Thunderstone (akụkọ ọdịnala)

^[1] nkume égbè na-abụ anyụike aka, ọrụ nkume, ma ọ bụ ihe ochie nke e ji mee ihe dị ka ọtụmọkpọ iji chebe ma ọ bụ ụlọ.[1] Aha ahụ sitere na ochie oge ochie na a idera ihe ahụ n'ebe àmụ̀mà mkpa.[2] A na-akpọkwa ha Ceraunia (okwu Latin, nke sitere na okwu Grik κεραυνος, nke abụọ abụọ "ogbo égbè ejide").

Akụkọ ọdịnala nke Thunderstone

Omenala Europe

Ndị Albania na ike gọzie elu nke égbè Eluigwe (kokrra na rụrụfesë ma ọ bụ guri i rejës), nke e na-akpa na a na-ahụ ya n'oge égbè na-ada ma si n'obi daa. A na-echekwa égbè ndụ na ndụ dị ka Ihe ofufe dị mkpa. E na iwebata ha n'ime ụlọ ga- ndị mmadụ akara, akara, na anụ ahụ, ụmụ ụlọ na ọrụ ugbo, ma ọ bụ na égbè Nwe akụ ndị nwe égbè .[1] E na ìtàn ihe ndị na-arọpụta echiche nwe ikike, nchekwa nchekwa nke anya ihe ma jiri ya mee ihe dị ka ọtụmọkpọ maka ehi na ụmụ dị ime.[5]

Ụwa oge ochie

Ndị Gris na ndị Rom, ma ọ akwụkwọ ala site n'Oge ndị Gris gaa n'ihu, jiri isi anyụike nkume Neolithic maka nkwado Apotropaic nke ụlọ.[1] Ihe e mere n'afọ 1985 ada ojiji a na-eji axes prehistoric eme ihe n' Ndị Rom na ndị Britain ọchịchị ihe atụ iri anọ, nke iri abụọ na-egosi n'ime ha akwụkwọ ya na ụlọ ụlọ Obodo ukwu, ihe owuwu agha dị ka Ogige ndị agha, ụlọ nsso, na ite ọkụ.^[2]

Oge Ụwa Na-emepechabeghị Anya

N'oge Middle Ages, a na- morennye n'ime nkume ndị a e ji nke ọma dị ka ngwá agha, nke e ji ịchụpụ Setan na ndị agha ya n'oge "agha n'ife". N'ihi ya, na adọ nke iri na, Eze Ukwu Byzantium nsogbu Eze Ukwu Rom dị nsọ "mkpu igwe"; na iche awụ de iri na abụọ, otu Bishhọp nke Rennes kwusiri ike na uru nke égbè dị ka ụzọ Chineke iji hụ na ihe ịga nke ọma n'agha, nchekwa n'oké osimiri, nchekwa echebe égbè, na akwụkwọ onwe-na-echekwa.

Akụkọ ọdịnala ndị Europe

Axe isi a hụrụ na 2700 BC Neolithic manufacture site na Switzerland, haziri n'oge dị iche iche nke mmepụta site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri.

Na Scandinavia, a na-efe égbè ugboro ugboro dị ka chi ndị na-egwu ịgba afa na amoosu. A na-awụnye biya n'elu ha dị ka nri, mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-ete ha Mmanya. Na Switzerland, onye nwe égbè na-eme ka ọ na-efegharị, na njedebe nke égbè, ugboro atọ gburugburu isi ya, ma tụba ya n'ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ ya mgbe ifufe na-eru nso iji amụ ụlọ ahụ. N'Ịtali, a na-ejinye ha n'olu iji chebe ha n'ibu na iji iji Anya ngwaahịa. N'oge ndị Rom, a na-akwa ha n'ime olu olu mgba obere coral iji ,Ụka njikere. Na Sweden, ha na-enye nkwado na ndị elf. Ruo na mkpa apụ nke iri na, ọ bụ ihe a na-emekarị na Limburg ire égbè n'ime akpa ihe ma buru ya n'obi, na ikike na ọ ga-eme ka ọrịa afọ dị. N'ụdị ụfọdụ nke Spain dịka ọmụmaatụ, mpaghara Salamanca, ekwere na site na ịfụ ẹzẹ na nchekwa ọ ga-enyere aka ọrịa ọrịa rheumatic.[1] Na French Alps ha na-echebe nchebe, ebe n'ebe ndị ọzọ na France a na-eche na ha na-eme ka i mee nwa dị mfe. N'etiti ndị Slav, ha na-ahụ warts na mmadụ na anụ ndị, na n'oge Passion Week ha nwere ihe eji eji ike akụ zoro ezo..

