Stone boiling

Ịsa nkume bụ usoro isi nri na-ekpo ọkụ. Ọ na-agụnye itinye nkume na-ekpo ọkụ n'ime akpa jupụtara na mmiri iji mee ka mmiri na-ekwo ọkụ ruo n'ókè a ga-eji sie ya.^[1]: p. 240 Usoro a nke ịkwadebe nri bụ usoro na-eji mmanụ eme ihe ma na-achọkarị okpomọkụ na okpomọkụ nke nkume tupu mmiri eruo okpomọkụ dị irè.^[2]: p. 296 ^[3]: p. 93

Ụmụ amaala bi n'ebe bụ ugbu a Canada na United States of America, karịsịa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na Northwest Coast, ji nkume esi.[1]: p. 93 [2]: p. 229 Isi nri n'ụzọ a na-enye ohere ka a na-achịkwa okpomọkụ nke mere ka mmịpụta abụba na mmanụ dị mfe ma na-enye ohere inwetakwu ihe oriri na mmanụ ndị dị otú ahụ.[1]: p. 93 [3]: nb. 296 296 Ojiji mbụ nke ụmụ amaala ji nkume esi mmiri, dabere na ihe gwupụtara n'ihe mgbe ochie na Northern Plains, bụ ụbọchị 4800 gara aga.[4]: p. 580 [5] Agbanyeghị, ojiji ya bịara bụrụ nke a ma ama n'etiti 250 O.A. na 1750 O.A.; Brian Reeves, prọfesọ nke nkà mmụta ihe omimi na nkà mmụta ihe ochie na Mahadum Calgary, rụrụ ụka na nke a bụ n'ihi mkpa ọ dị inye ọnụ ọgụgụ na-abawanye ụba.[4]: p. 580 [5] ^[4]

Ihe onwunwe

Ihe ndị dị n'elu ala

Arịa nri dị n'elu ala nke a na-eji esi nkume nwere: nkata ụgbụgbọ osisi na akpa ụgbụ; ite ite; yana ụkwụ anụmanụ na akpụkpọ anụ.^[5]: p. 93 ^[3]: p. 89 ^[6]: p. 231 E nwere ọbụna ihe atụ nke obere ụgbọ mmiri a na-eji dị ka akpa nri na Northwest Coast maka nkwadebe nke abụba whale.^[6] [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]: p. 231

Ojiji nường nại nhại na-eji ụdị akpa dị n’elu ala dabere ihe onwunwe ha ha [1]: p. 243 Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Harold E. Driver, onye bụ prọfesọ nke nkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ na Mahadum Indiana, na William Clifford Massey, onye bụkwa onye prọfesọ gbasara mmadụ na Mahadum Washington, gwara anyị gbasara ndị mbụ bi na Northwest Coast nke ọwụwa anyanwụ Canada.[2]: p. 231 Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na ị họrọ ime ya, ị gaghị enwe ike ime ya.[1]: p. 243 [2]: p. 231 N’akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Canada, n’etiti ụfọdụ ndị Haudenosaunee, e nwere nnukwu ụlọ apịtị nwere nnukwu mgbidi na mgbidi nkume. [3] 93 Ọ bụ ezie na mgbidi dị otú a na-enye gị ohere ikpuchi ahụ gị, Gregory Braun, prọfesọ nke nkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ na Mahadum Toronto, kwuru na ọ dị mkpa ịkwado ọdịdị akpa ahụ, n'ihi ịdị arọ nke nkume. 89

Ihe ndị dị n'okpuru ala

Jack W. Brink, onye nlekọta nke Royal Alberta Museum, na Bob Dawe, onye na-ahụ maka Royal Albert Museum, gwara m na ndị na-eji olulu mmiri na-esi ísì mmiri n'okpuru ala na ifufe nke na-eme ka nkume dị jụụ, na mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ ka usoro mmanụ ahụ dịkwuo njọ ma dị njọ.[1]: p. 89 I Head-Smashed-Na Buffalo Jump na Alberta, Canada, n'ime akpa akpụkpọ anụ. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala pagi]: p. 89

