Yeniseian

 

Map nke asụsụ Yeniseian

Asụsụ Yeniseian (ss="rt-commentedText nowrap" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPAc-en","href":"./Template:IPAc-en"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"ˌ"},"2":{"wt":"j"},"3":{"wt":"ɛ"},"4":{"wt":"n"},"5":{"wt":"ɪ"},"6":{"wt":"ˈ"},"7":{"wt":"s"},"8":{"wt":"eɪ"},"9":{"wt":"ə"},"10":{"wt":"n"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwFw" typeof="mw:Transclusion">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/ YEN-ih-SAY-ən; mgbe ụfọdụ a maara dị ka Yeniseic, Yeniseyan, ma ọ bụ Yenisei-Ostyak;[ihe odide 1] mgbe ụfọdụ a na-asụ -ss-) bụ ezinụlọ asụsụ Ndị Yeniseian na-asụrụ na mpaghara Osimiri Yenisei nke etiti Siberia. Dị ka akụkụ nke Ezinụlọ asụsụ Dene-Yeniseian a tụrụ aro ya, a na-ekwu na asụsụ Yeniseian bụ akụkụ nke " ngosipụta mbụ nke njikọ usoro ọmụmụ n'etiti ezinụlọ asụsụ Old World na New World nke na-emezu ụkpụrụ nke asụsụ ọdịnala-akụkọ ihe mere eme". Nanị asụsụ dị ndụ nke otu ahụ taa bụ Ket.

Site na data hydronymic na nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, a na-atụ aro na a na-asụ asụsụ Yeniseian n'ebe ka ukwuu n'oge ochie, gụnyere akụkụ nke ugwu China na Mongolia. A tụwo aro na nkesa e dekọrọ nke asụsụ Yeniseian site na narị afọ nke iri na asaa gaa n'ihu na-anọchite anya mbata n'ebe ugwu na nso nso a, nakwa na Yeniseian urheimat dị n'ebe ndịda Ọdọ Mmiri Baikal.

E jikọtara ndị Yenisei na Njikọ Xiongnu, nke ndị na-achị achị nwere ike ịsụ asụsụ "nke ndịda Yeniseian" yiri Asụsụ Pumpokol nke na-adịghịzi adị ugbu a. Ndị Jie, ndị chịrị steeti Zhao nke dị n'ebe ugwu China, kwenyere na ha na-asụ asụsụ Pumpokolic dabere na data asụsụ na ethnogeographic.

Maka ndị na-arụ ụka na Xiongnu na-asụ asụsụ Yeniseian, a na-eche na asụsụ Yeniseian enyerela ọtụtụ okwu ndị ọzọ n'ebe niile maka okwu ndị Turkic na Mongolic, dịka Khan, Tarqan, na okwu maka 'chi', Tengri.[1] Nkwubi okwu a sitere na nyocha nke ederede Xiongnu echekwara n'ụdị mkpụrụedemede ndị China.[2]

Nchịkọta

Nchịkọta nke asụsụ Yeniseian agbanweela site n'oge ruo n'oge. A na-enye nhazi ọdịnala n'okpuru ebe a: [8]   Georg 2007[11] na Hölzl 2018[1] jiri nhazi dịtụ iche, na-etinye Pumpokol n'alaka abụọ ahụ:   A na-enye nhazi nke na-adịbeghị anya, nke e webatara na Fortescue na Vajda 2022 ma jiri ya mee ihe na Vajda 2024, n'okpuru ebe a:   A tụwo aro na asụsụ Xiongnu na Hunnic bụ Southern Yeniseian. Naanị asụsụ abụọ nke ezinụlọ a dịgidere ruo na narị afọ nke 20: Ket (nke a makwaara dị ka Imbat Ket), nke nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ ya 150, na Yugh (nke a maara dị ka Sym Ket), nke na-adịghịzi. Ndị ọzọ a ma ama n'ezinụlọ a - Arin, Assan, Pumpokol, na Kott - adịkwaghị kemgbe ihe karịrị afọ 150. Ìgwè ndị ọzọ - Baikot, Yarin (Buklin), Yastin, Ashkyshtym (Bachat Teleuts), na Koibalkyshtym - nwere ike ịmata dị ka Yeniseic na-ekwu okwu site na ndekọ ụtụ isi nke tsarist chịkọtara na narị afọ nke iri na asaa, mana ọ dịghị ihe fọdụrụ n'asụsụ ha ma e wezụga aha ole na ole.

