Turoyo

Turoyo TuroyoTempleeti:Infobox Language/pronunciation
Spoken in:	Turkey, Syria
Region:	Mardin Province of southeastern Turkey; Al-Hasakah Governorate in northeastern Syria
Total speakers:	Templeeti:Sigfig
Language family:	Tafrusyawit  Semitic   Central Semitic    Northwest Semitic     Aramaic      Eastern Aramaic       Central Neo-Aramaic        TuroyoTempleeti:Infobox Language/script
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	—
ISO 639-3:	tru
Syriac Dialects EN.svg

 

Turoyo: (Turoyo: ), nke a na-akpọkwa Surayt (Turoyo: ), ma ọ bụ Suryoyo nke oge a (Turoyi), bụ asụsụ Central Neo-Aramaic nke ndị Syriac Christian na-asụ na mpaghara Tur Abdin nke dị na ọwụwa anyanwụ Turkey na n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa Anyanwụ Siria. Ndị na-asụ Turoyo bụ ndị na-eso ụzọ Chọọchị Ọtọdọks Syriac.[7] A na-asụ ya na mbụ ma na-asụrụ ya naanị Tur Abdin, ọ bụzi ọtụtụ ndị na-asụgharị ya na diaspora. [8] A na-ahazi ya dị ka asụsụ na-adịghị ike. [10] Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Asụsụ Syriac oge ochie maka akwụkwọ na ofufe.[11] Ndị ikwu ya kacha nso bụ Mlaḥsô na ụdị ọdịda anyanwụ nke Northeast Neo-Aramaic dị ka Suret . Turoyo na Western Neo-Aramaic anaghị na-aghọta ibe ya, ebe ọ bụ na e kewara ya ihe karịrị otu puku afọ.[13]

Okwu mmalite

TOkwu Ṭuroyo sitere na okwu ṭuro, nke pụtara 'ugwu', si otú a na-akpọ asụsụ Neo-Aramaic kpọmkwem nke mpaghara ugwu Tur Abdin dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mba Turkey nke oge a (ya mere Turabdinian Aramaic). Aha ndị ọzọ, nke a na-akpọkarị maka asụsụ ahụ bụ Surayt ma ọ bụ Suryoyo..[15]

Ndị na-asụ ya na-ejikarị okwu Surayt eme ihe, dị ka aha izugbe maka asụsụ ha, nke oge a ma ọ bụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme. Mmemme EU kwadoro na nso nso a na-ejikwa ya iji mee ka asụsụ ahụ dịghachi ndụ, karịa Ṭuroyo, ebe Surayt bụ aha akụkọ ihe mere eme maka asụsụ ndị na-asụ ya na-eji, ebe Turoyo bụ aha agụmakwụkwọ karịa maka asụsụ e ji amata ya site na asụsụ Neo-Aramaic ndị ọzọ, na asụsụ Syriac oge ochie. Agbanyeghị, karịsịa na mba ndị ọzọ, a na-akpọkarị asụsụ ahụ Surayt, Suryoyo (ma ọ bụ Surayt, Sŭryoyo ma ọ bụ Süryoyo dabere na olumba), nke pụtara "Syriac" n'ozuzu ya. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ tolitere dị ka otu n'ime ụdị asụsụ Syriac nke ọdịda anyanwụ, a na-akpọkwa Turoyo mgbe ụfọdụ Western Neo-Syriac.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Turoyo etolitela site na ụdị asụsụ Aramaic nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke a na-asụ na Tur Abdin na ala gbara ya gburugburu ruo ihe karịrị otu puku afọ kemgbe mmalite nke asụsụ Aramaic na mpaghara ahụ. Agbanyeghị, ọ metụtakwara ya site na ụdị asụsụ Aramaic nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke a na-asụ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, n'obodo Edessa, nke a maara taa dị ka Urfa. N'ihi ịdị nso Tur Abdin na Edessa, na ịdị nso nke asụsụ nne na nna ha, nke pụtara na Turoyo nwere myirịta ka ukwuu na Siriac nke Oge Ochie karịa ụdị Neo-Aramaic nke Ugwu Oeastern.