Nkume

Ojiji nước nường na-eji sựm esi nri include sống sốm n'ime n'ọ nạn ị ị ị tupu ebufee sựm ọu na akpa mới dị nso site na Điji Đi Đi forked: p. 296 [2]: p. 93 A ga-ewepụ okwute ndị ahụ na saịtị ahụ ma tinye osisi ndị nwere oghere n'akụkụ ebe ahụ. [3]: p. 90 [4]: nke. 32 [5]: p. 449

Nkume ndị a na-eji esi nkume na-abụkarị ndị dị ka aka.^[3]: p. 96 ^[7]: p. 32 Nke a bụ n'ihi na okpomọkụ nke obere nkume nwere ike ịnyefe erughị ihe ndị achọrọ iji ruo okpomọkụ dị otú ahụ. N'ihi ya, ozugbo nkume dị obere karịa 10 cm na akụkụ ọ bụla, a tụfuru ya.^[3] [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] : p. 96

Ihe mere nkume ga-eji gbajie bụ n'ihi na ha na-eme ugboro ugboro, usoro nke nwere ike ime ka nkume dị ọkụ karịa 500 °C.^[8] : p. 575 ^[9] Na Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump, ọ dịghị nkume ọ bụla a hụrụ mgbe oge asatọ nke igwu ala gasịrị, nke dị ka Jack W. Brink na Bob Dawe si kwuo na a na-eji nkume ahụ eme ihe ọzọ. ^[3]: p. 95 Brink na Maazị Dawe na-eche na nkume ndị a na-ekwu okwu ha sitere n'osimiri dị nso, ha na-ejikarị nkume na-esi ísì karịa sandstone dịnụ n'ihi na nkume osimiri ahụ ga-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-ebufe okpomọkụ ha na-eji nwayọọ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe ka mma maka isi nri.^[3]: p. 93

Ojiji

Ebumnuche

Ndị bi n’obodo ahụ na-amịpụta mmanụ nut, mmanụ ọkpụkpụ, na-amịkwa mmanụ nut.[1]: p. 243 [2]: p. 90 Ọ bụ ezie na usoro a na-eji mmanụ eme ihe, nkume ahụ na-esi ísì ụtọ, dị ka Gerald Anthony Oetelaar, prọfesọ nke nkà mmụta ihe omimi na nkà mmụta ihe ochie na Mahadum Calgary, na Alwynne B. Beaudoin, onye nlekọta nke Royal Alberta Museum, a na-ebelata nrụgide nke ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ndị mmadụ ka e wee nwee ike ịchọta ihe ndị ọzọ site na saịtị ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ugbu a.[2] : p. 90 [3]: p. 21 Ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ, karịsịa, na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na akụ na ụba nke mpaghara, bụ ebe a na-emepụta pemmican.[3]: p. 17 Pemmican bụ ngwaahịa kacha mkpa nke ahịa.[4]: p. 580

Ebe ndị a na-anọ

A na-eji isi nkume eme ihe n'ofe North America, karịsịa n'etiti ndị West na Northwest Coast.[1]: p. 229 Ụmụ amaala bi n'etiti 33- na 58-degrees latitude, na 100- na 130-degrees longitude na-ejikọta ya na iji nkume esi esi na Kit Nelson, prọfesọ nke anthropology na Tulane University, nlereanya nke 152 "omenala otu" nke sitere na isi atọ nke North: the Indian Database of Indian Hunter na India Hunter. faịlụ.[2]: pp. 239, 241. : pp. 239, 241.

