Gaa na ọdịnaya

Women's studies

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ

Ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị bụ ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ nke na-adabere na usoro ụmụ nwanyị na interdisciplinary iji tinye ndụ na ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị n'etiti ọmụmụ ihe, ka ọ na-enyocha mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọdịbendị nke okike; usoro nke ihe ùgwù na mmegbu; na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ike na okike ka ha na-agbakọta na njirimara ndị ọzọ na ebe mmekọrịta mmadụ na nna dị ka agbụrụ, mmasị mmekọahụ, klas mmekọrịta mmadụ na ụba, na nkwarụ.[1]

Echiche ndị a ma ama ndị metụtara ngalaba ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị gụnyere Echiche ụmụ nwanyị, Echiche echiche, intersectionality, multiculturalism, transnational femism, ikpe ziri ezi, Matrixial anya, mmetụta ọmụmụ, ụlọ ọrụ, bio-politics, materialism, na embodiment.[2] Omume nyocha na usoro ndị metụtara ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị gụnyere ethnography, autoethnography, ìgwè ndị na-elekwasị anya, nyocha, nyocha nke obodo, nyocha okwu, na omume ịgụ ihe metụtara Echiche dị oke egwu, post-structuralism, na echiche nke nwoke. [3] Ubi ahụ na-eme nchọpụta ma na-akatọ ụkpụrụ ọha na eze dị iche iche nke okike, agbụrụ, ọkwa, mmekọahụ, na enweghị nhata ndị ọzọ.

Ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị nwere njikọ na ngalaba nke Ọmụmụ okike, ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị, na ọmụmụ mmekọahụ, yana ihe jikọrọ ya na ngalaba nke mmụta ọdịbendị, Ọmụmụ agbụrụ, na Ọmụmụ Africa.[4]

A na-enye ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị ugbu a n'ihe karịrị narị asaa ụlọ ọrụ na United States, na n'ụwa niile n'ihe nkiri iri anọ.[5]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Afrịka

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Ikpochapụ ụmụ nwanyị na ọrụ ha na Africa dị mgbagwoju anya. Mgbe echiche ụmụ nwanyị pụtara na 1980s, o lekwasịrị anya na ịnapụta ụmụ nwanyị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Afrịka nke ọchịchị ndị nna ochie na "usoro mmekọrịta ndị nna nna" hapụrụ n'Africa site n'oge ndị nna ochie.[1]. : 12 N'ihi usoro kwadoro agụmakwụkwọ nwoke karịa agụmakwụkwọ nwanyị, n'oge nnwere onwe, enwere obere ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịgụ na ide. A na-agba ndị na-enweghị ike ume ka ha bụrụ ndị ọkachamara ma na-arụkarị ọrụ iji dozie nsogbu mmụta na nsogbu ndị ọzọ na-eche ụmụ nwanyị ihu na 1960 na 1970. Ọgbọ nke mbụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta lekwasịrị anya na iguzobe na ịkwado akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Africa. 13 Ha na-ejikwa ma echiche ọdịda anyanwụ banyere okike dịka ha na-etinye aka na Africa ma ọ bụ echiche nwoke na nwanyị tupu oge ọchịchị.[1] :  14–15 : 14–15

Ọrụ Ifi Amadiume bụ ụmụ nwanyị nwoke, di nwanyị (1987) na Oyeronke Oyewumi's The Invention of Women (1997) bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ mbụ nke chọrọ inyocha echiche nwoke na nwanyị na Africa. 14  Na 1977, e hiwere Association of African Women for Research and Development (AAWORD) iji kwalite nyocha na ụmụ nwanyị Africa site na ụmụ nwanyị Africa. Ndị ọkà mmụta jikọrọ aka na nzukọ a sitere na ntọala ya gụnyere: Simi Afonja (Nigeria), N'Dri Thérèse Assié-Lumumba (Ivory Coast), (Bolanle Awe (Nigeria), Nawal El Saadawi (Egypt), Nina Mba (Nigeria), Omolara Ogundipe-Leslie (Nigeria), Acholanya Palanya (Siisie Pala) , Simi Afonja (Nigeria) Fatou Sow (Senegal), na Zenebework Tadesse (Ethiopia) .  15  Ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ sonyeere Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era (DAWN), netwọk maka ụmụ nwanyị agụmakwụkwọ na ndị na-eme ihe ike lekwasịrị anya na Global South, nke e kere na 1984.  15  Ndị ọkà mmụta Africa n'etiti ndị na-emepụta DAWN (Ketemaro) Marie-Angélique Savané (Senegal). Ghana hiwere mmemme Development na Women's Studies (DAWS) na 1989, nke site na 1996 nyere ma mmụta mmụta mahadum na nke gụsịrị akwụkwọ.[4]: 415  Mgbe ọdịda nke Apartheid gasịrị, Mahadum Cape Town, South Africa hiwere African Gender Institute na 1996 iji kwado nyocha na ọmụmụ nwoke na nwanyị na Africa, site na ngalaba 200 Mahadum (Uganda), Mahadum Buea (Cameroon), na Mahadum Zambia (Zambia).

