Wakashan
Wakashan bụ ezinụlọ nke asụsụ ndị a na-asụ na British Columbia gburugburu na Vancouver Island, na n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Olympic Peninsula nke Washington steeti, n'akụkụ ndịda nke Strait of Juan de Fuca.
Dị ka ọ dị na Northwest Coast, asụsụ Wakashan nwere nnukwu ndepụta ụdaume - ụdaume na-emekarị na ụyọkọ dị mgbagwoju anya.
Nchịkọta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nkewa ezinụlọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ezinụlọ asụsụ Wakashan nwere asụsụ asaa:
Mmekọrịta nwere ike ịdị na ezinụlọ asụsụ ndị ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Dị ka Edward Sapir na Leo J. Frachtenberg bu ụzọ chepụta, ma mesịa kọwaa ya site na Morris Swadesh, a chịkọtara asụsụ Wakashan na asụsụ Salishan na Chimakuan na macrofamily "Mosan".[1] A na-ajụzi ezinụlọ a dị ka usoro ọmụmụ.[2][3] A na-akọwa ọdịdị yiri ya na okwu ndị a na-ekerịta dịka nsonaazụ nke mkpakọrịta siri ike na-aga n'ihu; asụsụ Mosan si otú a na-anọchite anya sprachbund n'ime mpaghara Pacific Northwest.[4]
N'afọ ndị 1960, Swadesh tụkwara aro njikọ nke asụsụ Wakashan na Asụsụ Eskimo-Aleut. Holst (2005) weputara ma gbasaa nke a.
Sergei Nikolaev arụrịta ụka n'akwụkwọ abụọ maka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Asụsụ Nivkh nke agwaetiti Sakhalin na ọdọ mmiri Amur na asụsụ Algic, yana mmekọrịta nke abụọ n'etiti ha abụọ na asụsụ Wakashan.[5][6]
Aha na kọntaktị
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Aha Wakesh ma ọ bụ Waukash sitere na okwu Nuu-chah-nulth nke pụtara 'ezi'. Ndị nchọpụta mbụ gụnyere Captain James Cook, ndị chere na ọ bụ aha agbụrụ.[1]
O nwere ike ịbụ na Juan de Fuca bụ onye Europe mbụ zutere ndị na-asụ Wakashan, Juan Perez gara leta ndị Nuu-chah-nulth na 1774. Mgbe 1786 gasịrị, ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri Bekee na-agakarị Nootka Sound; na 1803, ndị obodo ahụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri Amerịka Boston gburu ndị niile bi n'ógbè ahụ.
Na 1843, Ụlọ Ọrụ Hudson's Bay hiwere ebe azụmaahịa na Victoria. Ndị Yuropu-Canada nwere mmekọrịta mgbe niile na Mba Mbụ mgbe oge ahụ gasịrị. E nwere nnukwu mfu ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 n'ihi ọrịa kịtịkpa (n'ihi na Mba Mbụ enwetaghị ihe mgbochi megide ọrịa ọhụrụ), nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè. Na 1903, ndị Aborigine ruru ihe dị ka 5200, nke 2600 nọ na West Coast Agency, 1300 nọ na Kwawkewlth Agency, 900 nọ na North West Coast Agency, na 410 nọ na Neah Bay Company, Cape Flattery. Na 1909, ha ruru 4584, gụnyere 2070 Kwakiutl na 2494 Nootka. Ndị ozi ala ọzọ nke Roman Katọlik na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mpaghara ahụ.[1]
Aha "Wakish Nation" gosipụtara na map Arrowsmith's Oregon Dispute-era dị ka aha maka Vancouver Island.[7]
Ihe edeturu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Swadesh (1953). "Mosan I: A Problem of Remote Common Origin". International Journal of American Linguistics 19 (1): 26–4. DOI:10.1086/464188.
- ↑ Campbell (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. Oxford University Press.
- ↑ Mithun (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ Beck (2000). "Grammatical Convergence and the Genesis of Diversity in the Northwest Coast Sprachbund". Anthropological Linguistics 42 (2): 147–213.
- ↑ Николаев. S.L. Nikolaev. 2015. Toward the reconstruction of Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan. Part 1: Proof of the Algonquian-Wakashan relationship. Retrieved on Mar 25, 2023.
- ↑ Николаев. S.L.Nikolaev. 2016. Toward the reconstruction of Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan. Part 2: Algonquian-Wakashan sound correspondences. Retrieved on Mar 25, 2023.
- ↑ Carl I. Wheat. Mapping the American West 1540–1857, A Preliminary Study. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Association.
Do
Edensibia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Boas, Frank na J. W. Powell. Nkwupụta maka Handbook of American Indian Languages and Indian Linguistic Families of America North of Mexico. Lincoln: Mahadum nke Nebraska Press, 1991. ISBN 978-0-8032-5017-8.
Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Akwukwo Okwu Wakashan, Asụsụ Ndị America
- Map Asụsụ Ndị Mbụ nke British Columbia