World Conference against Racism
Nzukọ mba ụwa megide ịkpa oke agbụrụ (WCAR) bụ usoro mmemme mba ụwa nke UNESCO haziri iji kwalite ọgụ megide echiche na omume ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Emeela ọgbakọ ise ruo ugbu a; na 1978, 1983, 2001, 2009 na 2021. Tọrọ ntọala mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ dị ka òtù na-adabere na United Nations, UNESCO malitere ozugbo e kere ya iji kwalite ọmụmụ sayensị gbasara agbụrụ agbụrụ na mgbasa ozi ha n'echiche ọha na eze iji kpochapụ pseudo-scientific rationalizations nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Otu n'ime akwụkwọ mbụ e bipụtara bụ Ajụjụ Race na 1950, nke ndị ọkà mmụta dị iche iche ama ama n'ụwa bịanyere aka na ya.
Nzukọ nke 1978
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| International opposition to apartheid in South Africa |
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Emere ọgbakọ mba ụwa nke 1978 megide ịkpa oke agbụrụ na Geneva, Switzerland. Ihe kacha lekwasịrị anya na ọgbakọ ahụ bụ ụkpụrụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mba South Africa. Nke a gụnyere nkatọ nke mmekọrịta Israel-South Africa (karịsịa nkwado akụ na ụba na nke agha), arịrịọ na United Nations Security Council tụlere "mmanye nke mmachi zuru oke na nke iwu kwadoro" na South Africa na "ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke ndịda Africa", na nkatọ ndị ọzọ nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa. Enwekwara nkwupụta na mmemme nke sitere na ogbako ahụ nke katọrọ oke agbụrụ, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ma kpọọ maka akụrụngwa agụmakwụkwọ iji kwalite "nghọta mmekọrịta n'etiti mmadụ niile ma gosipụta ... ihe ndabere nke agbụrụ na agbụrụ agbụrụ", n'etiti okwu ndị ọzọ.[2].
Nzukọ 1983
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Emekwara ọgbakọ mba ụwa nke 1983 megide ịkpa oke agbụrụ na Geneva, Switzerland.
Nzukọ 2001
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Emere ogbako 2001 na Durban, South Africa, n'okpuru nkwado UN site na 31 August ruo 8 Septemba 2001. Onye bụbu onye isi ala Irish Mary Robinson, mgbe ahụ onye isi UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, buru onyeisi oche dịka odeakwụkwọ ukwu.
Isiokwu a kpọrọ "Ogbako Ụwa megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, Xenophobia na enweghị ndidi metụtara", ọgbakọ ahụ na-atụle mmeso ọjọọ nke otu otu megide ibe ya. Oge dị ịrịba ama lekwasịrị anya kpọmkwem na mmeso Israel na-emeso ndị Palestine,[1] na-emeso mmebi nke ikike mmadụ na mgbukpọ n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ụwa nke abụọ.
N'ịkwupụta mmemme, ndị sonyere na nnọkọ ahụ kwuru, sị:
"Anyị na-ekwusi ike na a na-eme mbanye anyị zuru ụwa ọnụ maka mkpochapụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na enweghị ndidi metụtara ya, nakwa na a na-eme ndụmọdụ ndị dị na mmemme nke mmemme, na mmụọ nke ịdị n'otu na imekọ ihe ọnụ nke mba ụwa na site na ebumnuche na ụkpụrụ nke Charter nke United Nations na ihe ndị ọzọ dị mkpa nke mba ụwa. A na-atụ aro ndị a n'oge gara aga na n'oge gara aga. Ụzọ na-ele anya n'ihu, anyị ghọtara na nhazi na mmejuputa atumatu, atumatu, mmemme na omume ndị a kwesịrị ime nke ọma na ngwa ngwa, bụ ọrụ nke steeti niile, na itinye aka zuru oke nke ọha mmadụ na ọkwa mba, mpaghara na mba ụwa[1].
