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Uchchhishta

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Nri ndị India na-eri nke nta. A na-akpọ nri dị na efere ahụ Uchchhishta (aha). A na-ekwu na efere ahụ bụ Uchchhishta (adjective).

Uchchhishta (Sanskrit) sasaa na-akpọ []), nke a mara site na okwu mpaghara dị iche iche, bụ echiche India na nke Hindu nri mmetọ nri site na asɔ.  saỌ bụ ebe na okwu ahụ nwere ihe dị iche iche ọ nwere ma ọ dịghị ihe yiri ya n'asụsụ Bekee, [1] a na-a sarrafa ya n'English dị ka "ihe ike" [2] ma ọ bụ " akwụkwọ", [3] mana o nwewere mkparị.  Uchchhishta na- akara ihe oriri, mgbe mmadụ riri.  N'echiche sara mbara, ọ na-ezo aka na mmetọ nke nri ma ọ bụ aka nke elele asɔ ma ọ bụ n'ime ọnụ.  A na-ekwu na mmadụ ma ọ bụ efere bụ uchchhishta mgbe ọ bịarutere na nri uchchishta.[2]  A na-ewere nri, ndị mmadụ na arịa Uchchishta dị ka ndị na-adịghị ọcha.  Mmadụ nwere ike ọcha site na ịsa aka ya (ndị Hindu na-eri ihe aka ha) na ọnụ.

Ọ bụ ike ndị inye mmadụ nri uchhishta, agbanyeghị na ihe ndị ọzọ maka nri sitere n'aka ndị dị elu, na ndị ọzọ.  Ọ bụ ebe na a ndepụta dị otú ahụ nye chi ndị Hindu n'okpukpe Hindu oge ochie, a na-efe ụfọdụ chi ndị Tantric heterodox ofufe na-enye ahụ.

Echiche

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Ihe fọdụrụnụ nke curry India na efere. A na-akpọ ihe ndị fọdụrụ uchchhishta (aha); a na-akọwa efere ahụ dị ka uchchhishta (adjective)

Akwụkwọ Ọkọwa Okwu Sanskrit nke Monier-Williams na-ịhụ uchchhishta dị ka: "n'aka ekpe, Flo, àjà emebi, gbụ ọnụ (dị ka ihe oriri); onye ka nwere ihe oriri funahụrụ n'ọnụ ma ọ bụ aka, onye na-asa aka ya na ọnụ ya mere a na-ewere ya dị ka ihe na-adịghị ọcha, ihe na-eme ka ọ ghara ime ihe na-eme ka ahụ ọkụ, na-ewere ya dị ka ihe na-adịghị ọcha, na-ewere ya dị ka ihe na-adịghị ọcha, na-ewere ya dị ka ihe na-adịghị ọcha, na-ewere ya dị ka ihe na-adịghị ọcha, na-ewere ya dị ka ihe na-adịghị ọcha, na-ewere ya dị ka ihe na-adịghị ọcha, ihe na-eme ka ọ ghara ime ka ọ ghara ime ka ọ ghara ime ka ọ ghara ime ihe na-akpata, nsogbu, na-eme ka ọ ghara ime ka ọ ghara ime ihe na-akpata.".[1][2]

Medhatithi (ihe dị ka 850-1050 OA), otu n'ime ndị na-echeta ihe kacha ochie na ndị a ma n'akwụkwọ iwu Hindu Manusmriti depụtara ihe uchchhishta dị:

  • Nkọwa bụ isi: mmetọ site na nri ma ọ bụ aka nke metụrụ n'ime ọnụ mmadụ
  • Mmetọ sitere na mmetụ "onye na-eri, nri a na-eri" ma ọ bụ efere onye riri
  • Nri fọdụrụ na efere mmadụ, mgbe o risịrị
  • Nri fọdụrụ n'ụgbọ mmiri mgbe a na-enye onye ọ bụla nri
  • onye gafere ihe mkpofu mmadụ, tupu a sachaa ya

Ọ bụ ezie na uchchhishta nwere njikọ na ihe fọdụrụnụ na mmetụ na asọ, a ga-ekewapụta uchchhishta site na okwu ndị ọzọ a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Bekee dị ka "ihe na-adịghị ọcha": Amedhya ("ndị na-ekwesịghị ekwesị maka ịchụ àjà") na-ezo aka na mmetọ site na mmetụrụ ihe mkpofu mmadụ, ozu, ire ure wdg na malina ("nke nwere ntụpọ") na-ekwu maka mmetọ sitere na unyi anụ ahụ.

