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Tharu

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Nke Tharu ( Tharu : थारु, Hindi ) ma ọ bụ Tharuhat ( Nepali ) asụsụ bụ nke ọ bụla n'ime asụsụ Indo-Aryan nke ndị Tharu nke mpaghara Terai na Nepal na-asụ na mpaghara Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh na Bihar na India na-asụ. [1] [2]

A na-asụ asụsụ Tharu n'ime obodo Tharu. Asụsụ ndị a yiri asụsụ ndị ọzọ gbara agbata obi. Asụsụ Tharu bụ otu n'ime asụsụ a kacha asụ na Nepal . [3]

Agbanyeghi na nhazi nke ha nke ọma n'ime Indo-Aryan ka ejighị n'aka, asụsụ Tharu nwere myirịta dị elu na asụsụ ndị agbata obi dịka Kumaoni, Awadhi, Maithili, Bengali, Rajbanshi na Bhojpuri . Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke ụfọdụ ezinaụlọ Tharu na-egosi ihe mgbe ochie, ' ụmụ amaala ' substratum, nwere ike na-ebu ụzọ ma ndị Sino-Tibet ma ọ bụ Indo-Aryan . Asụsụ Tharu yiri ka ọ bụ mgbanwe n'ime ọnọdụ Indo-Aryan.

Asụsụ na olumba

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Obodo Tharu dị n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke Nepal na India anaghị asụ otu asụsụ dịka agbụrụ ndị ọzọ n'ihi na ọ dị iche n'etiti ọwụwa anyanwụ, etiti na ọdịda anyanwụ Terai. Enwere asụsụ Tharu dị iche iche na-asụ site n'ọtụtụ obere obere mkpọmkpọ ebe nke Tharu gbasasịrị n'ọtụtụ mpaghara Terai. Myirịta lexical n'etiti asụsụ Tharu dị iche iche dịgasị n'etiti 81% na 51% dabere na asụsụ Tharu. [4]

Asụsụ Western Tharu

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Dangaura na Kathariya Tharu bụ Tharu dị iche iche nwere nghọta nke na-asụ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Osimiri Gandaki, nke ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 1.3. [5] [6] Ọzọkwa, ụdị ọzọ nke Tharu, nke a maara dị ka Sonha, na Dangaura nwere nghọta nke ukwuu. [7]

Rana Tharu na Buksa bụ ụdị Tharu nwere nghọta n'etiti ihe ruru mmadụ 250,000 na-asụ n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke osimiri Karnali yana na steeti India nke Uttrakahand na Uttar Pradesh . Ọ dị ka Western Hindi na Awadhi. [8] Charter Nepal nke dị ụbọchị 18 Mee 2020 depụtara Rana Tharus dị ka agbụrụ dị iche na asụsụ ha dị ka asụsụ pụrụ iche. [9]

Asụsụ Central Tharu

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Chitwania Tharu makwaara dị ka Lalpuriya Tharu, Madhya Ksetriya Tharu ma ọ bụ Central Tharu bụ ndị na-ekwu okwu 250,000 n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Gandaki, na na gburugburu Chitwan Valley . Ụfọdụ ụdịdị Chitwania yiri ka ha na Manchad, asụsụ Sino-Tibet nwere myirịta nkwuwa okwu. [10]

Asụsụ Eastern Tharu

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Kochila Tharu a na-akpọkwa Moangiya, Saptariya Tharu, Madhya-Purbiya Tharu ma ọ bụ Mid-Eastern Tharu bụ ụdị Tharu dị iche iche, nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 250,000 na-asụ, na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ na etiti Nepal. [11] A naghị ahụ obodo Kochila Tharu iche, mana ha na-ebi na mpaghara ndị na-asụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ jikọtara ọnụ. "N'adịghị ka ọdịda anyanwụ Terai ebe ndị Tharus bụ naanị agbụrụ na-achị achị, ọwụwa anyanwụ - karịsịa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ - Terai bụ ọtụtụ agbụrụ nwere njikọ asụsụ dị iche iche bi." Kochila nwere isi olumba atọ a na-asụ n'etiti etiti etiti na ọwụwa anyanwụ Nepal nke bụ Western Kochila, Saptariya Kochila na Morangiya Kochila na ndabere nke ọgụgụ isi ha. [12]