Nbudata

Ket, naanị asụsụ Yeniseian dị ugbu a, bụ nke kachasị n'ebe ugwu a maara. Akụkọ ihe mere eme dekọrọ mgbasawanye ugwu nke Ket n'oge Yenisei n'oge mmeri Russia meriri Siberia. Taa, a na-asụkarị ya na Turukhansky District nke Krasnoyarsk Krai n'ebe ugwu Siberia, n'obodo nta ndị dị ka Kellog na Sulomay. A na-asụ Yugh, nke na-adịbeghị anya, site na Yeniseysk ruo Vorogovo, Yartsevo, na elu Osimiri Ket.

Enwere ike ịmegharị nkesa oge a nke Arin, Pumpokol, Kott, na Assan. Ndị Arin nọ n'ebe ugwu Krasnoyarsk, ebe a na-asụ Pumpokol nke dị anya n'ebeebe ugwu na ọdịda anyanwụ ya, n'elu Ket. Kott na Assan, asụsụ abụọ ọzọ nwere njikọ chiri anya, bi n'ebe ndịda Krasnoyarsk, na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Kan. Site na aha obodo, enwere ike ịhụ na ndị Yeniseian nwere ike ibi na Buryatia, Zabaykalsky Krai">Zabaykalsky, na ugwu Mongolia. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a pụrụ ịchọta aha ebe ši na Zabaykalsky Krai, nke nwere ike ịbụ ihe jikọrọ ya na okwu Proto-Yeniseian *sēs 'osimiri' ma eleghị anya sitere na asụsụ Yeniseian na-enweghị akwụkwọ. Ụfọdụ aha ala ndị na-apụta Yeniseian gbasaa ruo Heilongjiang.

Václav Blažek na-ekwu, dabere na data hydronymic, na ndị Yenisei gbasara ruo n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke osimiri Ob na Irtysh. Ọ na-eji, dịka ọmụmaatụ, okwu šet, nke a na-ahụ na aha osimiri ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, tụnyere Proto-Yeniseian *sēs 'osimiri'.

Mmalite na akụkọ ihe mere eme

Dị ka Vovin si kwuo, Alaeze Ukwu Xiongnu nwere akụkụ na-asụ asụsụ Yeniseian.

Dị ka nnyocha 2016 si kwuo, ndị Yeniseian na asụsụ ha nwere ike ịmalite n'ebe dị nso na Ugwu Altai ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ Ọdọ Mmiri Baikal. Dị ka nnyocha a si kwuo, ndị Yenisei nwere njikọ na ndị Paleo-Eskimo. A na-eche na ndị Yenisei na-anọchite anya ịkwaga azụ site na Beringiya gaa n'etiti Siberia, na Ndị Dene-Yenisei n'ihi radiation nke ndị bi na Bering land bridge. Mgbasa nke asụsụ Yeniseian oge ochie nwere ike ijikọta ya na akụkụ nna nna sitere na mpaghara Baikal (Cisbaikal_LNBA), nke kachasị n'etiti ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na-achịkọta ọdịbendị Glazkovo. A hụla njikọ maka ndị nna nna a n'etiti ndị na-asụ Na-Dene. A na-ekwu na ndị nna Cisbaikal_LNBA bara ọgaranya na ndị nna Paleo-Siberian oge ochie, ma gosikwa njikọ aka na Inner Northeast Asian (Yumin-like) groups.

Na Siberia, Edward Vajda chọpụtara na aha mmiri Yeniseian na mpaghara circumpolar (ebe nkesa asụsụ Yeniseian dị na nso nso a) kpuchiri usoro ndị mbụ n'ụzọ doro anya, na nhazi nke morphemes na aha ebe Ugric, Samoyedic, Turkic, na Tungusic. Ya mere, a na-atụ aro na ala nna, ma ọ bụ ebe mgbasa, nke asụsụ Yeniseian dị na mpaghara dị n'etiti Ọdọ Mmiri Baikal, n'ebe ugwu Mongolia, na ọdọ mmiri Upper Yenisei, nke Vajda zoro aka na ya dị ka ókèala "nke ndị na-asụ Yeniseian mbụ " gbahapụrụ". N'aka nke ọzọ, Václav Blažek (2019) na-ekwu na dabere na ihe akaebe hydronomic, a na-asụ asụsụ Yeneisian na ndagwurugwu ugwu Tianshan na Pamir tupu ha agbasa n'okpuru mmiri site na Osimiri Irtysh.

