Tarka sastra
Tarka Shastra bụ okwu Sanskrit maka nkà ihe ndị nke dialectics, Arụmụka na-agụ, na nkà nke ike nke na-Shastra na isi iyi nke ihe na-achọ na izi ezi ya.[1] Shastra na Sanskrit repere ihe na-enye nkuzi, achọta ma ọ bụ iwu. Tarka isi ma ọ bụ isi. Dị ka otu isi kwuo, e nwere shastras isii. Vyākaraṇa bụ otu n'ime ha. Anọ n'ime shastras dị mkpa: Vyākaraṇa, Mīmāṃsā, Tarka, na Vedanta.
Tarka shastra nwere echiche a na-akpọ purva paksha na apara paksha. Mgbe otu na-ebuli otu isi (purva paksha) otu nke ọzọ na-akatọ ya (apara paksha). Mgbe ahụ ụgbọ. Onye ọlụ na-anwa echiche echiche ya site n'inweta ihe odide dị iche iche. Ihe okwu tarka bụkwa ihe a kapịrị ọnụ, n'ihi na ọ naghị egosi ezi uche dị na ya kama ọ bụ ọrụ dị ka anya nke okwu nke ọmụmụ na fim siri ike na-eduzi.
Tarka-Sangraha bụ ederede ntọala nke a na-agba ọsọ dị ka ngwaọrụ maka ịdị na okwu e dere ya na ọkara nke abụọ nke mbụ afụ nke iri na asaa OA. Enwere ike ị mmetụta Tarka dị ka "arụmụka efu". Tarka bụ usoro nke ọdịnaya na ike nke na-eduga na nkwubi okwu. Ọ bụ ụdị echiche nke echiche ike iji mee ihe dị ka eze iji nweta ihe ngosi ziri ezi.
E nwere ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa ma ọ dị ka ndị mara Tarka shastra nke ọma: Adi Shankara (nrị afụ nke isii OA), Udyotakara (Nyāyavārttika, gaara afɔ nke isii na mfe afɔ nke asaa), Vācaspati Miśra (Tatparyatika, ma afã na nkekaa), Ramanujacharya (narị nke malite) Udayanaparyacharya ( iriyacharya) (Nyāyaman, Afọ apụ, Madhvacharya (13th, Nyāyarya) (Nāyas), Rāvāwarawarawarawara, Narịya, Narịh1724) (nary, Narị apụ nke iri na iri na iri na iri na àmà). Paruthiyur Krishna Sastri (1842-1911) na Sengalipuram Anantarama Dikshitar (1903-1969) bụ ndị adị na Vyākaraṇa, Mīmāṃsā na Tarka shastra.
Ihe odide
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Akwụkwọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Tucci (July 1929). "Buddhist Logic before Diṅnāga (Asaṅga, Vasubandhu, Tarka-śāstras)". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 61 (3): 451–488. DOI:10.1017/S0035869X00151524.
- Vassiliev (1937). "'Ju-shih Lun': A Logical Treatise Ascribed to Vasubandhu". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London 8 (4): 1013–1037. DOI:10.1017/s0041977x00082367.
- Krishna Jain (2011). Tarka-śāstra: eka rūpa-rekhā (Raj Verma Sinha, translator) [A textbook of logic: an introduction]. Naī Dillī: Ḍī. Ke. Priṇṭavarlḍa. Templeeti:ISBNISBN 9788124604274, Templeeti:ISBN,Templeeti:OCLC [language: Hindi, translated from 2007 English original Templeeti:ISBN, Templeeti:ISBN, Templeeti:OCLC]
- Pavitra Kumāra Śarmā (2007). Tarka śāstra. Jayapura: Haṃsā Prakāśana. Templeeti:OCLCOCLC 309717739 [language: Hindi]
- Gulābarāya. Tarka śāstra. Kāśī: Nāgarīpracāriṇī Sabhā. Templeeti:OCLCOCLC 33938711 [language: Hindi] (on Hindu logic)
- George William Brown (1915). Hindi logic. Jubbulpore: Christian Mission Press. Templeeti:OCLCOCLC 82179416 [language: Hindi]