Ọnọdụ gọọmentị

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Asụsụ Tharu bụ asụsụ nke anọ a na-asụkarị na Nepal na-aza 5.88% nke ngụkọta ndị Nepal dịka ngụkọ 2021. [13] [14] Dị ka iwu nke Nepal 2015 (2072 BS) si kwuo, asụsụ obodo niile a na-asụ na Nepal bụ asụsụ mba nke Nepal gụnyere Tharu. [15] Kọmịshọna Asụsụ Nepal akwadola ka Tharu bụrụ asụsụ nchịkwa gọọmentị na Lumbini na Sudurpaschim Province . [16] Kọmịshọna ahụ akwadokwara ka a mee Tharu ka ọ bụrụ asụsụ gọọmentị na mpaghara Nepal niile dịka Bagmati, Koshi, Madhesh, Gandaki na Karnali mpaghara maka mpaghara na ebumnuche dị na mpaghara ahụ. [17] Na ọkwa mpaghara, Tharu nwere ọkwa gọọmentị na Ghorahi sub-metropolitan nke Dang district . [18] [19] [20]

Nkesa ala

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Nepal

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Na Nepal a na-asụ asụsụ Tharu na mpaghara Terai niile site na osimiri Mechi dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo osimiri Mahakali dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na mpaghara ndị a: [14] [21]

  • Mpaghara Koshi : Mpaghara Jhapa, Mpaghara Morang, Mpaghara Sunsari na Udayapur District
  • Madhesh Province : Parsa District, Bara District, Rautahat District, Sarlahi District, Mahottari District, Siraha District na Saptari District.
  • Bagmati Province : Chitwan District, Makwanpur District, Sindhuli District na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu na Kathmandu ( Kathmandu District, Bhaktapur District na Lalitpur District )
  • Mpaghara Gandaki : Mpaghara Nawalpur na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu na mpaghara Kaski ( Pokhara )
  • Mpaghara Lumbini : Mpaghara Banke, Mpaghara Bardiya, Mpaghara Dang, Mpaghara Kapilvastu, Mpaghara Parasi na mpaghara Rupandehi
  • Mpaghara Karnali : Mpaghara Surkhet
  • Mpaghara Sudurpaschim : Kailali District na Kanchanpur District

Site na mmụba nke ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ na mbata mba ụwa ndị na-asụ Tharu apụtala na mpaghara ọ bụla nke Nepal na mba dị iche iche dịka US, Japan, Qatar, UAE na Australia. [22] [23]

India

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N'India a na-asụ asụsụ Tharu n'akụkụ oke ala Nepal. Na steeti Utrakhand a na-asụ ya na mpaghara Udham Singh Nagar . [24] Na Bihar, a na-asụ ya na mpaghara East Champaran na West Champaran . [25] Na Uttar Pradesh a na-asụ ya na mpaghara Lakhimpur Kheri, Balrampur, Shravasti, Gorakhpur, Basti, Bahraich na Gonda . [2]

fonology

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Ndị na-esonụ nwere ọtụtụ n'ime olu Daungara na Rana:

Consonants

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Labial Dental/

Alveolar 		Retroflex Post-alv./

Palatal 		Velar Glottal
Stop/

Affricate 		voiceless Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:IPAlink
aspirated Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:IPAlink
voiced Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:IPAlink
breathy Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:IPAlink
Nasal voiced Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:IPAlink (Templeeti:IPA link) Templeeti:IPAlink
breathy Templeeti:IPA link Templeeti:IPA link Templeeti:IPA link
Fricative Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:IPAlink
Tap voiced Templeeti:IPAlink
breathy Templeeti:IPA link
Trill voiced (Templeeti:IPA link)
breathy (Templeeti:IPA link)
Lateral voiced Templeeti:IPAlink
breathy Templeeti:IPA link
Approximant Templeeti:IPAlink Templeeti:IPAlink
  • /n/ can be heard as a palatal [ɲ] when preceding a palatal affricate.
  • /ɾ, ɾ̤/ may be in free variation with trill sounds [r, r̤] in the Rana dialect.
  • Palato-alveolar affricate sounds /tʃ, tʃʰ, dʒ, dʒʱ/ are heard as alveolar affricate sounds [ts, tsʰ, dz, dzʱ] in the Rana dialect.[26]

