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Sydney Brenner

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Sydney Brenner CH FRS FMedSci MAE (13 Jenụwarị 1927 - 5 Eprel 2019) [1][2] bụ onye South Africa nwere akara ugo mmụta maka ihe ndị dị ndụ. N'afọ 2002, ya na H. Robert Horvitz na Sir John E. Sulston kerịtara Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine.[3] Brenner nyere aka dị ukwuu n'ịrụ ọrụ na koodu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na mpaghara ndị ọzọ nke molecular biology mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Laboratory of Molecular Biology nke Medical Research Council (MRC) na Cambridge, England. O guzobere òkpò Caenorhabditis elegans dị ka ihe nlereanya maka nnyocha nke ihe ọmụmụ developmental biology, ma guzobe Molecular Sciences Institute na Berkeley, California, mba Amerika. [4] [5][6][7][8] 

Agụmakwụkwọ na mmalite ndụ

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A mụrụ Brenner n'obodo Germiston dị na Transvaal mgbe ahụ (nke dị na Gauteng taa), South Africa, na 13 Jenụwarị 1927. Nne na nna ya, Leah[9] (a mụrụ n'ezinụlọ Blecher) na Morris Brenner, bụ Ndị Juu kwagara mba ọzọ. Nna ya, onye na-eme akpụkpọ ụkwụ, si Lithuania bịa South Africa n'afọ 1910, nne ya si Riga, Latvia, n'afọ 1922. O nwere otu nwanne nwanyị, Phyllis.[10][11]

Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Germiston High School na Mahadum Witwatersrand . Ebe ọ sonyeere mahadum ahụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, a chọpụtara n'afọ nke abụọ ya na ọ ga-adị ntorobịa ukwuu itozu maka ịrụ ọrụ ahụike na ngwụcha afọ isii ya, ya mere e nyere ya ohere inweta nzere Bachelor of Science na Anatomy na Physiology. N'oge a, Joel Mandelstam kụziiri ya physical kemịstrị, Alfred Oettle kụziiri ya microscopy, ebe Harold Daitz kụziiri ya neurology. Ọ nwetakwara nkuzi izizi banyere anthropology na paleontology site n'aka Raymond Dart na Robert Broom. Onye gụrụ histology bụ Joseph Gillman bụkwa onye nduzi nnyocha na ngalaba Anatomy rụgidere Brenner ka ọ gaa n'ihu inweta nzere mbụ ya ma karịa, inwetakwa nzere MSc. Brenner kwetara ọ bụ ezie na nke a ga-apụta na ọ gaghị agụsị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike nke ha-akwụsịkwa ego a na-akwụ ya. Ọ kwadoro onwe ya n'oge a site n'ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ nnyocha. Ọ bụ n'oge a, n'afọ 1945, ka Brenner ga-ebipụta ọrụ ndị sayensị mbụ ya. Akwụkwọ edemede inweta nzere Masta ya bụ na ngalaba cytogenetics na mbipụta n'oge a n'ọ́gbọ́ ọmụmụ Brenner ga-emecha kpọọ Cell Physiology.[10]

N'afọ 1946, Wilfred Le Gros Clark kpọrọ Brenner na Ngalaba Anatomy ya na Oxford, n'oge ọ gara njem nleta South Africa. A gbara Brenner ume ka ọ gụchaa agụmakwụkwọ na ngalaba ahụike ya. Brenner laghachiri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike ebe ọ dara ọmụmụ ọgwụ, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ daa ịwa ahụ ma nweta nzere klas mbụ na Obstetrics na Gynecology. Mgbe ọnwa isii gachara, Brenner agụgharịchaala Medicine and Surgery ma n'afọ 1951 nweta nzere Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBCh). [10]

Brenner natara ime ngosi agụmakwụkwọ n'ezi nke afọ 1851 site na Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 nke nyeere ya aka ịgụzu ma nweta nzere Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) na Mahadum Oxford dị ka nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị Mahadum na Exeter College, Oxford, nke Cyril Hinshelwood lekọtara. [12]