Obodo Turoyo bụ mpaghara Tur Abdin dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Turkey.[17] Mpaghara a bụ ebe ọdịnala nke Ndị Kraịst Ọtọdọks Syriac.[18][19] Ndị na-asụ asụsụ Turoyo tupu Sayfo gbasoro Chọọchị Ọtọdọks Syriac.[17] N'afọ 1970, e mere atụmatụ na e nwere ndị na-asụ asụsụ Turoyo 20,000 ka bi n'ógbè ahụ, Otú ọ dị, ha ji nwayọọ nwayọọ kwaga Western Europe na ebe ndị ọzọ n'ụwa.[17] A na-eme atụmatụ ugbu a na 100,000 ndị na-asụ asụsụ Turoyo. N'ime obodo ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ, Turoyo na-abụkarị asụsụ nke abụọ nke a na-agbakwunye asụsụ ndị ọzọ. [8] UNESCO na-ewere asụsụ ahụ dị ka ihe nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, mana ndị obodo na-asụ asụsụ Turoyo ka na-eme mgbalị iji kwado asụsụ ahụ site na iji ya mee ihe na ndụ ụlọ, mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ iji kụziere Turoyo na ngwụsị izu, na ogige ụbọchị okpomọkụ. [8]

Ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Turoyo bụ asụsụ a na-asụ, a naghịkwa ede ya ede: Kthobonoyo (Arabic oge ochie) bụ asụsụ e dere ede. N'afọ 1880, e mere ọtụtụ mgbalị, site n'ịgba ndị ozi ala ọzọ nke ọdịda anyanwụ ume, ide Turoyo na mkpụrụedemede Siriak, na mkpụrụ edemede Serto na mkpụrụ edemede Estrangelo nke e ji dee Kthobhonoyo nke ọdịda anyanwụ. E bipụtara otu n'ime ọmụmụ ihe zuru oke mbụ nke asụsụ ahụ na 1881, site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta ọwụwa anyanwụ Eugen Prym na Albert Socin, ndị kewara ya dị ka olumba Neo-Aramaic.

Otú ọ dị, site na ọgba aghara n'ala nna ha site na narị afọ nke iri abụọ, ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Turoyo akwagala gburugburu ụwa (karịsịa Siria, Lebanọn, Sweden na Germany). Iwu agụmakwụkwọ nke gọọmentị Sweden, na a ga-agụnye nwatakịrị ọ bụla n'asụsụ mbụ ya, dugara n'inye aka n'ihe nkuzi na Turoyo. Yusuf Ishaq si otú a mepụta mkpụrụ akwụkwọ maka Turoyo dabere na mkpụrụedemede Latin. Silas Üzel mepụtara mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Latin dị iche maka Turoyo na Germany.

A na-akpọ usoro akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ ọrụ na-ewebata mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Ishaq Toxu Qorena! , ma ọ bụ "Bịa, Ka anyị gụọ!" Ọrụ a emeela akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Swedish-Turoyo nke ntinye 4500: Svensk-turabdinskt Lexikon: Leksiqon Swedoyo-Suryoyo. Onye nkuzi ochie ọzọ, onye edemede na onye ntụgharị nke Turoyo bụ Yuhanun Üzel (1934-2023) onye na 2009 sụgharịrị Peshitta Bible na Turoyo, ya na Benjamin Bar Shabo na Yakup Bilgic, na Serto (West-Syriac) na edemede Latin, ntọala maka "asụsụ Aramaic-Syriach". Otu ìgwè ndị na-eme nchọpụta AI rụzuru ụdị ntụgharị mbụ maka Turoyo na 2023.

Asụsụ

Turoyo has borrowed some words from Arabic,[24] Kurdish, Armenian, and Ottoman Turkish. The main dialect of Turoyo is that of Midyat (Mëḏyoyo), in the east of Turkey's Mardin Province. Every village have distinctive dialects (Midwoyo, Kfarzoyo, `Iwarnoyo, Nihloyo, and Izloyo, respectively).  All Turoyo dialects are mutually intelligible with each other. There is a dialectal split between the town of Midyat and the villages, with only slight differences between the individual villages.[17] A closely related language or dialect, Mlaḥsô, spoken in two villages in Diyarbakır, is now deemed extinct.[17]

Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ

A na-ede Turoyo na Latin na Syriac (Serto). orthography dị n'okpuru ebe a bụ nsonaazụ nke International Surayt Conference nke emere na Mahadum Cambridge (27-30 Ọgọst 2015). [1][15]