Amerịka

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Emere usoro ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị izizi na US na 1969 na Mahadum Cornell. Mgbe otu afọ nke nhazi kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị na-ewelite mmụọ, ngagharị iwe, mkpesa mkpesa, na ịrụ ọrụ na-abụghị iwu ma ọ bụ klaasị nnwale na ngosi n'ihu kọmitii na mgbakọ asaa, mmemme mmụta ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na United States malitere na 1970 na San Diego State College (nke bụ Mahadum San Diego State ugbu a). Na njikọ na National Women's Liberation Movement, ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị otu obodo kere kọmitii ad hoc maka ọmụmụ ihe ụmụ nwanyị. E hiwere mmemme mmụta ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ na United States na 1971 na Wichita State University dị na Wichita, Kansas. Emebere ya nke ukwuu site n'ọtụtụ mbọ nke ụmụ nwanyị na ngalaba bekee, nchịkwa na n'ime obodo. Kọleji nke Staten Island bụ Mahadum United States izizi gụsịrị nwa akwụkwọ nwere nzere bachelọ nke Arts na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ihi mbọ nke prọfesọ feminist Phyllis Chesler. Ka ọ na-erule 1974, ndị otu ngalaba Mahadum San Diego State malitere mkpọsa mba niile maka ntinye nke ngalaba ahụ. N'oge ahụ, omume ndị a na ubi bụ nnọọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Tupu ngalaba na mmemme ahaziri ahazi, ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ ụmụnwanyị ka a na-akpọsa n'amaghị ama n'ofe ụlọ akwụkwọ wee kuziere ya site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị ngalaba - na-akwụghị ụgwọ - na mgbakwunye na ọrụ nkuzi na nhazi ha hibere. Mgbe ahụ, dị ka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ taa, ngalaba na-akụzi na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ejikarị oge nhọpụta ngalaba na ngalaba ndị ọzọ na campus.

Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọkà mmụta mbụ na Ọmụmụ Ụmụ nwanyị, Feminist Studies, malitere ibipụta na 1972. [6] E guzobere National Women's Studies Association (nke United States) na 1977. [7]

N'afọ 1977, e nwere mmemme ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị 276 na mba niile na United States. Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmemme mụbara n'ime afọ iri sochirinụ, na-eto ruo mmemme 530 na 1989, [8] nke gụnyere mmemme na Mahadum Puerto Rico nke Margarita Benítez guzobere na 1986. [9] N'ihe dị ka afọ 1980, mahadum dị na US hụrụ uto na mmepe nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na mmemme gafee mba ahụ ebe ngalaba ahụ nọgidere na-alụ ọgụ na mmeghachi omume sitere n'aka ndị otu abụọ na nchegbu sitere n'etiti ndị nọ n'òtù ụmụ nwanyị banyere ndị ọcha, existentialist, na Ihe ùgwù nwoke na nwanyị nke ndị nọ n"ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.[10]

Na Canada A kụziri ọmụmụ mahadum ole na ole mbụ na Women's Studies na mbido afọ 1970. N'afọ 1984, gọọmentị etiti guzobere oche ise e nyere na Women's Studies maka mpaghara ọ bụla nke mba ahụ na:

  • Mahadum Simon Fraser (British Columbia),
  • Mahadum nke Winnipeg na Mahadum Manitoba (Prairies, oche jikọrọ ọnụ)
  • Mahadum Carleton na Mahadum Ottawa (Ontario, oche jikọrọ aka),
  • Mahadum Laval (Quebec), na
  • Mahadum Mount St Vincent (Atlantic Canada).

N'otu oge ahụ, ụmụ nwanyị agụmakwụkwọ na Latin America malitere ịmepụta ìgwè ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. [11] : 17 [12] E mepụtara oche mbụ nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na Mexico na ngalaba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke National Autonomous University of Mexico na 1970.[13] Malite na 1979, Grupo Autónomo de Mujeres Universitarias (GAMU, Autonomous Group of University Women), nke gụnyere ma ngalaba Mexico na ụmụ akwụkwọ malitere izute oge ụfọdụ iji kwurịta otú e si ewebata ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche gafee mba ahụ. N'afọ 1982, e mepụtara mmemme ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco . [13] N'otu aka ahụ na 1983, ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na òtù ụmụ nwanyị nke Mexico, gụnyere Lourdes Arizpe, Flora Botton, na Elena Urrutia, guzobere Programa Interdisciplinario de Estudios de la Mujer (PIEG, Interdisciplinary Women's Studies Program) na El Colegio de México na Mexico City.[14] N'afọ 1984, ndị ọkà mmụta guzobere Centro de Estudios de la Mujer (Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọmụmụ Ụmụ nwanyị) na ngalaba nkà mmụta uche na Mahadum National Autonomous nke Mexico. A kwadoro ngalaba ahụ site na ịmepụta Programa Universitario de Estudios de Género (PUEG, University Program on Gender Studies) na 1992, na agbamume nke ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Gloria Careaga, Teresita nke Barbieri, Graciela Hierro [es], Araceli Mingo, Lorenia Parada, na Alicia Elena Pérez Duarte . [13]

Ndị na-eme ihe ike na ndị na-eme nchọpụta na Chile malitere nzukọ na 1978 na ịmepụta Círculo de la Mujer (Ogige Ụmụ nwanyị). N'afọ 1984, ha tọrọ ntọala Centro de Estudios de la Mujer (CEM, Center for Women's Studies) na Santiago iji kwado ọtụtụ ọzụzụ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na okike. N'otu afọ ahụ, Virginia Vargas malitere ịkụzi ihe ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na Peru, n'afọ sokwa ya, ya na Virginia Guzmán Barcos na ndị ọzọ, tọrọ ntọala Flora Tristán Peruvian Women's Center.[3] Gama, Guiomar Dueñas Vargas, Florence Thomas, Magdalena León Gómez, María Martínez, Donny Meertens, Yolanda Puyana Villamizar [wikidata], María Himelda Ramírez na Ana Rico de Alonso rụrụ ọrụ iji mepụta ngalaba interdisciplinary nke ọmụmụ nwanyị na Colombia. 17  Nke mbụ ha zutere n'amaghị ama, wee nwee ike nweta nkwado gọọmentị na 1985 dị ka Grupo de Estudios Mujer y Sociedad (Women & Society Study Group) na n'ikpeazụ na 1994, ha malitere Programa de Estudios de Género, Mujer y Desarrollo (PGMD, Gender, Women and Society Study Group) 17