Ọrụ na ime nnyocha

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Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị DPhil ya, Brenner mere nnyocha na-esi inweta nzere ọkankuzi na California,_Berkeley" id="mwzw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="University of California, Berkeley">Mahadum California, Berkeley . [13] Ọ nọrọ afọ iri abụọ sochirinụ na Laboratory of Molecular Biology na Cambridge. N'ebe ahụ, n'ime afọ ndị 1960, o mere ntinye na molecular biology, mgbe ahụ ọ bụ ngalaba na-apụta apụta. N'afọ 1976, ọ sonyeere Salk Institute na California .

Ya na Jack Dunitz, Dorothy Hodgkin, Leslie Orgel, na Beryl M. Oughton, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ na Eprel 1953 ịhụ ihe nlereanya nke ọdịdị DNA, nke Francis Crick na James Watson wuru; n'oge ahụ ya na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba Kemịstrị nke Mahadum Oxford. Ihe nlereanya DNA ọhụrụ ahụ masịrị ha niile, ọkachasị Brenner, onye mechara soro Crick rụọ ọrụ na ụlọ nnyocha Cavendish dị na Mahadum Cambridge na ụlọ nyocha ahụike e mepere ọhụrụ Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB). Dị ka Beryl Oughton, onye mechara bụrụ Rimmer, si kwuo, ha niile ji ụgbọala abụọ mee njem mgbe Dorothy Hodgkin gwara ha na ha na-aga Cambridge iji hụ ihe nlereanya nke ọdịdị DNA.

Brenner mere ọtụtụ ihe ntinye dị mkpa na ngalaba Molecular Biology na-apụta apụta na afọ ndị 1960 (lee Phage group). Nke mbụ bụ igosi na usoro koodu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa niile na-ekpuchi ekpuchi agaghị ekwe omume. Nghọta a kewara ọrụ koodu site na mgbochi nhazi dị ka George Gamow chepụtara na koodu dị nkọ. Nke a mere ka Francis Crick chepụta echiche nke molekụl a na-eche n'echiche (nke e mechara mara dị ka transfer RNA ma ọ bụ tRNA) nke na-ebufe ozi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa site na RNA gaa na protein. Brenner nyere aha ahụ "adaptor hypothesis" n'afọ 1955.[14] Nkewa a hụrụ anya n'etiti anticodon na amino acid dị na tRNA bụ ihe ndabere maka ozi na-aga n'otu ụzọ na usoro ndụ nwere koodu. A maara nke a dị ka nkwenkwe dị mkpa nke molecular biology, ya bụ, ozi na-esi na nucleic acid gaa na protein ma ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụla ọ na-esite na protein gaa na nucleic acid. N'ịgbaso nghọta nkwụnye a, Brenner chepụtara maka messenger RNA n'oge mkparịta ụka Eprel 1960 ya na Crick na François Jacob, nke ọ gara n'ihu ya na Jacob na Matthew Meselson igosi ịdị adị ya n'oge ọkọchị ahụ.[15] Mgbe ahụ, ya na Crick, Leslie Barnett, na Richard J. Watts-Tobin, Brenner gosipụtara ọdịdị atọ nke koodu ntụgharị protein site na nnwale sayensị nke Crick (Brenner, Barnett, Watts-tobin na ndị òtù ya mere nke afọ 1961, nke chọpụtara frameshift mutations.[16] Brenner ịrụkọ ọrụ ya na Sarabhai, Stretton na Bolle n'afọ 1964, na-eji amber mutants nwere nkwarụ na bacteriophage T4D protein isi, gosipụtara na usoro nucleotide nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ na usoro amino acid nke eriri polypeptide na-agakọ.