Udaume

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N'ihu Central Azu
Elu i u
N'etiti e ə o
Dị ala a
Diphthong əi əu
  • Nasalization na-apụtakwa dị ka / ĩ, ũ, ẽ, ə̃, õ, ã /.
  • A na-anụ ụdaume / i, u, e, a / dị ka [ ɪ, ʊ, ɛ, ɑ ] mgbe ha nọ n'ụdị lax.
  • /ə / a na-anụ dị ka [ ɐ ] mgbe ọ na-ebu ụzọ ma ọ bụ na-eso consonants velar ma ọ bụ glottal.
  • /a / enwere ike ịnụ ka [ æ ] mgbe a na-eso /j / ma ọ bụ dị ka [ ɒ ] mgbe ị na-eso /w / . [27]

Ntụaka

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  1. ↑ Office of the Registrar General, India (2001). Uttaranchal. Data Highlights: The Scheduled Tribes. Census of India 2001. Retrieved on 2008-03-16.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Office of the Registrar General, India (2001). Uttar Pradesh. Data Highlights: The Scheduled Tribes. Census of India 2001.Office of the Registrar General, India (2001). "Uttar Pradesh. Data Highlights: The Scheduled Tribes. Census of India 2001" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ↑ Guneratne (2002). Many Tongues, One People: The Making of Tharu Identity in Nepal (in en). Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8728-6. 
  4. ↑ Krauskopff, G. (1995). "The anthropology of the Tharus: an annoted bibliography". Kailash 17 (3/4): 185–213. 
  5. ↑ Linguistic Survey of Nepal (LinSuN) Central Department of Linguistics Tribhuvan University. Dangaura Tharu language. Archived from the original on 2024-01-04. Retrieved on 2025-03-20.
  6. ↑ Copula Construction in Kathariya Tharu.
  7. ↑ Chaudhary. Phonological study of the Sonaha language.
  8. ↑ Dhakal. Notes on Rana Tharu language.
  9. ↑ @therecord. Five misconceptions about Rana Tharus - The Record (English). www.recordnepal.com. Retrieved on 2024-01-04.
  10. ↑ 1972 Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies (CNAS) & SIL International. Chitwan Tharu phonemic summary. Language and Culture Archives.
  11. ↑ LANGUAGE OF SAPTARIYA THARU.
  12. ↑ Linguistic Survey of Nepal (LinSuN). A Sociolinguistic Study of Kochila Tharu in Southeast Nepal. Archived from the original on 2022-10-23. Retrieved on 2022-10-08.
  13. ↑ Nepal languages. Retrieved on 15 Dec 2023.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 caste-ethnicity-report | national_population and housing_census_year results. censusnepal.cbs.gov.np. Retrieved on 2023-12-15."caste-ethnicity-report | national_population and housing_census_year results".
  15. ↑ The Constitution of Nepal. Nepal Law Commission. Retrieved on 28 October 2021.
  16. ↑ "सरकारी कामकाजको भाषाका आधारहरूको निर्धारण तथा भाषासम्बन्धी सिफारिसहरू (पञ्चवर्षीय प्रतिवेदन- साराांश) २०७८" Language Commission (in Nepali).. languagecommission.gov.np. Archived from the original on 6 September 2021. Retrieved on 2023-12-15.
  17. ↑ सरकारी कामकाजको भाषाका आधारहरूको निर्धारण तथा भाषासम्बन्धी सिफारिसहरू (पञ्चवर्षीय प्रतिवेदन- साराांश) २०७८ (ne). Language Commission. Language Commission of Nepal. Archived from the original on 2021-09-06. Retrieved on 2023-12-15.
  18. ↑ Ghorahi to start classes in Tharu language (Nepali). english.ratopati.com. Retrieved on 2023-12-15.
  19. ↑ Native language teaching fails to impress Tharu community (English). kathmandupost.com. Retrieved on 2023-12-15.
  20. ↑ Tharu to become official language in Ghorahi (en). My Republica. Retrieved on 2024-04-04.
  21. ↑ Map View: Table LANGUAGE - NepalMap. nepalmap.org. Retrieved on 2024-04-04.
  22. ↑ Nepali Tharu community is all set to celebrate maghi festival for the first time in Australia (en). SBS Language. Retrieved on 2023-12-15.
  23. ↑ Nepalese Tharu community celebrates Maghi (en). Gulf Times (2016-02-16). Retrieved on 2024-01-27.
  24. ↑ Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttarakhand. www.censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  25. ↑ PTI (2022-06-12). Bihar: Tharu and Surjapuri languages facing extinction (en-US). ThePrint. Retrieved on 2023-12-15.
  26. ↑ Dhakal. Notes on Rana Tharu Grammar Notes. 
  27. ↑ Boehm (2003). A Descriptive Phonology of Dangaura Tharu. 
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