Dị ka ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'ahụ dị ka ọsụsọ, a na-ewere asọ dị ka akụkụ nke ahụ ma ọ bụghịkwa akụkụ ya, ya bụ, nke "ọnọdụ ejighị n'aka". N'ihi ya, a na-ewere mmetụ na asọ, uchchhishta, dị ka ihe na-adịghị ọcha. Otú ọ dị, Manusmriti anaghị ele nsị anya n'ozuzu, kama ọ bụ naanị n'ihe gbasara nri. A naghị emeso nsị, nke na-ebufe site n'otu onye gaa na onye ọzọ mgbe ọ na-ekwu okwu, dị ka ihe na-adịghị ọcha.

Iwu nke ịghara imerụ nri ma ọ bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ niile na nje bacteria ma ọ bụ nje virus na asọ mmadụ bụ ihe na-echegbu onwe ya karịsịa ebe ahụike mmadụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe ize ndụ site na mmetọ.

Otu Siddhar nke oge ochie na-akwa echiche nke uchchhishta emo. Ọ na-ajụ otú okooko osisi ndị a na-enye chi Hindu ma ọ bụ mmanụ aṅụ na-adịghị emetọ site na asọ aṅụ na mmiri ara ehi site na asọ nwa ehi.

Aha mpaghara

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  • N'asụsụ Kannada, n'asụsụ Kannata[3]
  • engili (n'ihi ya) - Telugu[4]
  • eccil - Tamil [5]
  • juṭhā/jhuṭhā - Hindi Bengali [6][7]
  • jũṭh - Rajasthani
  • khoṭu (N'ihi ya) - Gujarati
  • ushṭa (उ Cold) - Marathi; a na-eji okwu ahụ eme ihe n'ihe gbasara "ndị ọzọ na-eji ma ọ bụ na-enwe obi ụtọ", dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-akọwa okwu dị ka ushta, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ihe e si n'aka ndị ọzọ nweta ihe.[8]
  • eccam - Malayalam[9]
  • Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ Odia[10]
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]Maithili
  • eṭho (এঠো) - Bengali
  • Maḍe (Kulu) - Tulu

Iwu

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A na-ewere Uchchhista dị ka ihe na-emetọ ikuku na ihe na-adịghị ọcha na okpukpe Hindu. Ndị Hindu na-ele Uchchhista anya na iwe. A na-ewere iri Uchchhista dị ka ihe ihere; ilu Kannada na-ekwu na ọ bụ nkịta na-eri Uchchhista. [11] A na-ewere inye Uchchhista onye nọ n'ọkwá dị elu dị ka mkparị ya.

Ndị mmadụ anaghị ejikarị mkpịsị aka ma ọ bụ efere emetụ ọnụ mmadụ n'ime mmiri, na-enye ma ọ bụ na-anabata nri. Mgbe ọ na-esi nri, onye na-esi ihe anaghị atọ ụtọ nri ma jiri otu arịa ahụ mee ka nri ahụ na-agagharị. Ozugbo ejiri arịa mee ka nri dị ụtọ, a na-etinye ya ka ọ sachaa ya. A na-ewere nri nke e ji mkpịsị aka na efere e ji eri nri dị ka Uchchhista. Mgbe ị na-ekerịta ma ọ bụ na-eri nri kpọrọ nkụ ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi, a na-ekewa nri ahụ ka ọ ghara imerụ ya site na asọ mmadụ. N'ihi otu ihe ahụ, ndị Hindu anaghị aṅụkarị iko mmiri nke ibe ha.

Na mbido narị afọ nke 20, ndị Hindu orthodox ejighị spoons ma ọ bụ forks na efere ígwè mee ihe n'ihi na ha emetụla ọnụ mmadụ aka ma si otú a enweghị ike iji ha mee ihe ọzọ dịka ha nọgidere na Uchchhista, ọ bụ ezie na a sachara ha. A na-ahọrọ efere akwụkwọ osisi a na-eji eme ihe otu ugboro; ndị Hindu na-eji mkpịsị aka ha na-eri nri, na-enweghị ite.

