Yefet ben Ali

 

Yefet ben Ali (Hebrew: יפת בן עלי הלוי (הבצרי)) was perhaps the foremost Karaite commentator on the Bible, during the "Golden Age of Karaism". He lived about 95 years, c. 914-1009. Born in Basra in the Abbasid Caliphate (now in Iraq), he later moved to Jerusalem between 950 and 980, where he died. The Karaites distinguished him by the epithet maskil ha-Golah (teacher of the Exile).

E dere nkọwa ya n'asụsụ Judeo-Arabic, ma kpuchiri Baịbụl Hibru dum. Nsụgharị nkịtị nke ederede Hibru so ha, nke na-emebikarị iwu asụsụ Arabic. Ihe odide ndị a metụtara onye ọkà mmụta rabaị bụ́ Abraham ibn Ezra, onye hotara Yefet ugboro iri anọ na abụọ n'okwu ya banyere ndị amụma nta.

Ụzọ e si eme ya

Nkọwa Yefet bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu nchịkọta nke echiche ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ gụnyekwara ọtụtụ nkọwa mbụ, mana n'ozuzu ya, isi mmalite Karaite ya furu efu. N'adịghị ka ndị Karaite bu ya ụzọ n'ọhịa nke nkọwa Bible, Yefet ghọtara mkpa ụtọ asụsụ na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu dị maka nkọwa nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ maghị nke ọ bụla. Mmasị nke nkọwa ya gosipụtara na-adabere n'ịchịkọta ihe maka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọdịiche dị n'etiti okpukpe ndị Juu na ndị Karaite; n'ihi na ọ na-abanye na esemokwu ogologo oge na ndị rabaị ọdịnala, ọkachasị na Saadia, nke nkọwa ya na Bible na ọrụ arụmụka, gụnyere ụfọdụ na-adịghịzi adị, ọ na-enye ọtụtụ ihe. Ya mere n'ihe banyere Ex. xxxv. 3 ya na Saadia kwurịtara banyere ịgba ọkụ site n'aka onye na-abụghị onye Juu na Ụbọchị Izu Ike, omume nke ndị Karaite weere na a machibidoro iwu. Yefet na-ata Saadia ụta maka na ọ naghị ekwesị ntụkwasị obi nye ụkpụrụ ndị o setịpụrụ n'onwe ya maka nkọwa nke Iwu ahụ, nke na-ekwu na ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla a ga-ewepụ site na ntụnyere na iwu doro anya. N'elu Lev. nke iri na abụọ. 5 Yefet hotara iberibe akwụkwọ Saadia "Kitab al-Tamyiz", akwụkwọ arụmụka megide Karaism, ebe onye edemede ahụ kwuru na e nwere òtù atọ kewara na ajụjụ nke ọnwa ọhụrụ: (1) ndị rabaị, ndị, ma e wezụga n'ọnọdụ pụrụ iche, na-ekpebi ya site na molad; (2) òtù nke Tiflis, nke na-agbaso molad kpamkpam; na (3) òtù nke a na-eduzi site na mpụta mbụ nke ọnwa.

Nkọwa

Yefet na-ekwu na onye dere ya nwere onwe ya zuru oke, na-ajụ ịnakwere ikike ọ bụla maka nkọwa nke Torah; ọ bụ ezie na mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-eji iwu iri na atọ nke mkpụrụ okwu dị na Mishnah eme ihe, ọ na-agọnarị ikike ha: a ga-etinye ha n'ọrụ, ka ọ na-ekwu, naanị mgbe ọ na-agaghị ekwe omume ịkọwa akụkụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ ahụ n'ụzọ nkịtị. Ya mere, n'agbanyeghị nsọpụrụ ya nye Anan ben David, onye guzobere Karaism, na Benjamin Nahawandi, ọ na-ajụkarị nkọwa ha. Ọ na-agbaso Targum nke ọma (ọ bụ onye mbụ a maara na ọ bụ onye Karaite na-akọwa ihe mere ya ), ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ kwetara na ọ bụ isi iyi, ọ na-ehota ozizi Talmudic ugboro ugboro, n'otu aka ahụ na-enweghị aha. N'ụdị ya na okwu ya, ọ na-ebukwa ụgwọ dị ukwuu n'ihe odide Talmudic, a na-enwetakarị nkọwa ya site na ọrụ nkọwa nke Saadia Gaon ma ọ bụ ozizi nke Mutazilism.