Tinyere ọrụ decoding nke Marshall Warren Nirenberg na ndị ọzọ, nchọpụta nke ọdịdị atọ nke koodu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị oke mkpa iji kọwaa koodu ahụ.[17] Barnett nyere aka guzobe ụlọ nnyocha Sydney Brenner na Singapore, ka ọtụtụ afọ gasịrị.[18]

Esther Lederberg, Gunther Stent, Sydney Brenner na Joshua Lederberg ka esere ha foto n'afọ 1965

Brenner, ya na George Pieczenik, [19] mepụtara nnyocha matrix kọmputa mbụ nke nucleic acid site na iji TRAC, nke Brenner nọgidere na-eji. Crick, Brenner, Klug na Pieczenik laghachiri n'ọrụ mbụ ha ịkọwa koodu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na akwụkwọ ọsụ ụzọ ha gbasara mmalite nke protein synthesis, ebe ihe ndị mgbochi dịịrị mRNA na tRNA jikọtara aka pụta na-enye ohere maka mmekọrịta ise na ntụgharị nke anticodon loop, wee si otú ahụ mepụta usoro ntụgharị koodu atọ n'achọghị ribosome. Ihe nlereanya a chọrọ koodu na-ekpuchi ibe ya nw'obere.[20] Akwụkwọ sayensị e bipụtara dị oke ụkọ n'ihi na ndị rụkọrọ ọrụ iji bipụta ya gụnyere ndị edemede atọ bụ ndị ghọrọ ndị nrite Nobel.[21]

Ihe nrite na Nkwanye Ùgwù

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Brenner nwetara ọtụtụ ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ, gụnyere: [22][23]  

Ndụ onwe onye

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Brenner lụrụ May Brenner (a mụrụ n'ezinụlọ Covitz, mesịrị bụrụ Balkind) site na Disemba 1952 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na Jenụwarị 2010; [24] ụmụ ha gụnyere Belinda, Carla, Stefan, na nwa nwunye ya Jonathan Balkind sitere na alụmdi mbụ nwunye ya lụrụ Marcus Balkind. Ọ biri na Ely, Cambridgeshire. Ọ bụ onye na-ekweghị na Chineke.[25]

Brenner nwụrụ na 5 Eprel 2019, na Singapore, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri itoolu na abụọ.[3] [26][27]

Hụkwa

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  • Ndepụta nke ndị Juu nwetara nrite Nobel