N'afọ 1985, ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na Argentina malitere "Introduction to Women's Studies" na nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe, "La construcción social del género sexual" (The Social Construction of Sexual Gender) na Mahadum Buenos Aires. N'afọ 1987, María Fernández ghọrọ onye isi oche nke UBA's degree program na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. N'afọ 1992, e guzobere Area Interdisciplinaria de Estudios de la Mujer (AIEM, Interdisciplinary Area of Women's Studies), nke ghọrọ Instituto Interdisciplinario de Estudios d'Género (Interdisciplinary Institute of Gender Studies) n'afọ 1997, na UBA na-ejikọ ndị ọkà mmụta si na ngalaba nke Arts, Anthropology, Classics and Letters, Education, History, Languages, na Philosophy iji kwalite nyocha sara mbara na nyocha nke ụmụ nwanyị na ngalaba ndị a.[13] Hilda Habichayn guzobere Centro de Estudios Históricos sobre las Mujeres (Center for Historical Studies on Women), nke malitere na 1993 iji nye nzere masta mbụ na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na Latin America.[15][16]

Usoro ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na Paraguay bụ Centro Paraguayo de estudios de la Mujer (Paraguayan Center of Women's Studies) na Universidad Católica "Nuestra Señora de la Asunción". Ọ bụ Olga Caballero, Manuelita Escobar, Marilyn Godoy na Edy Irigoitia guzobere ya na 1983.[17] The Grupo de Estudios de la Mujer Paraguaya (GEMPA, Paraguayan Women's Studies Group) bụ nke Graziella Corvalán na Mirtha Rivarola guzobere na Paraguayan Center for Sociological Studies na 1985.[18] A malitekwara iguzobe ọmụmụ gbasara nwoke na nwanyị na mahadum dị na Brazil n'afọ ndị 1980 ma gaa n'ihu na-agbasawanye n'afọ 1990.[19] N'afọ 1992, ndị ọkà mmụta Brazil na Mahadum Federal nke Rio de Janeiro malitere Revista Estudos Feministas, otu n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ agụmakwụkwọ bụ isi gbasara okike na Brazil. N'etiti ndị nyere aka maka mbipụta mbụ ahụ bụ Ana Arruda Callado, Heloísa Buarque de Hollanda, Maria Carneiro da Cunha, Mary Garcia Castro, Rosiska Darcy de Oliveira, Valéria Lamego, Miriam Moreira Leite, Leila Linhares, Heleieth Saffioti, Bila Sorj, na ndị ọzọ. [20][pt][21]

Ebumnuche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Òtù ụmụ nwanyị nke manyere ịmepụta ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị hụrụ onwe ya na-emegide usoro agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị nke afọ 1990.[22] Ka "nwaanyị" dị ka echiche nọgidere na-agbasawanye, nchọpụta nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke okike dugara na mgbasawanye nke mpaghara ahụ n'ime ọmụmụ okike na ọmụmụ mmekọahụ. Mpaghara ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị nọgidere na-eto n'oge 1990s na n'ime 2000s site na mmụba nke mahadum na-enye majors, minors, na asambodo na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị, ọmụmụ okike, na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwoke. E guzobere mmemme PhD mbụ na Women's Studies na Mahadum Emory na 1990. &quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;6 October 2014&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwBbY\">&nbsp;</span><cite about=\"#mwt225\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwBbc\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.gs.emory.edu/academics/program_pages/gender.html\" id=\"mwBbg\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwBbk\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwBbo\">6 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite>"}}" id="cite_ref-42" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Women's_studies#cite_note-42 [2]] Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2012, e nwere ụlọ ọrụ iri na isii na-enye PhD na Women's Studies na United States.[23][24] Kemgbe ahụ, UC Santa Cruz (2013), Mahadum Kentucky-Lexington (2013), Mahadum Stony Brook (2014), na Mahadum Oregon State (2016) webatara PhD n'ọhịa ahụ.[25][26][27][28]

Australia

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N'afọ 1956, onye Australia na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị bụ Madge Dawson malitere ịkụzi ihe na Ngalaba Mmụta Ndị Okenye na Mahadum Sydney wee malite ime nchọpụta na ịkụzi banyere ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị. Usoro Dawson, "Women in a Changing World", nke lekwasịrị anya na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị na ọdịda anyanwụ Europe, na-aghọ otu n'ime ọmụmụ ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị mbụ.[29]

Eshia

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Ebe Etiti Eshia

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N'afọ 2015 na Mahadum Kabul, nzere masta mbụ na ọmụmụ nwoke na nwanyị na Afghanistan malitere.[30]

Europe

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Elizabeth Bird chọtara mmepe nke Women's Studies na UK site na agụmakwụkwọ na-abụghị nke ụmụ nwanyị nnwere onwe (WLM), Workers' Educational Association, "CR" ma ọ bụ "ịzụlite uche", òtù ndị na-eme ihe ike, na ngalaba ndị ọzọ dị na mahadum na kọleji.[31] Bird na-ekwu na, dị ka ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ọkà mmụta Anna Coote na Beatrix Campbell bụ ndị gbara ọtụtụ ndị sonyere na 1960s-70s mmepe nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị ajụjụ ọnụ, "n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1969 Juliet Mitchell kụziri obere nkuzi akpọrọ 'The Role of Women in Society' na 'Anti University', nke ndị ọkà mmụta siri ike haziri dị ka akụkụ nke mmegide ụmụ akwụkwọ. " [32] Maggie Humm na-akọwa usoro ọmụmụ oge okpomọkụ a dị ka "Ụzọ ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị mbụ nke Britain". [33]

N'afọ 1975, Margarita Rendel, Oonagh Hartnett, Zoe Fairbairns, dere akwụkwọ ntuziaka na-akọwapụta ọmụmụ 17 dị n'oge ahụ, nhọrọ 1 postgraduate, kọleji anọ na-enye agụmakwụkwọ na ọmụmụ polytechnics isii na Women's Studies - nke a na-akpọkarị 'ụmụ nwanyị na ọha mmadụ' - na United Kingdom.[34] Ha chịkọtara ntuziaka sitere na nyocha nke mahadum UK ma gbakwunye na nyocha nke Sue Beardon na Erika Stevenson bipụtara maka National Union of Students na 1974.