Yefet bụ onye mmegide nke otú e si jiri akwụkwọ nsọ mee ihe n'ụzọ nkà ihe ọmụma na ihe atụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ na-anọchite anya ọtụtụ akụkọ Baịbụl, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nke osisi ọhịa na-ere ọkụ, ebe ọ hụrụ ihe nnọchianya nke ndị Juu, bụ́ ndị ndị iro na-apụghị ibibi; o kwetakwara na Abụ Abụ bụ ihe atụ..

Yefet ji ime ihe ike kasịnụ wakpo Islam. Maka ya okwu Aịsaịa, "Ha, unu na-emebi ihe" (Akwụkwọ Aịsaịa 33:1), na-ezo aka na Muhammad, onye zuru mba niile ohi ma mesoo ndị nke ya n'ụzọ aghụghọ, na Aịsaịa 47:9 ("Na mberede, n'otu ụbọchị: / Mfu nke ụmụaka na di ha nwụrụ / Ka ha bịa n'elu gị n'ụzọ zuru ezu") na ọdịda nke Islam. N'amaokwu na-esonụ, ọ na-ahụ ihe na-ezo aka na nhụjuanya ndị ọchịchị Alakụba na-ata ndị Juu, ndị na-atụ ụtụ isi dị arọ, ndị a manyere iyi baajị, ndị a machibidoro ịgba ịnyịnya, wdg.

Yefet enweghịkwa obi ilu n'ịkatọ Iso Ụzọ Kraịst na ndị rabaị n'okpukpe ndị Juu, nke o kwuru maka ọtụtụ amụma. N'adịghị ka ndị bu ya ụzọ, ọ bụghị onye mmegide sayensị ụwa. Nye ya, okwu ahụ bụ "da'at" (Ilu 1:7) pụtara "ihe ọmụma" nke mbara igwe, ọgwụ, mgbakọ na mwepụ, wdg, nke a ga-amụ tupu ozizi nkà mmụta okpukpe.

Mmetụta

Ndị na-akọwa ihe ndị Karaite na-eji nkọwa Yefet eme ihe nke ọma ma Abraham Ibn Ezra na-ehota ya mgbe niile. Edere ya n'asụsụ Arabic, a sụgharịrị ụfọdụ n'ime ha n'asụsụ Hibru ma ọ bụ n'ozuzu ma ọ bụ belata.

Mbipụta

Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ederede Arabic dum dị n'akwụkwọ Bible niile dị n'ihe odide dị n'ọbá akwụkwọ Europe (Leiden, Oxford, British Museum, London, Paris, Berlin, wdg). Akụkụ ndị e bipụtara bụ:

• Jenesis 1:1-5 (Stroumsa 2000) 11:10-25:18 (Zawanowska 2012) Joseph Akụkọ (Polliack, mara ọkwa ) Babel na Njikọ nke Aịzik (Zawanawska 2022)
• Ọnụ ọgụgụ Belam abụ (Avni 2003)
• Deuterọnọmi 32 (Sokolow 1974, edemede)
• Jọshụa (Robinson 2015)
• Ndị ọka ikpe (Wechsler, mara ọkwa )
• Jeremiah (P. D. Wendkos 1969, dissertation; Joshua A. Sabih 2009, 2013)
• Hosea (Schroeter 1867;[a] Tottermann 1880; Birnbaum 1942, edemede; Polliack na Schlossberg 2009)
• Joel (Schroeter 1871;[b] Klein 1897; Lehrman 1927, edemede; Marwick 2003)
• Amọs (Tomal 2000, edemede; Marwick 2003; Nadler-Akirav 2009, edemede, 2021)
• Obadiah (Friedmann 1901; Polliack na Schlossberg 2002) [c]
• Jona (Marwick 2003; Schlossberg 2004; Andruss 2007, M.A. thesis)
• Mika (Szadzunski 1937, edemede;[d] Marwick 2003)
• Nahum (Hirschfeld 1911)
• Habakkuk (Livne-Kafri 1993)
• Zephaniah (Heisz 1902; Polliack na Schlossberg, 2020) [e]
• Haggai (Nadler-Akirav 2021)
• Zakariya (nke Vreugd, mara ọkwa )
• Malakaị (Nadler-Akirav 2021)
• Abụ Ọma (Barges 1846, 1861; ben-Shammai 1976)
• Ilu (Z. Auerbach 1866; E. Günzig 1898; Sasson 2015)
• Job (ben-Shammai 1969, M.A. thesis; Hussain 1987, dissertation; Sadan 2020)
• Abụ nke Abụ (Jung 1867; Bargès 1884; Alobaidi 2010)
• Rut (N. Schorstein 1903, edemede; Markon 1927;[f] Nemoy 1952; Butbul 2003)
• Ndị ụkọchukwu (Bland 1966; Vajda 1971; ben-Shammai 1976)
• Esther (Wechsler 2006, edemede, 2008)
• Daniel (Margoliouth 1889)