Mkpụrụ okwu

Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Latịn	'	B b	V v	G g	Ġ ġ	J j	D d	__ibo__ Ihe omuma di iche iche	H h	W w	Z z	Ž ž	Ḥ ḥ	Ṭ ṭ	Ḍ ḍ	Y na
Akwụkwọ ozi Syriac
Nkwupụta	[ʔ], na-aga n'ihu	[b]	[v]	[g]	[ɣ]	[dʒ]	[d]		[h]	[w]	[z]	[ʒ]	[ħ]	[nke a]	[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]	[j]
Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Latịn	K k	X x	L	M m	N n	S	C c	P p	F f	Ṣ ṣ	Q	R r	Š š	Č č	T t	Akwụkwọ bụ̣̣̣́ The
Akwụkwọ ozi Syriac
Nkwupụta	[k]	[x]	[l]	[m]	[n]	[s]	[Na]	[p]	[f]	[nke a na-akpọ]	[q]	[r]	[ʃ]	[tʃ]	[t]	[θ]

Mkpụrụedemede

Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Latịn	A a	Ọ bụ n'oge ochie	E na	Ọ bụ n'ezie	O o		Y/I na/i	W/U w/u
Akara ụdaume Syriac (ma ọ bụ mater lectionis)
Nkwupụta	[a]	[ă]	[e]	[ə]	[ma ọ bụ][o]		[i" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA link","href":"./Template:IPA_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"j"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAdg" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" typeof="mw:Transclusion">j]/[i]	[u="#mwt339" class="IPA" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA link","href":"./Template:IPA_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"w"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAds" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" typeof="mw:Transclusion">w]/[u]

Mgbalị ide Turoyo amalitela kemgbe narị afọ nke iri na isii, site na mgbanwe ndị Juu Neo-Aramaic na nsụgharị nke ederede Bible, nkọwa, yana akụkọ hagiographic, akwụkwọ, na akụkọ ọdịnala n'asụsụ Ndị Kraịst. Bishọp East Syriac Mar Yohannan na-arụkọ ọrụ na onye ozi ala ọzọ America Rev. Justin Perkins gbakwara mbọ ide nsụgharị obodo nke ederede okpukpe, nke rụzuru na mmepụta nke kaadị ụlọ akwụkwọ na 1836.[26]

N'afọ ndị 1970 na Germany, ndị otu Aramean evangelical movement (Aramäische Freie Christengemeinde) jiri Turoyo dee ederede na abụ dị mkpirikpi. Òtù ndị na-ekwusa ozi ọma na Syriac ebipụtakwala ihe karịrị ukwe Turoyo 300 n'otu akwụkwọ a kpọrọ Kole Ruhonoye na 2012, yana ịsụgharị ozioma anọ na Mak na Jọn ka a na-ebipụta ruo ugbu a.

Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ dị ka e ji mee ihe na nsụgharị na-abịanụ nke New Peshitta na Turoyo site na Yuhanun Bar Shabo, Sfar mele surtoṯoyo - Picture dictionary na Benjamin Bar Shabo's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

N'afọ ndị 1970, onye nkuzi Yusuf Ishaq gbalịrị itinye asụsụ Turoyo n'ime orthography Latin, nke dugara n'usoro akwụkwọ ọgụgụ, nke akpọrọ [toxu qorena].[8] Ọ bụ ezie na a naghị eji usoro a eme ihe na mpụga Sweden, ndị ọzọ na-asụ Turoyo emepụtala edemede Latin nke ha na-abụghị ọkọlọtọ iji jiri asụsụ ahụ mee ihe na nyiwe dijitalụ.

Ọrụ "agụmakwụkwọ asụsụ nne" nke gọọmentị Sweden weere Turoyo dị ka asụsụ ndị si mba ọzọ, dị ka Arabic, Turkish, Kurdish, wee malite ịkụzi asụsụ ahụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ndị ọrụ nke National Swedish Institute for Teaching Material mepụtara mkpụrụedemede Latin, ụtọ asụsụ, akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu, akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ, na ihe nkuzi. N'ihi mmegide okpukpe na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, a kwụsịrị ọrụ ahụ.

E nwere mgbalị ndị ọzọ iji sụgharịa akwụkwọ ndị a ma ama, gụnyere nsụgharị nke The Aramaic Students Association nke The Little Prince, nsụgharị nke Nisbin Foundation nke Cinderella na Little Red Riding Hood.

