The Religious System of the Amazulu
. [1]
Na Crowds and Power, Elias Canetti dere aha The Religious System of the Amazulu, "Ọ bụ otu n'ime akwụkwọ ndị dị mkpa nke ihe ngosi mmadụ.".
Ọrụ Ndị A Na-enye Ụgwọ na Quakerism
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Henry Callaway bụ bishọp ozi ala ọzọ mbụ nke St. John's Kafraria na South Africa. Akwụkwọ akụkọ na Jenụwarị 17, 1817, na Lymington Somerset. Mgbe ọ mụsịrị Callaway, akara ya kwagara London ma akara Crediton ebe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Crediton Grammar School. Callaway wee gaa bụrụ osote onye nkuzi na obere ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Heavitree. N'oge ọ nọ na Heavitree, onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, William Dymond mere ka ọ mata echiche nke Quakerism. Ọ nwere n'iche nke Quakerism na n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1837, a nabatara Henry Callaway ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Society of Friends, nke bụ otu ndị Quakers. A nabatara saịtị n'ụdị Quaker nke ọ akparị na nhọrọ na Wellington. Mgbe ọtụtụ afọ ya na nkuzi nkuzi, o ike n'iji achụ.[2]
Ọrụ Ozi ala ọzọ nke Chọọchị Angelican
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mgbe ọ gbasịrị ọrụ yqa n'imejis, ọ ememme na Quakerism nke mere ka ọ sonye na ndị Angelican. N'afọ 1854, o degaara bishọp nke Natal, John William Colenso, akwụkwọ ozi, na-enye ọrụ ya maka ọrụ ozi ala ọzọ. Society for the Propagation of the Gospel nabatara Callaway n'ime iri na atọ n'ọgọstụ ma họpụta ya dị ka dikọn na Norwich.[1] Ya na ozi ya England n'ụbọchị iri abụọ na isii n'afọ Ọgọstụ gaa South Africa ebe Callaway akụkọ ọrụ ozi ala ọzọ ya. Mgbe afu 4 nke ije ozi ya ma, e nyere Callaway ala kpọgidere Umkomanzi, o wee biri n'ugbo Dutch tọgbọrọ n'efu na Insunguze, nke ọkpara Spring Vale. Saịtị n'ebe ahụ, Callaway kwuru, amụma, omenala, na omenala ụmụ amaala.[2]
Ọ chọkwara ịkọwa ezi ihe Unkulunkulu pụtara n'ihi na enwere arụmụka gbara gburugburu. Reverend Owen na George Champion kwuru na Unkulunkulu bụ okwu a na-ezo aka na Onye isi oge ochie. Ndị ozi ala ọzọ America ndị ọzọ jụrụ echiche ha wee mee ka okwu Unkulunkulu bụrụ okwu kwesịrị ekwesị maka Chineke. Callaway kpebiri ime nchọpụta nke onwe ya ma mee nkwubi okwu dị iche na Colenso na Bleek.[3] N'ịbụ onye ụzọ ndị Zulu kpaliri, o bipụtara ọrụ ya, The Religious System of the Amazulu . [2]
Nchịkọta nke Usoro Okpukpe nke Amazulu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]The Religious System of the Amazulu bụ akwụkwọ na-eso ọmụmụ ifo nke e dere n'amara na Medical. Akwụkwọ a na-akụkọ, ọdịnala, na-eke nke ndị Amazulu. E kewara ya n'ụdị anọ, Unkulunkulu, Amathonga, Izinyanga Zokubhula, na Abathakathi. Akwụkwọ a nkọwa ọ blla dị nss, ederede nke emee ma ọ bụ ihe ọ gbakwunye ike ụdị ahụ. O nwere echiche nke echiche Callaway nwere ikike na ya.[1]Unkulunku na-achọ anya na Unkulunkulu n'onwe ya na-eme okike site n'echiche nke ndị Zulu. Amathonga na-ekwu maka ọdịnala nke ofufe nna nna. Ozi Izinyanga na- alụ anya na ndị na-akọ omenala. N'ikpeazụ, Zokubhula bụ maka ngwaọrụ na ngwaọrụ amoosu nke Zulu.[1]
Unkulunkulu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]E nweela ọtụtụ nkọwa nke okwu Unkulunkulu. Ndị ozi ala ọzọ America kọwara okwu a dị ka "Chineke". Reverend Owen na George Champion kwuru na a na-ezo aka n'okwu ahụ na Ancient Chief. Site na nyocha onwe onye nke Callaway, ọ kọwara na okwu ahụ n'onwe ya bụ ihe ịma aka na ihe na-enye nghọta. N'afọ 1870, o kwuru na Unkulunkulu bụ okwu e chepụtara site na Gardiner, ọ bụghị mmalite Zulu. O kwuru na okwu Unkulunkulu na-egosipụta oge ochie, afọ, agadi, nna nna. Ndị AmuZulu kwenyere na Unkulunkulu bụ nna nna mbụ, onye na-adịghị anwụ anwụ ma ọ bụ ebighi ebi.[3] A makwaara Unkulunkulu dị ka nne na nna nke ndị Zulu niile. Ha kwenyere na ọ bụ ya kụziiri ha otu esi achụ nta, mee ọkụ, na ịkọ nri. Ọ bụghị naanị ndị Unkulunkulu, kamakwa a na-enye ndị ikom mbụ aha ndị ọzọ bụ Umvelinqangi na Uthlanga. Okwu atọ a gosipụtara akụkụ dị iche iche nke Unkulunkulu na nkwenye Zulu. Ndị Amazulu kwenyekwara na ịdị adị nke Amathongo, ndị bụ mmụọ nke ndị nna nna nyere site na Unkulunkulu iji duzie ndị mmadụ.[4]
[5] Chidester kwuru na Callaway gosi akwụkwọ ahụ, The Religious System of the Amazulu, dị ka "ihe ngosi ma ọ bụ ike nke ndụ nrọ Afrịka". N'ihe gbasara ụbọbụenyi, akwụkwọ a akpatala ndị ọrụ obodo nyere, nyọcha ethnographic maka ndị ozi ala ọzọ nke Ndị ahịa, ndị Afrịka na-eka maka ndị Zulu. Akwụkwọ ya ihe a ma ama maka inye ntọala nke ngwa maka maka ndị ahọpụta asụsụ ụmụ E. B. Taylor.