Edensibịa

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  1. ↑ Wade. "Sydney Brenner, a Decipherer of the Genetic Code, Is Dead at 92", The New York Times, 5 April 2019. Retrieved on 8 April 2019.
  2. ↑ White (2020). "Sydney Brenner. 13 January 1927—5 April 2019". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 69: 78–108. DOI:10.1098/rsbm.2020.0022. 
  3. 1 2 Friedberg (2019). "Sydney Brenner (1927–2019) Mischievous steward of molecular biology's golden age". Nature 568 (7753): 459. DOI:10.1038/d41586-019-01192-9. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 30988427.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "fried" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ Hodgkin (1977). "Mutations causing transformation of sexual phenotype in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.". Genetics 86 (2 Pt. 1): 275–87. DOI:10.1093/genetics/86.2.275. ISSN 0016-6731. PMID 560330. 
  5. ↑ Brenner (1993). "Characterization of the pufferfish (Fugu) genome as a compact model vertebrate genome". Nature 366 (6452): 265–68. DOI:10.1038/366265a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 8232585. 
  6. ↑ de Chadarevian (2009). "Interview with Sydney Brenner". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 40 (1): 65–71. DOI:10.1016/j.shpsc.2008.12.008. ISSN 1369-8486. PMID 19268875. 
  7. ↑ Friedberg (2008). "Sydney Brenner". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 9 (1): 8–9. DOI:10.1038/nrm2320. ISSN 1471-0072. PMID 18159633. 
  8. ↑ Sydney Brenner publications. Google Scholar. Archived from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved on 28 September 2008.
  9. ↑ Errol C. Friedberg. Sydney Brenner: A Biography. cshlpress.com. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved on 5 April 2019.
  10. 1 2 3 Sydney Brenner, Biographical. nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved on 6 April 2019. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "autobiography" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ Brenner, Sydney (1927– ) World of Microbiology and Immunology. encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved on 27 July 2016.
  12. ↑ Dr Sydney Brenner (en). Exeter College. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved on 6 April 2019.
  13. ↑ Sydney Brenner: Senior Distinguished Fellow of the Crick-Jacobs Center. Salk Institute. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved on 25 August 2015.
  14. ↑ Crick (1955). On Degenerate Templates and the Adaptor Hypothesis: A Note for the RNA Tie Club. National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved on 2022-07-21.
  15. ↑ Cobb (29 June 2015). "Who discovered messenger RNA?". Current Biology 25 (13): R526–R532. DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.032. PMID 26126273. 
  16. ↑ Crick (1961). "General nature of the genetic code for proteins". Nature 192 (4809): 1227–32. DOI:10.1038/1921227a0. PMID 13882203. 
  17. ↑ Goldstein (May 30, 2019). The Thrill of Defeat: What Francis Crick and Sydney Brenner taught me about being scooped. Nautilus. Archived from the original on 10 December 2021. Retrieved on Jan 21, 2021.
  18. ↑ Kaplish (19 February 2014). Uncovering a scientific life in the archives. Wellcome Library blog. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved on 5 April 2019.
  19. ↑ Letter by Brenner (primary source). rutgers.edu. Archived from the original on 7 November 2004. Retrieved on 8 April 2019.
  20. ↑ Crick (December 1976). "A speculation on the origin of protein synthesis.". Origins of Life 7 (4): 389–97. DOI:10.1007/BF00927934. PMID 1023138. 
  21. ↑ Crick won a Nobel prize in 1962, Brenner in 2002, and Klug in 1982. However, this is not the only case. See Barton (March 1954). "The constitutions of cevine and some related alkaloids". Experientia 10 (3): 81–90. DOI:10.1007/BF02158513. PMID 13161888.  Barton (1969), Prelog (1975) and Woodward (1965) all became Nobel winners.
  22. ↑ Sydney Brenner CV. ETH Zurich. Archived from the original on 9 November 2018. Retrieved on 6 April 2019.
  23. ↑ Sydney Brenner Curriculum Vitae. NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved on 6 April 2019.
  24. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named whoswho
  25. ↑ István Hargittai (2006). Candid Science VI: More Conversations with Famous Scientists. World Scientific. ISBN 9781908977533. Retrieved on 5 September 2020. 
  26. ↑ Shuzhen (5 April 2019). Sydney Brenner, 'father of the worm' and decoder of DNA, dies at 92. asianscientist.com. Archived from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved on 5 April 2019.
  27. ↑ Sydney Brenner (1927–2019). MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (5 April 2019). Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved on 6 April 2019.

Ịgụrụ Gawa

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  • Soraya De Chadarevian; Designs For Life: Molecular Biology After World War II, CUP 2002, 444 pp;  
  • Francis Crick; What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery (Basic Books reprint edition, 1990)  
  • Georgina Ferry; 'Max Perutz na Nzuzo nke Ndụ', (Chatto & Windus 2007) 352pp, . Maka foto a na-enweghị isi. 
  • Robert Olby; Francis Crick: Hunter of Life's Secrets, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, , bipụtara na 25 August 2009. 
  • Max Perutz; Olee oge m nwere: Akwụkwọ ozi ahọpụtara. , CSHL Press 2008, 506pp . Maka foto nwere nkọwa. 
  • Matt Ridley; Francis Crick: Discoverer of the Genetic Code (Eminent Lives) nke mbụ e bipụtara na June 2006 na US na UK September 2006, site na HarperCollins Publishers; 192 pp,  ; na akwụkwọ mpịakọta, site na Atlas Books (na ndepụta), .  
  • Sydney Brenner Collection Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Archives
  • Lewis Wolpert; Otu anyị si ebi ndụ na ihe mere anyị ji nwụọ, Faber na Faber 2009, 240 peeji;  

Njikọ mpụga

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