Nzukọ 2001 nwere esemokwu banyere Middle East na ihe nketa nke ịgba ohu, ma dakọta na mwakpo megide Israel na ngagharị iwe megide Israel na nzukọ nke òtù ndị na-abụghị gọọmentị. US na Israel wepụrụ n'etiti nzukọ ahụ n'ihi mkpebi nke, n'echiche ha, họpụtara Israel maka nkatọ ma jiri Zionism tụnyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ.[1][2] European Union jụkwara ịnabata okwu nke mba ndị Arab na-akatọ Israel maka "omume ịkpa ókè agbụrụ". [3]
Ọzọkwa na nnọkọ ahụ, mba Afrịka, nke Naijiria na Zimbabwe na-edu, na ndị NGO African-American chọrọ mgbaghara n'otu n'otu site na mba ọ bụla na-ahụ maka Ịgba ohu, ịnakwere ya dị ka mpụ megide ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ, na nkwụghachi ụgwọ a na-akpọ dị ka nke a. Ndị Europe jikọtara ọnụ n'azụ UK na ihe kachasị mma ndị Afrịka nwere ike inweta bụ oku maka nkwado maka New African Initiative, enyemaka ụgwọ, ego iji lụso ọrịa AIDS ọgụ, iweghachite ego gọọmentị zuru ohi nke ndị ọchịchị aka ike na ndị otu ha wegara West, na njedebe nke ịzụ ahịa ndị mmadụ. Mana okwu 'nrụzi' adịkwaghị.[4]
Nzukọ 2009
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]E mere 2009 World Conference Against Racism na Geneva, Switzerland. Canada, Israel, United States of America, New Zealand, Germany, [5] Italy, [6] Sweden, [7] Netherlands, Poland [8] na, mgbe ụfọdụ obi abụọ mbụ gasịrị, Australia [4] kwupụtara na ha agaghị esonye na nzukọ ahụ.
Mark Mardell nke akụkọ BBC kọrọ: Na Mọnde Nzukọ ahụ ga-amalite, Minista Na-ahụ Maka Mba Ọzọ nke Ịtali Franco Frattini (onye bụ ruo n'afọ gara aga European Commissioner for Security and Justice) gwara akwụkwọ akụkọ Ịtali Il Giornale na ọdịda Europe ekwekọrịta na usoro a na-ahụkarị bụ "nnukwu njehie, n'ihi na ọ na-egosi enweghị ike anyị, n'agbanyeghị okwu niile e kwuru na njikọ a, iji nweta ma ọ dịkarịa ala ihe kachasị ala na nsogbu bụ isi: ya bụ ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè, nke anyị na Brussels na-ekwu maka ya mgbe niile.
Frattini gara n'ihu, "M kwesịrị iche n'echiche na a ga-ahọrọ nkwekọrịta n'efu ọ bụla. Nke a, n'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na n'akwụkwọ ndị a kwadebere maka nzukọ ahụ na Geneva, ma e wezụga obere mmelite ole na ole, a nọgidere na-eme ka Israel bụrụ mba na-akpa ókè agbụrụ karịa ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. A ka e nwere ahịrịokwu ndị a na-anabataghị anabata nke, ma ọ bụrụ na e kwuru na nzukọ ndị minista EU, kwesịrị ime ka ndị mmadụ kwenye ịhapụ nzukọ ahụ - dịka anyị, United States, BBC, na Netherlands"
N'April 20, 2009, Minista Na-ahụ Maka Mba Ọzọ na New Zealand Murray McCully kwupụtara nchegbu banyere Nzukọ Nnyocha Durban na-abịanụ, dịka Associated Press kọrọ. O gosipụtara na ederede ederede maka nzukọ ahụ emeghị ka mkparịta ụka ahụ hụ na mkparịta ụka ga-ezere ọnọdụ obi ọjọọ na nkewa nke gosipụtara Nzukọ Durban nke afọ 2001. McCully tụrụ egwu karịsịa na ihe omume ahụ nwere ike ịghọ ebe arụmụka na-enweghị isi, dịka ndị dugara na ebubo nke mmegide ndị Juu na 2001. O kwupụtara nchegbu na ụfọdụ mba ndị Alakụba nwere ike iji nzukọ ahụ họpụta Israel maka nkatọ, ihe na-emegharị ugboro ugboro na ihe omume metụtara Durban. Tụkwasị na nke a, McCully dọrọ aka ná ntị na enwere ike iji nzukọ ahụ kwado mgbochi na nnwere onwe ikwu okwu, ọkachasị n'ihe gbasara nkatọ nke okpukpe. Nchegbu ndị a gosipụtara na New Zealand na-ala azụ iji kwado usoro nyocha ahụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu, na-egosipụta nchegbu zuru ụwa ọnụ banyere ikike Durban nwere iji dozie ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'enweghị esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.