The Polytechnic of Central London nyere diplọma postgraduate na Women's Studies site na 1977, na 1978 otu MA ọmụmụ ihe na isiokwu nke 'Rights', gụnyere ikike ụmụ nwanyị, bụ nke Margarita Rendel haziri na London Institute of Education.

N'afọ 1980, Mahadum Kent malitere nzere MA mbụ a kpọrọ aha na Women's Studies, ebe Mary Evans na-eduga mmepe nke usoro ahụ. [31]Na-esote Kent, Bradford (1982), Sheffield City Polytechnic (1983), Warwick (1983) na York (1984) meghere ọmụmụ MA. N'afọ 1990, a malitere BAs nke nwa oge na Women's Studies na Polytechnic nke North East London na Preston Polytechnic . Mahadum Open kpọrọ Veronica Beechey n'afọ 1983 iji malite ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ebe ahụ.[35]

Omenala na usoro nyocha

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Ụmụ akwụkwọ nke Women and Gender Studies University of Haifa.

Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na usoro mmụta na-abụkarị ajụjụ "Gịnị mere na ụmụ nwanyị anaghị etinye ya? Ebee ka ụmụ nwanyị nọ?". [36] Nke ahụ bụ, ka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị bịara na agụmakwụkwọ ka elu dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ na ngalaba, ajụjụ bilitere banyere ọdịdị nwoke nke ọtụtụ ọmụmụ na usoro mmụta. Ndị nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị na ngalaba ọdịnala dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme, Bekee, na nkà ihe ọmụma malitere inye ọmụmụ na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ nwanyị. Site n'echiche nke ụmụ nwanyị na "onwe bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị", ọmụmụ malitere ịmalite gburugburu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mmekọahụ, ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na ọha mmadụ, na ụzọ ndụ ụmụ nwanyị si egosipụta usoro ike ka ukwuu.[37]

Kemgbe afọ 1970, ndị ọkà mmụta nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị ejirila ụzọ post-modern ghọta okike na njikọ ya na agbụrụ, klas, agbụrụ, mmekọahụ, okpukpe, afọ, na (dis) ikike ịmepụta na idebe usoro ike n'ime ọha mmadụ. Site na mgbanwe a, a na-elekwasị anya n'asụsụ, subjectivity, na hegemony mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na otu ndụ nke ndị a na-ekwu, n'agbanyeghị otú ha si mara, si bụrụ. Isi ihe dị n'echiche ndị a bụ echiche na n'agbanyeghị na mmadụ na-akọwa, okike, mmekọahụ, na mmekọahụ abụghị ihe dị n"ime, kama ọ bụ nke ọha na eze.[38]

Echiche ndị dị mkpa a na-eji eme ihe na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị gụnyere Echiche ụmụ nwanyị, intersectionality, Echiche echiche, transnational femism, na ikpe ziri ezi nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Omume nyocha metụtara ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye ụmụ nwanyị na ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị n'etiti nyocha site na iji usoro ọnụọgụ, nke dị mma, na nke ngwakọta. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na-ekweta ọrụ ha na mmepụta ihe ọmụma ma mee ka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti onye nchọpụta na isiokwu nyocha doo anya.[3]

Echiche ụmụ nwanyị

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ozizi ụmụ nwanyị na-ezo aka na otu ederede nke na-arụ ọrụ iji lebara ịkpa ókè na ndịiche dị na nwoke anya, na-ekwenye, na-akọwa, na nyochaa ahụmahụ na ọnọdụ nke ndụ ụmụ nwanyị.[1]. Theorists na ndị edemede dị ka mgbịrịgba nko, Simone de Beauvoir, Patricia Hill Collins, na Alice Walker gbakwunyere na ubi nke feminist tiori n'ihe banyere ụzọ ndị agbụrụ na okike na-agwa ibe ha ahụmahụ nke ndị inyom na agba na ọrụ dị ka Feminist Theory: Site Margin to Center (nko), Na Search of Our Nne' Gardens, Feminous though na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Empowerment (Collins). Bracha Lichtenberg Ettinger webatara ubi nke nlele anya matrixial, oghere matrixial (matricial) na oge, yana usoro echiche ọhụrụ na okwu iji webata nwanyị na-amaghị ihe site na echiche psychoanalytic na nkà ihe ọmụma.[2][3][4][5] Alice Walker chepụtara okwu nwanyị ịbụ nwanyị iji gosipụta ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị ojii ka ha na-agba mbọ maka mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nnwere onwe, ebe ha na-eme ememe ike nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii, omenala ha, na ịma mma ha.[6]. Patricia Hill Collin's nyere echiche nke "matrix nke ịchịisi" n'echiche nwanyị, bụ nke mere ka agbụrụ, klaasị, na okike dị ka usoro mmegbu na-ejikọta ọnụ nke na-akpụ ahụmahụ nke ihe ùgwù na mmegbu.