Uchchhishta bụ ihe a na-anabata ka ndị mmadụ dị ala rie ya: ndị na-ejere mmadụ ozi, ndị nọ n'ọkwá dị ala, ndị arịrịọ na ụmụ anụmanụ. "Ndị a na-apụghị imetụ aka" gụnyere ndị na-elekọta ihe mkpofu mmadụ nke a na-eji ebi na ihe ndị fọdụrụnụ.[12] A na-ahụ iri Uchchhista mmadụ dị ka ihe ịrịba ama nke nrubeisi na ịnabata ịdị elu nke onye ahụ.

Na India nke oge a, a na-eme ka iwu Uchchhista dị jụụ n'ọnọdụ mmekọrịta chiri anya nke di na nwunye ma ọ bụ ezinụlọ. Iri nri uchchhishta nke nwatakịrị site n'aka ndị mụrụ ya bụkwa ihe a na-anabata, ebe ọ bụ na a naghị ele nwatakịrị ahụ anya dị ka onye dị iche. Ndị nne na nna na-enyekarị ụmụaka nri site na efere nke ha.

N'adịghị ka ihe ọjọọ ndị metụtara ya, iri ụdị Uchchhista ụfọdụ dị ka nke di site na nwunye, nke guru site na nwa akwụkwọ na nke àjà ma ọ bụ onyinye chi site na mmadụ niile, bụ ihe a na-akwanyere ùgwù nke ukwuu. Prasad, nri a na-enye chi ma bụrụ onye chi ahụ "eriri", a na-ewere ya mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka Uchchhista nke chi, dịka n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke North India; Otú ọ dị n'oge ndị ọzọ dị ka n'akụkụ ndịda India, ntụnyere nke prasad dị nsọ na Uchchhista, bụ ihe a na-adịghị mma.[6]

A na-ewere di dị ka Chineke maka nwunye Hindu. N'ihi ya, nwunye ya nwere ike iri Uchchhista ya dị ka ihe ịrịba ama nke ịhụnanya na nrubeisi ya. Nwunye nwere ike iri otu akwụkwọ ahụ di ya nwere, mgbe o mechara. Di ahụ ga-ahapụ nri n'ime efere ya ka ọ rie, dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke ịhụnanya ya. A na-eme omenala a na mbụ n'oge alụmdi na nwunye.[6] A na-ekwu na omume a na-egosi na ọ na-abanye n'ezinụlọ ọhụrụ ya. Ọ dịkwa mma ma ọ bụrụ na nwunye ahụ eri Uchchhista nke ndị ọgọ ya ma ọ bụ ụmụnne di ya.

Apastamba Dharmasutra (1st-millennium BCE), mgbe ọ na-akọwa ụkpụrụ omume maka nwa akwụkwọ, na-ezo aka n'echiche nke uchchhishta. N'oge ochie, nwa akwụkwọ ga-anọnyere onye nkuzi (guru) n'ụlọ onye nkuzi ahụ (Gurukula) ma mụta ihe. N'oge a, nwa akwụkwọ kwesịrị ịrịọ maka enyemaka maka ihe ọ ga-eri, nke ọ na-ekwesịghị iwere dị ka uchchhishta. A na-enye nwa akwụkwọ iwu ka ọ ghara ịhapụ nri ọ bụla a na-erighị na efere ya, ya bụ, ịhapụghị uchchhishta. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na uchchhishta ọ bụla fọdụrụ, ọ ga-eli ya, tụba ya na mmiri ma ọ bụ nye ya Shudra (onye si n'ọkwá dị ala). A na-enye nwa akwụkwọ iwu ka ọ rie uchchhishta nke guru ya, nke a na-ewere dị ka ihe dị nsọ dị ka onyinye àjà. Iri uchchhishta nke nna ma ọ bụ nwanne nwoke bụkwa ihe a na-anabata. Vasishtha Dharmasutra na-ele Uchchhista nke guru anya, nke ya na ọgwụ nke nwa akwụkwọ na-arịa ọrịa kwesịrị inwe. Na Guru Stotram, a na-ekwu na Guru bụ otu ihe na Trimurti, ya mere, maka nwa akwụkwọ ahụ, a na'ewere ya dị ka ịṅụ prasadam.

A na-enye chi nwanyị Hindu Matangi nri uchchhishta taboo site n'aka onye na-efe ofufe na ọnọdụ uchchhishta na-adịghị ọcha, na-eji ọnụ na aka a na-asaghị.