N'ụbọchị mmeghe nke nzukọ ahụ, France kwuru na ndị Europe ga-apụ ma ọ bụrụ na Ahmadinejad ekwu okwu ọ bụla na-emegide ndị Juu. "Anyị ga-edozi anya nke ukwuu. Anyị agaghị anabata ihe ọ bụla, "Minista Na-ahụ Maka Mba Ọzọ nke France Bernard Kouchner gwara France Info. "Ọ bụrụ na o kwuo ebubo ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ma ọ bụ mmegide ndị Juu, anyị ga-apụ n'ime ụlọ ahụ ozugbo".[8]
Germany kpebiri ịhapụ nzukọ ahụ n'etiti nchegbu ọdịda anyanwụ na ihe omume ahụ nwere ike ịnwe mmetụta na-emegide ndị Juu, onye isi ọrụ kwadoro na Berlin Thursday.[5]
N'okwu mmeghe ya, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke UN Ban Ki-moon kwuru, "Ụfọdụ mba ndị site na ikike kwesịrị inyere anyị aka ịmepụta ụzọ maka ọdịnihu ka mma anọghị ebe a. N'èzí ụlọ nzukọ ndị a, ndị nwere mmasị nke ọtụtụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na echiche na-eti ibe ha mkpu n'ụzọ dị ilu. "[8]
Ka e mesịrị n'ụbọchị ahụ, ihe dị ka ndị nnọchiteanya 40 hapụrụ n'oge okwu onye isi ala Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad mgbe ọ kọwara Israel dị ka "gọọmentị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ" ma wakpo okike nke steeti Israel. France, nke dọrọ aka ná ntị banyere ọgbaghara, kọwara ya dị ka "okwu ịkpọasị", BBC kọrọ.
Ọgbaghara ahụ bụ ọdachi mmekọrịta ọha na eze maka United Nations, [9] nke nwere olileanya na nzukọ ahụ ga-abụ ihe atụ na-egbuke egbuke nke ihe UN kwesịrị ime nke ọma: ijikọ ọnụ iji lụso ikpe na-ezighị ezi ọgụ n'ụwa, ka Imogen Foulkes nke BBC kwuru na Geneva. Onye ọrụ ibe ya Jeremy Paxman kọwara ọgbaghara ahụ dị ka "ihe ngosi", na-ekwu na ndị mmadụ kwesịrị inwe ikike ịkatọ Zionism.