Nwaanyị na mpaghara ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị nke ọbá akwụkwọ

intersectionality" id="mwAls" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality bụ ụzọ isi ghọta ma nyochaa mgbagwoju anya na ndị mmadụ, ahụmịhe mmadụ, na ọha mmadụ.[39] E jikọtara ya na nke atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị, echiche Kimberlé Crenshaw nke intersectionality aghọwo usoro dị mkpa nke ndị ọkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị dị iche iche na-atụle mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọdịdị mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dịka okike, agbụrụ, afọ, na mmasị mmekọahụ, ma nata ịkpa ókè ọha na eze. [40] Intersectionality na-ekwu na a ghaghị ịtụle mmekọrịta ndị a iji ghọta usoro nke ike na ihe ùgwù, yana mmetụta ha na-egosipụta na ndụ mmadụ.[41] Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eche na ihe omume na ọnọdụ nke ndụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ otu ihe, intersectionality na-ekwu na mmegbu na enweghị nhata nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze bụ nsonaazụ nke otu ndị mmadụ nwere ike si ele njikọta nke ihe dị iche iche anya; na-ekwusi ike na a na'ihi ịkpa ókè site na ike, ọ bụghị njirimara onwe onye.[39][40]

Echiche Standpoint, nke a na-akpọkwa echiche echiche echiche ụmụ nwanyị, [42] mepụtara na 1980s dị ka ụzọ isi nyochaa mmepụta nke ihe ọmụma na mmetụta ya na omume nke ike. [43] Echiche Standpoint na-arụ ọrụ site n'echiche na ihe ọmụma dị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndị na-anọchite anya ndị otu na ndị ka nta na-eleghara anya n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ma ọ bụ na-ewepụ ha mgbe ọ bịara na mmepụta ihe ọmụma. Na-esite n'echiche Marxist, echiche echiche na-arụ ụka maka nyocha nke na-agbagha ikike nke "eziokwu" ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. [44] Echiche Standpoint, na-eche na ike dị naanị n'aka nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ka usoro mkpebi na ọha mmadụ na-ewu naanị maka, na site n'aka ụmụ nwoke.[42] Ihe atụ nke ebe echiche echiche na-egosi onwe ya na ọha mmadụ bụ site na usoro nyocha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ebe ọ bụ na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụmụ nwoke na-achịkwa mpaghara ọmụmụ a.[42] Ọzọkwa, site n'echiche Marxist, Karl Marx kwupụtara echiche nke kwenyere na ndị nọ n'ọchịchị enweghị ike ịghọta echiche nke ndị ha nwere ike.[42] Inye echiche ahụ na-ekweta na nwoke enweghị ike ịghọta mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ihu na ọha.

Echiche ụmụ nwanyị na-agbanwe agbanwe

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Transnational femism na-echegbu onwe ya banyere ọganihu nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ịha nhata nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke gafee ókèala; kpọmkwem na nzaghachi maka ijikọ ụwa ọnụ, neoliberalism, na imperialism.[45] Ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị malitere itinye echiche ụmụ nwanyị na-agafe mba n'ime usoro ọmụmụ ya dị ka ụzọ isi mebie ma maa ụzọ a na-ebute ihe ọmụma gbasara okike ụzọ, na-ebufe, ma na-agbasa n'ọhịa na agụmakwụkwọ.[46] Echiche ụmụ nwanyị na-aga n'ihu na-agbagha ọdịiche ọdịnala nke ọha mmadụ, nke dị oke mkpa maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nkwenkwe ọdịbendị na-aga nke ọma.[47] Otu nkwenye dị mkpa sitere n'echiche ụmụ nwanyị mba niile bụ na okike bụ, abụwo, ma ga-anọgide na-abụ, mgbalị zuru ụwa ọnụ.[48] Ọzọkwa, echiche ụmụ nwanyị na-agafe mba na-eme ka enweghị nlebara anya na ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke ọdịbendị na akụ na ụba nke okike, n'ihi ijikọ ụwa ọnụ, nwere ike inye aka n'ịkwalite enweghị nhata nke okike zuru ụwa ọnụ; ọ bụ ezie na, nke a nwere ike ime naanị mgbe mmadụ na-anọ n'ọkwá ndị nwere ihe ùgwù n'ụwa niile.[48]

Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke Ọha

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Kemgbe e bidoro ya na njikọ ya na òtù ụmụ nwanyị, ime ihe ike abụwo ntọala nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke ọha na eze aghọwo akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị, mmemme, na ngalaba. Echiche ikpe ziri ezi nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-emetụta ọgụ maka obodo ndị ziri ezi, ọ bụghị na ọkwa nke onye ọ bụla, kama maka ọha mmadụ dum.[49] Ụmụ akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye aka na ọrụ ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha na eze, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị nkatọ na-echegbu onwe ha banyere ịchọ ka ụmụ akwụkwọ tinye aka na ọrụ iwu na / ma ọ bụ ọrụ ikpe ziri aga nke ọha na mmadụ.[50] Ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị abụghị naanị na ọ na-elekwasị anya n'echiche ndị dị ka ime ihe ike n'ụlọ, ịkpa ókè n'ebe ọrụ, na ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị na nkewa nke ọrụ n'ụlọ. Ọ na-enye ntọala maka ịghọta ihe kpatara echiche ndị a, nke bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ iji mee ka ndụ ka mma maka ụmụ nwanyị.[51]

Ụlọ ọrụ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Enwere ike ịkọwa ụlọ ọrụ dị ka ikike ime nhọrọ n'otu n'otu na n'efu.[52] Enwere ike igbochi ụlọ ọrụ mmadụ n'ihi ihe dị iche iche metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, dị ka okike, agbụrụ, okpukpe na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze.[52] Site n'echiche ụmụ nwanyị, enwere ike ile ụlọ ọrụ anya dị ka mgbalị iji mee ka mmegbu otu akụkụ nke gosipụtara mmegbu mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị.[53] Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-eji ụlọ ọrụ eme ihe na-anwa ịmepụta ụdị nnwere onwe ọhụrụ na ịdabere na mgbanwe nke mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị nke na-ewere ọnọdụ na ọha mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ.[53] Nnyocha ụmụ nwanyị na-ekweta enweghị ụlọ ọrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị nwere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, n'ihi ọnọdụ ndị isi na ọha mmadụ. Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-eme mgbalị siri ike iji bulie nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị, n'ihi na ọ nwere ike ịkpata mgbasawanye ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta maka ụmụ nwanyị niile.[53]