Omenala North America

Na North Carolina na Alabama, e nwera ọkụ na nkume ndị a na-etinye n'ime ọkụ ga-- hawks imerụ ahụ ahụ, ikike nke nwere ike isite n'echiche ndị Europe na akụ elf na-echebe anụ ụlọ. Na Brazil, a na-eji nkume dị ka nkume mkpu maka ihe, akụ na mmiri.

Akụkọ ọdịnala ndị American

Nkume ahụ bụ ihe ọtụtụ ahịa ndị India America na- ike. Dabere na Akụkọ ifo ohuru Pawnee, Morning Star nyere iwu ngwá agha nkume na ngwá ọrụ. N'etiti Ndị K'iche' nke Guatemala, e nwere ndị nwere ifo na nkume si n'obi daa wee gbajie n'ime 1600, nke ọ ALA n'ime ha onyonyo chi. A ka na-ahụ anya Tohil, chi nke nyere ha ọkụ, dị ka nkume. Akụkọ ifo a na-enye ihe yiri echiche zuru ụwa ọnụ na nkume égbè na-akpa, ọ na-echetarakwa otu esi chi Rom Jupiter n'ụdị nkume flint. Onye shaman Cherokee na-akpọku nkume mgbe ọ na-achọ ịta onye ọrịa egwu tupu ya ọgwụ ya. N'etiti ndị Pueblos, e nwere otu òtù ndị na-ahụ maka nkume nke, n'ọtụtụ ụdị, na-ahụ onwe ha maka ihu igwe na amoosu, mana mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-emetụta agha na ọgwụ.

Ihe ndị e gwupụtara n'ala dị ka égbè eluigwe

^[3] N'ọtụtụ ụzọ nke ndị England ruo n'etiti ụkwụ nke afọ nke iri na mgbaàmà, aha ọzọ a na-eme ihe maka fossil Echinoids bụ 'thunderstone', ọ bụ ebe na a na-eji fossils ndị ọzọ dị ka belemnites na (na- adịkebe) ammonites maka nzube a.

N'afọ 1677, Dr. Robert Plot, onye mbụ na-elekọta Ashmolean Museum na Oxford, akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ya The Natural History of Oxfordshire. Plot dere na na Oxfordshire ihe a maara ugbu a dị ka fossil echinoids ka a na-akpọ égbè, ebe a na-eche na ha si n'i gbadata n'oge égbè ndụ. E wuru St. Peter's Church na Linkenholt, England, na 1871 n'ekiri ebe St. Peter ochie dị, nke guzo ihe mmegharị nke nta ka ọ bụ bụrụ afọ 700. Nkere 1871 nke ihe nkiri ahụ fossil echinoids e wuru n'ime ike ndị gbara windo gburugburu, a nakweere site na nke mbụ. Nke a na-egosi na e debere omenala Thunderstone ruo ma ọ malitere ala afọ 700 na England, ma nwee ike mere ya na omenala ndị okpukpe ..^[4]

Mbelata nke akụkọ ifo égbè eluigwe

Anna na-achọ awụ nke iri na asaa, onye isi France wetara hatchet nkume, nke ka dị na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na Nancy, dị ka nri nye Prince-Bishop nke Verdun, ma kwuo na ọ nwere ihe na- ọrịa..^[4]

Andrew Dickson White ọgụ nke ezi akụkụ nke égbè ndị dị ka "usoro na echiche ... nke na-egbu egbu na echiche ọgụ ọgụ". N'afọ ndị ikpeazụ nke apụ nke iri na isii, Michael Mercati na-egosi na "nkume égbè ibu" bụ ngwá agha ma ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ nke mbụ ndị mbụ; mana n'ihi ihe ụfọdụ, e akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ya ruo na nke a na-akparaghị ókè afụ iri na iche, mgbe ndị ọzọ na-eche echiche pụtara iwere otu echiche ahụ..^[5]