Onye isi ala Ahmadinejad, naanị onye isi gara nzukọ ahụ, kwuru na e zigara ndị Juu si Europe na United States na Middle East mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị "iji guzobe ọchịchị agbụrụ na Palestine. Ọ gara n'ihu, site n'aka onye ntụgharị: "Ma n'ezie, iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka ajọ nsonaazụ nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na Europe, ha nyere aka mee ka ọchịchị agbụrụ kachasị obi ọjọọ na nke mmegide na Palestine. "Ozugbo ọ malitere ịza ajụjụ nke ndị Juu na Israel, anyị enweghị ihe mere anyị ga-eji nọrọ n'ime ụlọ ahụ. "[9]
Onye nnọchi anya Britain bụ Peter Gooderham, onye sokwa n'ime ndị hapụrụ, kwuru na ihe Ahmadinejad kwuru bụ "ihe mkparị na ihe na-akpasu iwe". "Okwu ndị na-emegide ndị Juu ekwesịghị inwe ọnọdụ na nzukọ UN na-emegidesi agbụrụ", ka ọ mara ọkwa na ndị nta akụkọ gbakọtara. (Akụkọ BBC)
Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu mere ka okwu Ahmadinejad dị na webcast, [10] na Foreign Policy Journal, onye na-ebipụta akụkọ n'ịntanetị, mere ngwa ngwa wepụta ihe odide. [11]
Nzukọ 2021
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Na Septemba 2021, Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu gbakọtara iji cheta ncheta afọ 20 nke Nzukọ Ụwa nke 2001 megide Ịkpa Ókè, nke emere na Durban, South Africa, na-ekwusi ike na mkpebi ya iji mee ka atụmatụ mgbochi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ dịkwuo ike n'ụwa niile. Ihe omume Durban IV bu n'uche ịkwalite ebumnuche nke nkwupụta Durban nke ịlụso ịkpa ókè ọgụ na ịkwalite ịha nhata. Otú ọ dị, mba iri atọ na itoolu, gụnyere Albania, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Israel, United Kingdom, na United States, kwụsịrị nchegbu banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Durban na okwu mmegide ndị Juu, ọkachasị site na nzukọ 2001. European Union jikwa isonye ma ọ bụ kwuo okwu. Ndị nkatọ kwuru na nnọkọ ahụ lekwasịrị anya na esemokwu Israel-Palestine na-eme ka mbọ niile na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ghara ịdị, ebe ndị na-akwado ya kwusiri ike na ọ dị mkpa n'ịkwado ịkpa ókè ịkpa ókè mba ụwa. Nkwụsị ahụ gosipụtara nkewa dị omimi nke mba ụwa, na-akpali nchegbu banyere ịdị irè nke usoro Durban n'ịkwalite ọrụ dị n'otu megide ịkpa ókè.
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Durban nke Atọ
- Israel na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ
- Ụbọchị Mba Nile Maka Ịkwụsị Ihe
- Mkpebi Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu 3379
Edensibia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ "New racism declaration unveiled", CNN, 2001-09-04. Retrieved on 29 December 2023.
- ↑ "The Racism Walkout: The Overview; U.S. And Israelis Quit Racism Talks Over Denunciation", The New York Times, 4 September 2001. Retrieved on 29 December 2023.
- ↑ "UN rights chief backs anti-racism conference", San Diego Union-Tribune, 2 March 2009. Retrieved on 29 December 2023.
- ↑ McGreal. "Africans back down at UN race talks: Special report: UN conference against racism", The Observer, 9 September 2001.
- 1 2 Whatley. "Germany To Boycott Durban II Anti-Racism Conference", The Huffington Post, 16 April 2009. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "huffingtonpost.com" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Sofer. "Italy to boycott Durban 2", Ynetnews, 2009-03-05. Retrieved on 2021-07-24. (in en)
- ↑ Sverige boykotter racismekonference (da-DK). Politiken - Den levende avis. Retrieved on 2025-06-01.
- 1 2 3 RFI - France calls for firm EU action after Ahmadinejad dubs Israel racist. www1.rfi.fr. Retrieved on 2021-07-24.
- 1 2 "Walkout at Iran leader's speech", BBC, 20 April 2009. Retrieved on 25 January 2011. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "BBC" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Live webcast – Durban Review Conference. Retrieved on 22 April 2009.
- ↑ Full Text of President Ahmadinejad's Remarks at U.N. Conference on Racism. Foreign Policy Journal (21 April 2009). Retrieved on 22 April 2009.
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ WCAR
- Nchịkọta nke Durban Declaration Radio France Internationale
- "Afọ Iri nke Atọ iji lụso Ịkpa Ókè Agbụrụ na Ịkpa Ọ́kpa Ókè, G.A. res. 48/91, 48 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49) na 193, U.N Doc. A/48/49 (1993) ", Human Rights Library, Mahadum Minnesota.
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