Ịhụnanya n'ihe onwunwe

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Echiche nke ihe onwunwe sitere na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na 1960s na 1970s.[54] Materialism nwere njikọ dị mkpa na echiche Marxist nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, ụlọ ọrụ, na echiche; ọ bụ ezie na, enwere ike ịmata ya site na itinye asụsụ na ọdịbendị na nkà ihe ọmụma ya.[54] Ịhụnanya n'anya na-ewelite ajụjụ ma na nyocha mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze, nke enwere ike ịchọta ya na ọnọdụ ihe onwunwe nke ọha mmadụ ọ bụla.[54] Na mgbakwunye na nyocha site n'echiche nwoke na nwanyị, a na-amụ ọnọdụ ihe onwunwe n'ihe gbasara akụkụ ndị dị adị nke ndụ ụmụ nwanyị.[54] Akụkụ dị mkpa nke ndị na-ahụ maka ihe onwunwe na-ekpughe mmekọrịta ndị a sitere n'echiche ụmụ nwanyị, na-azọrọ na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, yana itinye aka na mgbanwe.[54] Ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ihe onwunwe na-elekwasị anya na nhazi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke na-eme ka ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị pụta ìhè karịsịa akụkụ nke ezinụlọ, ezinụlọ, na ịbụ nne.[54] Materialism na-enyocha okwu gbasara nwoke na nwanyị nke na-akwalite nchụpụ ụmụ nwanyị; Ya mere, otu n'ime akụkụ kachasị emetụta nke ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ihe onwunwe bụ nlebara anya ya na ajụjụ nke echiche na otu ha si emetụta akụkọ ihe mere eme na ụlọ ọrụ.[54]

Nkụzi

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-eji nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ n'ụdị triad nke nyocha, echiche, na praxis nha nhata. Ntọhapụ nke prọfesọ dị ka isi iyi nke ihe ọmụma na-abụkarị ihe ndabere na omenala ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. A na-agba ụmụ akwụkwọ ume ka ha na-arụsi ọrụ ike na "ịzọrọ" agụmakwụkwọ ha, na-eburu ọrụ maka onwe ha na usoro mmụta. Emebere mmemme mmụta ụmụ nwanyị na nkuzi iji chọpụta njikọ dị n'etiti okike, agbụrụ, mmekọahụ, klaasị na isiokwu ndị ọzọ na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara na ụkpụrụ ọha na eze site na oghere nwanyị. Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-elekwasị anya n'ụdị isiokwu dị iche iche dị ka agụmagụ mgbasa ozi, mmekọahụ, agbụrụ na agbụrụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme metụtara ụmụ nwanyị, echiche queer, multiculturalism na ihe ọmụmụ ndị ọzọ nwere njikọ chiri anya. Ngalaba na-etinye ihe ndị a n'ime klaasị n'ofe isiokwu dị iche iche, gụnyere omenala ndị ama ama, ụmụ nwanyị nọ na akụ na ụba, ikpe ịmụ nwa na gburugburu ebe obibi, na ahụike ụmụ nwanyị n'ogologo ndụ niile. Bracha L. Ettinger's matrixial theory nwere mmetụta na ngalaba nkuzi nka n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ nlekọta.

Mmemme ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye aka na ọrụ ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha na-echepụtakarị usoro ọmụmụ ndị agbakwunyere na tiori na mmemme na-abụghị ntọala klaasị. Ụfọdụ mmemme ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-enye ọzụzụ ọzụzụ nke sitere na obodo na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ ohere ịhụ ka ụlọ ọrụ nke ihe ùgwù na mmegbu si emetụta ndụ ụmụ nwanyị. Usoro ọmụmụ ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-agbakarị ụmụ akwụkwọ ume isonye na mmemme mmụta ọrụ na mgbakwunye na mkparịta ụka na ntụgharị uche n'ihe ọmụmụ. Otú ọ dị, Daphne Patai, nke Mahadum Massachusetts Amherst, katọrọ akụkụ a nke mmemme ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị, na-arụ ụka na ha na-etinye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị karịa agụmakwụkwọ, na-ekwu na "atụmatụ nke ndị òtù ngalaba na mmemme ndị a gụnyere asụsụ ndị uwe ojii na-adịghị ahụkebe, usoro nyocha nke a na-ewere na ọ dị mma nye ụmụ nwanyị (dị ka qualitative n'elu quantitative ụzọ), na-eduzi ọmụmụ ọgwụgwọ dịka a ga-asị na ha bụ usoro ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. okike, agbụrụ, klaasị, na mmekọahụ, nke a na-ebutekarị dissecting institutionalized Ọdịdị nke ike N'ihi nke ndị a pedagogies, ụmụ nwanyị ọmụmụ na-ahapụ mahadum na a ngwá ọrụ setịpụrụ ime ka ọha mmadụ mgbanwe na-eme ihe banyere ike inequalities na ọha mmadụ.