Ọrụ ndị ọzọ

A makwaara ya maka nka ya na ụtọ Asụsụ Hibru, yana maka arụmụka ya megide okpukpe ndị Juu, Islam, na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst. Otu n'ime ihe o kwuru banyere ndị Rabbanite, na-ede na nkọwa Arabic ya banyere Aịsaịa, Yefet ben Ali na-agagharị dị ka ndị a: "Akụkụ a na-ezo aka na ndị Diaspora na ndị kacha mma n'etiti ha. A na-ekewa ha ugbu a na klas anọ:  

1. Ndị Exilarchs na-eme ka ha bụrụ ndị nwere ihe ọmụma;
2. Ndị nkịtị na-achọghị amamihe ma ọ bụ chee echiche banyere ya; ha amaghị ihe ọzọ banyere okpukpe karịa ịga Ụlọ nzukọ site na Ụbọchị Izu Ike ruo Ụbọchị Iju Ike ma kwuo "Amen" na "Shema Yisrael";
3. Ndị na-amụ ihe n'etiti ndị nkịtị, ndị Exilarchs na-akụziri ha ihe nzuzu nke Talmud, na amoosu, kama ihe nwere ike ịba ha uru.
4. "Maskilim" (ndị nkuzi Karaite) bụ ndị, nyere ihe ọmụma nke Torah, na-emesapụ aka na mgbasa nke amamihe ha, n'ihi nke ha na-anabataghị ụgwọ ọrụ ọ bụla).

Tupu o tinye onwe ya na nkọwa Bible, Yefet dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na-adịchaghị mkpa. Otu n'ime ha bụ:

• akwụkwọ ozi dị n'ụdị okwu na-agbagha nkatọ Jacob ben Samuel na Karaism, nke ndị Karaite kpọrọ "ha-'Iḳḳesh" (= "onye na-eme atụmatụ"), nke Pinsker bipụtara na "Liḳḳuṭe ńadmoniyyot", peeji nke 19. Yefet na-agba mbọ n'akwụkwọ ozi a iji gosipụta na ọ nweghị ihe ọ bụla na-egosi ọdịnala a na-ekwu n'Akwụkwọ Nsọ, ya mere Mishnah, Talmud, na ihe odide ndị rabaị ndị ọzọ dabara n'okpuru mmachibido iwu "A gaghị agbakwunye na okwu m nyere gị iwu" (Deut. iv. 2). 
• "Sefer ha-Miẓwot", na-ekwu maka iwu, ma nwee ọtụtụ esemokwu na ndị rabaị; nke Yefet kwuru na nkọwa ya nye I Sam. xx. 27; Dan. x. 3. A chọtara ụfọdụ iberibe ọrụ a n'ọbá akwụkwọ St. Petersburg ma bipụta ya site n'aka A. Harkavy.
• "'Iyyun Tefillah", na isi iri, na-ekwu maka ihe niile metụtara ekpere; dị n'ihe odide (Paris MS. No. 670).
• "Kalam", ikekwe ọrụ liturgical, dị n'ihe odide. Levi, nwa Yefet, kpọtụrụ aha na "Muḳaddimah" ya na Deuteronomy ọrụ ọzọ nke nna ya, nke akpọrọ "Safah Berurah", nke a na-amaghị ihe dị n'ime ya (a na-ewere echiche Fürst na ọ bụ akwụkwọ ụtọ asụsụ dị ka ihe na-ezighị ezi).

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

• D. S. Margoliouth (ed.), Jephet Ibn Ali the Karaite, A Commentary of the Book of Daniel, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1889.
• M. Polliack na E. Schlossberg, Yefet Ben na-ekwu maka ya na Hosea, Bar-Ilan University Press, 2009.  
• Joshua A. Sabih, Japheth ben Ali's Book of Jeremiah, Equinox Publishing Ltd, 2009. ISBN 978-1-84553-664-0  
• Michael G. Wechsler, The Arabic Translation and Commentary of Yefet ben 'Eli the Karaite on the Book of Esther, Leiden: Brill, 2008. ISBN 978-9-00416-388-1  

Njikọ mpụga

• Haggai Ben-Shammai (2006), Japheth ben Eli ha-Levi, site na Encyclopaedia Judaica (2nd ed.). site na Jewish Virtual Library.