nke ngosi 28.89% na Ghana edebanye aha.[3]  Ozi a bụ nke echere ala n'etiti ụfọdụ ndị nne na-eto eto egwuregwu, ndị na-achụ ego na ndị nne bi n'ime ime obodo..[11]

Nkwado

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N'afọ 1991, Ben Okri akwụkwọ akwụkwọ The Famished Road .  [1] Akwụkwọ a dọtara uche n'ịkụkụ kụpụtara.[1]  N'afọ 2013, Anas Aremeyaw Anas, onye nta ọmụmụ ọmụmụ ndị na-ahụ maka omume ahụ.[2]  Iso Ụzọ eserese aka aka ike nke ọma nke omume ngosi.[12]

AfriKids bụ òtù na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụaka nke mepụtara mmemme agụmakwụkwọ gbasara omume ụmụaka mmụọ. [13] Kemgbe afọ 2002, AfriKids akwụsịla omume ahụ na obodo 58 ma gbochie ihe dị ka ọnwụ 243.[14] Joe Asakibeem na AfriKids na-arụ ọrụ.[15] A na-akwụ ndị ikom, ndị nne na ndị agadi nwanyị nọ n'ezinụlọ nwatakịrị ụgwọ site na AfriKids ka ha kwụsị omume ahụ.[2]

Hụkwa

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Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Allotey (2001-04-01). "Establishing the causes of childhood mortality in Ghana: the 'spirit child'" (in en). Social Science & Medicine 52 (7): 1007–1012. DOI:10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00207-0. ISSN 0277-9536. PMID 11266045. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 FAQs (en). AfriKids. Retrieved on 2020-11-16.
  3. ↑ (2012-04-15) in Fordyce: Risk, Reproduction, and Narratives of Experience. Vanderbilt University Press. DOI:10.2307/j.ctv167594d. ISBN 978-0-8265-1821-7. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Denham (2010-08-01). "Chasing spirits: Clarifying the spirit child phenomenon and infanticide in Northern Ghana" (in en). Social Science & Medicine 71 (3): 608–615. DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.04.022. ISSN 0277-9536. PMID 20605304. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Anas Aremeyaw Anas (2018-06-03). Spirit Child: Ritual Killings in Ghana. Al Jazeera. Retrieved on 2020-01-19.
  6. ↑ Bayat (2014-01-27). "The stories of 'snake children': killing and abuse of children with developmental disabilities in West Africa". Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 59 (1): 1–10. DOI:10.1111/jir.12118. ISSN 0964-2633. PMID 24467696. 
  7. ↑ Gyimah (November 2007). "What has faith got to do with it? Religion and child survival in Ghana". Journal of Biosocial Science 39 (6): 923–937. DOI:10.1017/s0021932007001927. ISSN 0021-9320. PMID 17359561. 
  8. ↑ Denham (29 January 2020). "Of House or Bush: The Cultural Psychodynamics of Infanticide in Northern Ghana". Current Anthropology 61 (1): 77–99. DOI:10.1086/706989. ISSN 0011-3204. 
  9. ↑ Kassah (August 2012). "Abuse of disabled children in Ghana". Disability & Society 27 (5): 689–701. DOI:10.1080/09687599.2012.673079. ISSN 0968-7599. 
  10. ↑ Dake (2018-06-13). "Registered or unregistered? Levels and differentials in registration and certification of births in Ghana". BMC International Health and Human Rights 18 (1): 25. DOI:10.1186/s12914-018-0163-5. ISSN 1472-698X. PMID 29895288. 
  11. ↑ Dake (2018-06-13). "Registered or unregistered? Levels and differentials in registration and certification of births in Ghana". BMC International Health and Human Rights 18 (1). DOI:10.1186/s12914-018-0163-5. ISSN 1472-698X. PMID 29895288. 
  12. ↑ Coe (2017-07-18). "Spirit Children: Illness, Poverty, and Infanticide in Northern Ghana, written by Aaron R. Denham". Journal of Religion in Africa 47 (3–4): 439–441. DOI:10.1163/15700666-12340116. ISSN 0022-4200. 
  13. ↑ The Spirit Child Phenomenon: How Ghanaian communities are ending the fear (en). AfriKids. Archived from the original on 2020-10-28. Retrieved on 2020-12-11.
  14. ↑ The Spirit Child Phenomenon: How Ghanaian communities are ending the fear (en). AfriKids. Archived from the original on 2020-10-28. Retrieved on 2020-11-16.
  15. ↑ Guardian Staff. "'Spirit' children of Ghana", The Guardian, 2007-12-18. Retrieved on 2020-11-16. (in en-GB)
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