Nkatọ agụmakwụkwọ n'ime

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'akwụkwọ Professing Feminism: Education and Indoctrination in Women's Studies, ndị nkuzi iri atọ nke Women's ọmụmụ gbakọtara iji katọọ "ọnọdụ na-adịghị mma na omume na-ebibi onwe onye nke yiri ka ọ bụ ihe dị n'ọtụtụ mmemme Women's Study". Ndị prọfesọ kwuru na ha enweghị ike "ịkwurịta nchegbu ha banyere esemokwu a na ndị otu ngalaba ndị ọzọ na Women's Studies", na-ekwu na "ịkwusiri ike mgbe niile na ịdị ọcha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.... site na ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị prọfesị".[55]

Hụkwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe edeturu

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. ↑ Shaw (23 April 2014). Women's voices, feminist visions: classic and contemporary readings, Sixth, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0078027000. OCLC 862041473. 
  2. ↑ (2018) Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190872823. OCLC 1002116432. 
  3. 1 2 Hesse-Biber (18 July 2013). Feminist research practice: a primer, Second, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781412994972. OCLC 838201827. 
  4. ↑ Wiegman (2002). Women's studies on its own: a next wave reader in institutional change. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822329862. OCLC 49421587. 
  5. ↑ Berger (2015). Transforming Scholarship: Why Women's and Gender Studies Students Are Changing Themselves and the World. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-83653-1. 
  6. ↑ History. Feminist Studies. Retrieved on 30 May 2014.
  7. ↑ NWSA. nwsa.org. Retrieved on 26 July 2015.
  8. ↑ (December 2007) "A National Census of Women's Studies Programs". NORC Project: 25. 
  9. ↑ Rodríguez. "El feminism llevado a la práctica", El Mundo, 3 September 1990, p. 32. Retrieved on 17 April 2023. (in Spanish)
  10. ↑ (2008) in Ginsberg: The evolution of American women's studies: reflections on triumphs, controversies, and change, 1st, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230605794. OCLC 224444238. 
  11. ↑ Arango Gaviria (2018). "Un proyecto académico feminista en mutación: la Escuela de Estudios de Género de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia [A Feminist Academic Project in Mutation: The School of Gender Studies of the National University of Colombia]", in Gil Hernández: Feminismos y estudios de género en Colombia: un campo académico y político en movimiento, Primeraición (in Spanish), Bogotá, Colombia: National University of Colombia Press, 17–38. ISBN 978-958-783-334-8. 
  12. ↑ Florence Thomas (Spanish). Cienciágora. Universia (7 March 2008). Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved on 22 April 2022.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Lozano Rubello (October 2019). "Los estudios de género en la UBA y la UNAM: una conquista del feminismo académico" (in Spanish). Universidades 70 (81): 45–54. DOI:10.36888/udual.universidades.2019.81.36. ISSN 0041-8935. Retrieved on 23 April 2022. 
  14. ↑ Poy Solano. "Reconoce el Colmex a tres pioneras de los estudios de género", La Jornada, 11 March 2021. Retrieved on 11 April 2022. (in Spanish)
  15. ↑ "Murió Hilda Habichayn, reconocida docente de la UNR y activista por la igualdad de género", La Capital, 12 May 2021. Retrieved on 6 April 2023. (in Spanish)
  16. ↑ Arrabal. "Académicas con la lupa en el género", Página 12, 9 March 2019. Retrieved on 6 April 2023. (in Spanish)
  17. ↑ González de Bosio (March 2020). Dia de la mujer paraguaya 24 de ferbrero (Spanish). Corredor de las Ideas. Corridor of Ideas of the Southern Cone-X International Colloquium of Political Philosophy. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved on 25 April 2023.
  18. ↑ Santa Cruz Cosp (2013). Estudios de Género y Ciencias Sociales en Paraguay (in Spanish). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Biblioteca Clacso. 
  19. ↑ Peluffo (May–August 2020). "Simpósio: cinco questões sobre os estudos de gênero na América Latina" (in Portuguese). Estudos Históricos 33 (70): 227–253. DOI:10.1590/S2178-14942020000200002. ISSN 0103-2186. Retrieved on 25 April 2022. 
  20. ↑ Revista Estudos Feministas. SciELO. São Paulo Research Foundation (31 January 2022). Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved on 10 April 2023.
  21. ↑ (1992) "Colaboradores" (in Portuguese). Revista Estudos Feministas 1 (1): 242–243. ISSN 0104-026X. Retrieved on 9 April 2023. 
  22. ↑ Wiegman (2008). "Feminism, Institutionalism, and the Idiom of Failure", in Scott: Women's Studies on the Edge. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-4274-8. 
  23. ↑ NWSA. nwsa.org. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved on 26 July 2015.
  24. ↑ Artemis Guide to Women's Studies in the U.S. Retrieved on 6 October 2014.
  25. ↑ UC Santa Cruz – Feminist Studies. feministstudies.ucsc.edu. Retrieved on 22 August 2016.
  26. ↑ PHD Program | Gender & Women's Studies. gws.as.uky.edu. Retrieved on 22 August 2016.
  27. ↑ Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies. stonybrook.edu. Retrieved on 22 August 2016.
  28. ↑ PhD in Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies! | College of Liberal Arts | Oregon State University. liberalarts.oregonstate.edu (21 September 2015). Retrieved on 22 August 2016.
  29. ↑ Ardent warrior for women's rights (31 July 2003).
  30. ↑ FaithWorld (26 October 2015). Kabul University unlikely host for first Afghan women's studies programme. Reuters.com. Archived from the original on 27 October 2015. Retrieved on 2 November 2015.
  31. 1 2 Bird (1 June 2003). "Women's studies and the women's movement in Britain: origins and evolution, 1970–2000" (in en). Women's History Review 12 (2): 263–288. DOI:10.1080/09612020300200351. ISSN 0961-2025. 
  32. ↑ Coote (1982). Sweet Freedom: the struggle for women's liberation. London: Pan Macmillan. 
  33. ↑ Humm. Feminisms: a reader. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, xvi. 
  34. ↑ Hartnett (1975). Women's Studies Courses in the United Kingdom. London: Margarita Rendel. 
  35. ↑ Taylor (31 January 2021). Veronica Beechey obituary (en). The Guardian. Retrieved on 27 January 2022.
  36. ↑ Rothenberg (2008). "Women's Studies – The Early Years: When Sisterhood Was Powerful", in Ginsberg: The Evolution of American Women's Studies. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-230-60579-4. 
  37. ↑ (2008) in Ginsberg: The evolution of American women's studies: reflections on triumphs, controversies, and change, 1st, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230605794. OCLC 224444238. 
  38. ↑ Levin (2007). Questions for A New Century: Women's Studies and Integrative Learning. nwsa.org. Retrieved on 18 November 2017.
  39. 1 2 Hill Collins (2016). Intersectionality. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. ISBN 978-0-7456-8448-2. 
  40. 1 2 Cooper (2016). "Intersectionality", in Disch: The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory. Oxford University Press, 385–406. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.013.20. ISBN 978-0-19-932858-1. 
  41. ↑ Carastathis (2014). "The Concept of Intersectionality in Feminist Theory". Philosophy Compass 9 (5): 304–314. DOI:10.1111/phc3.12129. 
  42. 1 2 3 4 Potter (2014). "Loyalism, Women and Standpoint Theory". Irish Political Studies 29 (2): 258–274. DOI:10.1080/07907184.2012.727399. 
  43. ↑ Harding (2004). The feminist standpoint theory reader: intellectual and political controversies. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415945004. OCLC 51668081. 
  44. ↑ Hekman (1997). "Truth and Method: Feminist Standpoint Theory Revisited". Signs 22 (2): 341–365. DOI:10.1086/495159. 
  45. ↑ Moghadam (2011). "Transnational Feminisms", in Lee: Women worldwide: transnational feminist perspectives on women. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 15. ISBN 9780073512297. OCLC 436028205. 
  46. ↑ Parisi (2012). "Transnational", in Orr: Rethinking women's and gender studies. New York: Routledge, 326. ISBN 9780415808316. OCLC 738351967. 
  47. ↑ Minoo (1999). Between Woman and Nation: Nationalisms, Transnational Feminisms, and the State (in en). Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-2322-8. 
  48. 1 2 Shome (2006). "Transnational Feminism and Communication Studies: The Communication Review, 9(4), 255–267.". DOI:10.1080/10714420600957266. 
  49. ↑ Capeheart (2007). Social Justice: Theories, Issues, and Movements. Piscataway: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813541686. OCLC 437192947. 
  50. ↑ Johnson (2016). "Social Justice for (University) Credit? The Women's and Gender Studies Practicum in the Neoliberal University. (Report)". Resources for Feminist Research 34 (3–4). 
  51. ↑ Women's and Gender Studies. Texas Tech University.
  52. 1 2 Barker (2005). Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice. London: Sage. ISBN 0-7619-4156-8. 
  53. 1 2 3 Mcnay (2003). "Agency, Anticipation and Indeterminacy in Feminist Theory. Feminist Theory, 4(2), 139–148". DOI:10.1177/14647001030042003. 
  54. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hennessy (1999). Materialist Feminism: A Reader in Class, Difference, and Women's Lives: Canadian Journal of Communication.
  55. ↑ Patai (2003). Professing feminism: education and indoctrination in women's studies (in English). United States: HarperCollins, 13, 18. ISBN 9780739104552. 