Akwụkwọ inye chi Hindu nri ma ọ bụ ofufe nke onye uchchhishta na ndị Hindu.  Otú ọ dị, a na-atụ aro ka a nye chi Touch Tantric Matangi nri uchchhishta, na steeti uchchhishta emetọ, na ihe oriri na-ọnụ na aka;  Matangi na-akpa ya na mmetọ na ndị a ịchụpụ ma iwu nke iwu pụtara mmadụ na ibe ya.[1]  A na-ekwukwa na chi ekiri ahụ n'ike ifo sitere na Shaktisamgama-tantram sitere na uchchhishta.  Chi di na nri nke Shiva-Parvati na Vishnu-Lakshmi tụbara nri n'ala mgbe ha na-eri nri.  Nwa chi anya si na uchchhishta bilie ma ike maka uchchhishta ha.  Chi ndị ahụ gọziri ya ma nye ya aha Uchchhishta-Matangi (Matangi).

Mgbe a na-enye Matangi uchchhishta mmadụ, a na-ahụ chi ekiri Vimala uchchhishta chi nke chi Jagannath, ụdị Vishnu.  Vimala bụ ozi Tantric nke Jagannath na chi ihe na-eche Puri" id="mwAX4" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Jagannath Temple, Puri"> ìhè nsọ Jagannath, Puri - nnukwu ụlọ ndò nke chi ahụ. A na-ekwu na Vimala ka dị ndụ site na uchhhishta nke Jagannath, a na-enye nri na akwụkwọ nke Jagannath; a na-enye nri na akwụkwọ nke Jagannath, a na-enye nri na akwụkwọ.  dị ka Mahaprasad (prasad) . Akụkọ ifo na-akwado a nu  mere ka udo dị ya site n'ikwu na na Kali Yuga (oge a dị ka okwu Hindu si dị), ọ ga-ebi na Puri dị ka Vimala, ma rie ihe ndị na-edozi na nri ya kwa ụbọchị..[13]

Na nsụgharị ndị ọzọ nke akụkọ Hindu Ramayana , Shabari, nwanyị bi n'oké ọhịa, bụ onye guru ya gwara ya ka ọ chere ọbịbịa nke chi Rama na ebe obibi ya.  Ọ na-anakọta mkpụrụ osisi ọhịa kwa ụbọchị na-atọ ha ụtọ otu ugboro maka utoojoo, na-edobe naanị ndị dị ụtọ ma na-atụfu ndị dị ilu ka o wee nye chi Rama naanị mkpụrụ osisi ụtọ, mgbe ọ na-eleta ya.  N'amaghị ama, tomato na-aghọ uchchhishta.  Ka oge na-aga, ọ na-aka otu agadi nwanyị.  Mgbe Rama mechara leta ebe obibi ya, Shabari na-enye ya mkpụrụ osisi uchchhishta.  Lakshmana, nwanne Rama, na-ekwu na adịghị ọcha nke mkpụrụ osisi uchchhishta, na-erughị eru iri.  Agbanyeghị, Rama na-anabata mkpụrụ osisi uchchhishta, ebe ha ji ịhụnanya na nraranye nye ya

Hụkwa

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  • Ụkpụrụ nke iri nri ndị India

Ihe edeturu

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  1. ↑ MW Cologne Scan. www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de. Retrieved on 8 September 2018.
  2. ↑ MW Cologne Scan. www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de. Retrieved on 8 September 2018.
  3. ↑ Baraha Dictionary. baraha.com. Retrieved on 2023-10-18.
  4. ↑ Gwynn (1991). A Telugu-English dictionary. Retrieved on 8 September 2018.
  5. ↑ Fabricius (1972). J. P. Fabricius's Tamil and English dictionary. 4th ed., rev.and enl. Retrieved on 8 September 2018.
  6. 1 2 3 Biswas (2000). Samsad Bengali-English dictionary. 3rd ed.. Retrieved on 8 September 2018. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ Biswas (2000). Samsad Bengali-English dictionary. 3rd ed.. Retrieved on 8 September 2018.
  8. ↑ Molesworth (1857). A dictionary, Marathi and English. 2d ed., rev. and enl. Retrieved on 8 September 2018.
  9. ↑ Gundert (1872). A Malayalam and English dictionary. Retrieved on 8 September 2018.
  10. ↑ Praharaj (1931–1940). Purnnacandra Odia Bhashakosha.. Retrieved on 8 September 2018.
  11. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :5
  12. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :3
  13. ↑ Tripathy (September 2009). "Goddess Bimala at Puri". Odisha Review: 66–69. Retrieved on 23 November 2012. 
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