N'afọ 1723, Antoine de Jussieu gwara French Academy okwu na "The Origin and Oses of Thunder-stones". O pịa na ndị njem si n 'dị iche iche nke ụwa wetara ọtụtụ ngwá agha na ihe ndị ọzọ e ji nkume na France, nakwa na ha yiri ihe mara na Europe dị ka "gbo égbè agha". Otu awụ mgbe nke ahụ, onye Jesuit Joseph-Francois Lafitau gosiri eziokwu a n'uche ndị ọkà mgbaàmà French, onye ọrụ ọrụ na-egosi myirịta dị n'etiti omenala nke ndị Aborigine dị n'ala ndị ọzọ na nke ndị bi na Europe. Ya mere, n'akwa ndị a nke Jussieu na Lafitau, mgba nke Ethnology kwuru.

Ọ bụ naanị mgbe French Revolution nke 1830, ihe karịrị otu narị afọ ka e mesịrị, na ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Europe enweghị mmetụta okpukpe zuru oke maka nchọpụta ihe mgbe ochie iji nyochaa ya n'enweghị mmasị na nkwubi okwu ruru na ịdị adị mmadụ were oge dị ukwuu karịa onye ọkà mmụta okpukpe ọ bụla nke Ndị Kraịst rọrọ nrọ.

Onye na-egbu anụ na Perthes

N'afọ 1847, otu ihe nkiri na-agba n'oge gara aga, Boucher de Perthes, na Paris ọkụ mbụ nke ọrụ na Celtic na Antediluvian Antiquities, na nke a, o ihe ọrụ nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ na ngwá agha, nke ọ na-eme ihe eji arụ ọrụ na ngwá agha. mgbe ahụ site na mmegide nlelị n'etiti ndị ọka iwu, nke Elie de Beaumont duziri.

Hụkwa

Elfshot
Akụ́ Elf
Ebe a na-agba égbè
Isi akụ́
Ngwá ọrụ nkume
*Perkwūnos

Ihe odide

↑ The meaning of ceraunia : archaeology, natural history and the interpretation of prehistoric stone artefacts in the eighteenth century. Archived from the original on 2014-12-24. Retrieved on 2014-12-24.
↑ Adkins, L. (1985). "Neolithic Axes from Roman Sites in Britain". Oxford Journal of Archaeology 4: 69–76. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0092.1985.tb00231.x.
↑ Jacqueline Simpson (2003). "Thunderstone", A Dictionary of English Folklore. Oxford University Press.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 McNanamara, Kenneth (2007). "Shepards' crowns, fairy loaves and thunderstones: the mythology of fossil echinoids in England". Myth and Geology 273: 289–293. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "McNamara" defined multiple times with different content
↑ The meaning of ceraunia : archaeology, natural history and the interpretation of prehistoric stone artefacts in the eighteenth century. Archived from the original on 2014-12-24. Retrieved on 2014-12-24.

[1] The meaning of ceraunia : archaeology, natural history and the interpretation of prehistoric stone artefacts in the eighteenth century. Archived from the original on 2014-12-24. Retrieved on 2014-12-24.

[2] Adkins, L. (1985). "Neolithic Axes from Roman Sites in Britain". Oxford Journal of Archaeology 4: 69–76. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0092.1985.tb00231.x.

[Dict-3] Jacqueline Simpson (2003). "Thunderstone", A Dictionary of English Folklore. Oxford University Press.

[McNamara-4] 4.0 ^4.1 McNanamara, Kenneth (2007). "Shepards' crowns, fairy loaves and thunderstones: the mythology of fossil echinoids in England". Myth and Geology 273: 289–293. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "McNamara" defined multiple times with different content

[5] The meaning of ceraunia : archaeology, natural history and the interpretation of prehistoric stone artefacts in the eighteenth century. Archived from the original on 2014-12-24. Retrieved on 2014-12-24.

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