Edensibia

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  • Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Nke ahụ abụghị ihe m kwuru: Nkọwa esemokwu na nyocha akụkọ. Na Giuck, S. & Patai, D. (Eds.), Women's Words: The Feminist Practice of Oral History (pp. 63-76). NY: Routledge 
  • Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Echiche echiche ụmụ nwanyị: Ịzụlite ihe ọmụma na ike site na ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 53-82). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe. 
  • Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Ọkpụkpọ òkù maka nyocha ụmụ nwanyị. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 1-24). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe. 
  • Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Omume ụmụ nwanyị nke ethnography. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 187-221). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe. 
  • Dill, T.B & Zambrana, R. (2009) Emerging Intersections: Race, Class and Gender in Theory, Policy and Practice. NJ: Rutgers University Press.
  • Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Mmekọahụ ahụ: ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwoke na nwanyị na iwulite mmekọahụ. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-07714-5.  
  • Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ịtọpụ ụkpụrụ omume: Ịkwado nsogbu omume nke ụkpụrụ omume nyocha. Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 30 (4), 2141-2162.
  • Harding, S. (1987). Okwu mbido: Enwere usoro ụmụ nwanyị? Na Harding, S. (ed.), Feminism & Methodology. (pp. 1-14). IN: Indiana University Press. 
  • Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Omume nke ịgba ajụjụ ọnụ miri emi nke ụmụ nwanyị. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 111-148). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe. 
  • Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Ịnụrụ ụmụ agbọghọ ntị: Echiche banyere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omume nke usoro ụmụ nwanyị nke mkparịta ụka otu. Mmekọahụ, Ebe, na Ọdịbendị, 11 (1), 105-119.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Postmodernism nke ụmụ nwanyị na poststructuralism. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 83-108). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe. 
  • Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Omume nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị na ajụjụ ọnụ ndị na-elekwasị anya. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 149-186). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe. 
  • Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Omume ụmụ nwanyị nke nyocha ọdịnaya. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 223-248). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe. 
  • Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Feminist empiricism: Ịma aka n'ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị na "ịtọlite ndekọ ahụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi". Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 27-52). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe. 
  • Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Nnyocha na-ekere òkè na nke na-eme ihe na feminism: Towards Transformative Praxis. N'akwụkwọ Sharlene Hesse-Biber (Ed.). Akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke Nnyocha Ụmụ nwanyị: Theory and Praxis. CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe.
  • Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Nnyocha nnyocha ụmụ nwanyị. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 293-325). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe. 

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