Asụsụ Iliana na-asụ asụsụ Turoyo

Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

N'ụzọ ụda olu, Turoyo yiri nnọọ Syriac oge ochie. Mkpụrụ okwu ndị ọzọ /d͡ʒ/ (dị ka ọ dị na onye ọka ikpe), /t͡ʃ/ (dịka ọ dị na chọọchịch) /ʒ/ (dị ka ọ dị n'azure) na ihe atụ ole na ole nke /ðá/ (Arabic ẓāʾ) na-apụta naanị na okwu ndị e si n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ.

Akụkụ kachasị dị iche nke ụdaolu Turoyo bụ ojiji ọ na-eji ụdaume dị ala na mkpụrụedemede mechiri emechi. Uru ụdaume nke ụdaume dị otú ahụ dị iche dabere na uru nke ụdaume mbụ na olumba a na-ekwu. Asụsụ Miḏyoyo na-ebelata ụdaume na nkeji okwu mepere emepe tupu nrụgide. Nke ahụ nwere mmetụta nke ịmepụta syllabic schwa n'ọtụtụ olumba (na Classical Syriac, schwa abụghị syllabic).

Mkpụrụ okwu

	Akpụkpọ ahụ		Ezé / Alveolar						Ọkpụkpụ agbà<br id="mwAjU">		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyn-geal<br id="mwAj4">		Mkpịsị aka
			ala dị larịị				<small id="mwAkY">nkwenye</small>
Ụgbọ imi		m			n			[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
Plosive	p	b	t		d		tˤ	dˤ					k	ɡ	q				ʔ
Africate									tʃ	dʒ
Ihe na-esiri ike	f	v	θ	ð	s	z	sˤ	ðˤ	ʃ	ʒ			x	ɣ			ħ	ʕ	h
Ihe atụ		w			l			[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]				j
Ihe na-atọ ụtọ					r			[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]

	N'ihu	Central	Ịlaghachi azụ
N'akụkụ	i		u
N'etiti	e		o
Emeghe		a

Mkpụrụedemede ndị na-adịghị mma

	Central	Ịlaghachi azụ
N'akụkụ		ŭ
N'etiti	ə
Emeghe	ă

Ọdịdị

Usoro okwu nke Turoyo yiri nke a na-eji n'Asụsụ Neo-Aramaic ndị ọzọ. N'asụsụ Syriac oge ochie, oge ochie zuru oke na Oge ezughi oke amalitela ịghọ oge na Oge ndị ga-abịa n'ọdịnihu, a na-ejikwa oge ndị ọzọ eme ihe site na iji akụkụ na nnọchiaha ma ọ bụ ụdị dị mkpirikpi nke ngwaa hwā ('ịghọ'). Ọtụtụ asụsụ Aramaic nke oge a ahapụla oge ochie kpamkpam ma mepụta oge niile site na ogwe osisi dabere na akụkụ ochie. A na-etinye clitics nke oge ochie n'ụzọ zuru ezu n'ụdị ngwaa, a pụkwara iwere ya dị ka ntụgharị.

Turoyo emeela ka o kwe omume iji nnọchiaha na-egosi ihe karịa asụsụ Aramaic ọ bụla ọzọ. Na Turoyo, ha aghọwo isiokwu doro anya:

• nwoke otu: u malko (eze)
• nwanyị otu: i malëkṯo (eze nwanyị)
• ọtụtụ: am malke (ndị eze), am malkoṯe (ndị nwanyị).

Asụsụ ọzọ nke Central Neo-Aramaic, nke obodo nta Mlahsô na Ansha na Diyarbakır Province dịtụ iche na Turoyo. Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghịzi; ndị na-asụ ya ole na ole ikpeazụ bi na Qamishli n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Siria na diaspora.[28]

Nchịkọta okwu

Turoyo nwere usoro atọ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị na-anọchi anya copula na ahịrịokwu aha: enclitic copula, copula kwụụrụ onwe ya, na copula kwụọrọ onwe ya. Na Turoyo, a na-ejikọta copula na-abụghị enclitic (ma ọ bụ ihe dị adị) site na iji usoro abụọ nke ihe ndị dị adị: kal na kit.[26]