O yikarịrị ka ị ga-enweta mmanụ ị chọrọ.[1]: p. 242 [2]: p. 229 Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Deg Hit'an nke Aleuts ji usoro isi nri, n'agbanyeghị na ọ gafere elu elu nke latitude 58-degrees, nke Harold E. Driver na William C. Massey kwuru na ọ bụ naanị ebe osisi dị. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala pagi]: p. 229

Hụkwa

Khorkhog, nri ndị Mongolia siri site na itinye nkume ọkụ n'ime akpa nwere anụ.
Soup Nkume

Ihe odide

↑ Nelson (June 2010). "Environment, Cooking Strategies and Containers". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 29 (2): 238–247. DOI:10.1016/j.jaa.2010.02.004.
↑ Benison (October 1, 1999). "Burned Rock Complexes, Baked Clay Objects, Steatite, and Ceramics: Evolutionary Implications for Plains/Eastern Woodlands Cooking Technologies". North American Archaeologist 20 (4): 287–317. DOI:10.2190/DDMQ-H4K7-V9RG-4LM9.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Brink (May 2003). "Hot Rocks as Scarce Resources: The Use, Re-Use and Abandonment of Heating Stones at Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump". Plains Anthropologist 48 (186): 85–104. DOI:10.1080/2052546.2003.11949298. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Brink 2003" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Reeves (1990). "Communal Bison Hunters of the Northern Plains". Hunters of the Recent Past: 168–194.
↑ Braun (2010). "Technological Choices: Ceramic Manufacture and Use at the Antrex Site (AjGv-38)". Ontario Archaeology 89/90: 69–96.
1 2 Driver (1957). "Comparative Studies of North American Indians". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 47 (2): 165–456. DOI:10.2307/1005714.
↑ Oetelaar (February 2016). "Evidence of cultural responses to the impact of the Mazama ash fall from deeply stratified archaeological sites in southern Alberta, Canada.". Quaternary International 394: 17–36. DOI:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.08.015.
↑ Thoms (March 2009). "Rocks of ages: propagation of hot-rock cookery in western North America". Journal of Archaeological Science 36 (3): 573–591. DOI:10.1016/j.jas.2008.11.016.
↑ Robertson (2001). "Mourning, Curing, Feasting or Industry? The Interpretation of the Quinte and Perch Lake Mounds". Ontario Archaeology 72: 38–63.

[Nelson_2010-1] Nelson (June 2010). "Environment, Cooking Strategies and Containers". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 29 (2): 238–247. DOI:10.1016/j.jaa.2010.02.004.

[Benison_1999-2] Benison (October 1, 1999). "Burned Rock Complexes, Baked Clay Objects, Steatite, and Ceramics: Evolutionary Implications for Plains/Eastern Woodlands Cooking Technologies". North American Archaeologist 20 (4): 287–317. DOI:10.2190/DDMQ-H4K7-V9RG-4LM9.

[Brink_2003-3] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Brink (May 2003). "Hot Rocks as Scarce Resources: The Use, Re-Use and Abandonment of Heating Stones at Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump". Plains Anthropologist 48 (186): 85–104. DOI:10.1080/2052546.2003.11949298. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Brink 2003" defined multiple times with different content

[Reeves_1990-4] Reeves (1990). "Communal Bison Hunters of the Northern Plains". Hunters of the Recent Past: 168–194.

[Braun_2010-5] Braun (2010). "Technological Choices: Ceramic Manufacture and Use at the Antrex Site (AjGv-38)". Ontario Archaeology 89/90: 69–96.

[Driver_1957-6] 1 2 Driver (1957). "Comparative Studies of North American Indians". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 47 (2): 165–456. DOI:10.2307/1005714.

[Oetelaar_2016-7] Oetelaar (February 2016). "Evidence of cultural responses to the impact of the Mazama ash fall from deeply stratified archaeological sites in southern Alberta, Canada.". Quaternary International 394: 17–36. DOI:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.08.015.

[Thoms_2009-8] Thoms (March 2009). "Rocks of ages: propagation of hot-rock cookery in western North America". Journal of Archaeological Science 36 (3): 573–591. DOI:10.1016/j.jas.2008.11.016.

[9] Robertson (2001). "Mourning, Curing, Feasting or Industry? The Interpretation of the Quinte and Perch Lake Mounds". Ontario Archaeology 72: 38–63.

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