N'ihe gbasara ọchịchị ndị eze, akwụkwọ ahụ enyewo nghọta banyere akụkụ ime mmụọ na ihe onwunwe nke nrọ ndị Aborigine na mpaghara kọntaktị. Ha kwuru na ha achọtawo ihe akaebe nke nrọ ndị jikọtara ya na idebe ememe ọdịnala nke mgbanwe na ọnụnọ ndị nna nna. Forbye, ha na-achọpụta nkwụsịtụ nke nrọ site na ọnọdụ ndị ọchịchị na-achị achị nke nnweta na nchụpụ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ agụmakwụkwọ ahụ ghọtara na nrọ ndị ahụ akwagala n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị eze, akụkọ Zulu tụrụ aro na nrọ ahụ ka dị ka ihe na-eme ka a kwurịta okwu na ịnyagharị n'ime mpaghara kọntaktị.[5]
Echiche na Ụkpụrụ Zulu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Axel-Ivar Berglund bipụtara akwụkwọ akpọrọ Zulu Thoughts and Patterns ebe o hotara ma gosipụta ihe ndị dị na The Religious System of The Amazulu . O hotara echiche Callaway banyere ndị Zulu n'oge ahụ na enweghị ọdịiche doro anya n'etiti chi eluigwe na onyinyo. Burgland kwuru na ndị Zulu dị ugbu a na-egosipụta ọdịiche doro anya dị n'etiti Onyenwe Eluigwe na onyinyo.[6] Akwụkwọ ahụ kwukwara ụfọdụ n'ime mmetụta Callaway mere site na akwụkwọ ya. O mere mmetụta nke ịdọrọ mmasị nke ndị ozi ala ọzọ, ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ, ndị ọkà n'ihe gbasara agbụrụ, ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ochie na ndị mmadụ n'ozuzu. O kwuru na The Religious System of the Amazulu aghọwo otu n'ime nkume ndị na-agafe agafe iji "kụzie Bekee Zulu ma ọ bụ Bekee Zulu".[6]
Sir H. Rider Haggard zoro aka na ike ahụ n'okwu nke ndị Zulus ya, Nada the Lily (1892). Nadine Gordimer akwụkwọ ihe ndị sitere n' akwụkwọ ahụ na akwụkwọ nke isi akwụkwọ nke akwụkwọ ya The Conservationist .
Ihe odide
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 About Sacred-texts.com. www.sacred-texts.com. Retrieved on 2020-03-25. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Lee [1901] (c. 1996). The dictionary of national biography : founded in 1882 by George Smith, Robarts - University of Toronto, London Oxford University Press. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 3.0 3.1 Weir (May 2005). "Whose Unkulunkulu?". Africa 75 (2): 203–219. DOI:10.3366/afr.2005.75.2.203. ISSN 0001-9720. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Callaway, Henry, 1817-1890. [1870] (1885). The religious system of the Amazulu. Izinyanga zokubhula; or, Divination, as existing among the Amazulu, in their own words, with a translation into English, and notes.. Natal, J.A. Blair. OCLC 58875171.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Chidester (2008-02-05). "Dreaming in the Contact Zone: Zulu Dreams, Visions, and Religion in Nineteenth-Century South Africa". Journal of the American Academy of Religion 76 (1): 27–53. DOI:10.1093/jaarel/lfm094. ISSN 0002-7189.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Berglund, Axel-Ivar (1989). Zulu thought-patterns and symbolism. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21205-7. OCLC 831327017.