Ya mere, ọnụọgụgụ ndị Yeniseia nke oge a na etiti na ugwu Siberia abụghị ndị obodo ma na-anọchite anya njem ọhụrụ na-aga n'ebe ugwu. Ndị nchọpụta Russia chọpụtara nke a n'oge mmeri Siberia: a na-edekọ na Ket na-agbasa n'ebe ugwu n'akụkụ Yenisei, site na osimiri Yeloguy ruo Kureyka, site na narị afọ nke 17 gaa n'ihu.[1] Dabere na ndekọ ndị a, mpaghara asụsụ Ket nke oge a yiri ka ọ na-anọchite anya ebe kachasị elu nke njem Yeniseia.

O yikarịrị ka ndị eze Jie nke Zhao mechara kwuo okwu Yeniseian.

Isi mmalite nke njem a si n'ugwu Mongolia gbapụ na ọdịda nke njikọ Xiongnu. O yiri ka ọ dị na ndị China na otu Yeniseian nwere ike ịbụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke njikọ Xiongnu dị iche iche,[1] bụ ndị a na-ewerekarị dị ka ndị nna ochie nke Huns na otu ndị ọzọ dị na Northern Asia. Agbanyeghị, aro ndị a siri ike ịkwado n'ihi obere data.[2][3]

Alexander Vovin na-ekwu na ọ dịkarịa ala akụkụ nke Xiongnu, ikekwe isi ya ma ọ bụ ndị na-achị ya, na-asụ asụsụ Yeniseian. N'ikwu na Xiongnu yiri Yeniseian dị elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere Turkic, ọ toro ngosipụta Stefan Georg banyere otu okwu Tengri (okwu Turkic na Mongolic maka 'eluigwe' na 'chi') si malite na Proto-Yeniseian tɨŋVr.

A na-atụkwa aro na ndị Xiongnu, bụ́ ndị na-asụ Yeniseian, gbanwere asụsụ ha gaa Oghur Turkic mgbe ha na-akwaga ọdịda anyanwụ, wee mechaa ghọọ ndị Hun. Agbanyeghị, a na-atụkwa aro na isi asụsụ Hunnic bụ asụsụ Yeniseian.[21]

Vajda et al. 2013 tụrụ aro na ndị isi na-achị Ndị Hun na-asụ asụsụ Yeniseian ma na-emetụta asụsụ ndị ọzọ na mpaghara ahụ.

Otu ahịrịokwu nke asụsụ Jie, agbụrụ Xiongnu nke tọrọ ntọala ala Zhao, yiri ka ọ bụ asụsụ Yeniseian. Nnyocha ndị e mechara mee na-atụ aro na Jie dị nso na Pumpokol karịa asụsụ Yeniseian ndị ọzọ dị ka Ket. Vajda gosipụtara nke a site na data ala, onye na-ekwu na aha mmiri Yeniseian a hụrụ n'ebe ugwu Mongolia bụ naanị Pumpokolic, na usoro na-egosi ma asụsụ na ala dị nso n'etiti Yeniseian na Jie.

A na-ekwu na mbelata nke asụsụ ndịda Yeniseian n'oge na mgbe ndị Russia meriri Siberia bụ mgbanwe asụsụ nke Arin na Pumpokol gaa na Khakas ma ọ bụ Chulym Tatar, na Kott na Assan gaa na Kharas.

Ihe Ndị E Ji Ji Ji Jiha

Nkwekọrịta ụda n'etiti asụsụ Yeniseian

Asụsụ nke Yeniseian nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị metụtara kọntaktị na asụsụ ndị dị na South Siberian Turkic, asụsụ Samoyedic, na Evenki. Ndị a gụnyere nkwekọ imi dị anya, mmepe nke ndị bụbu ndị na-akwụsị, na iji postpositions ma ọ bụ enclitics asụsụ dị ka ndị na-akwado clausal.[1] Ndị na-akpọ aha Yeniseic na-emekọ ihe ọnụ nke ọma na usoro ikpe nke ezinụlọ ndị dị n'akụkụ ala. N'agbanyeghị myirịta ndị a, Yeniseian yiri ka ọ pụtara ìhè n'etiti asụsụ Siberia n'ọtụtụ ụzọ, dị ka ọnụnọ nke ụda olu, mgbanwe ngwaa prefixing, na morphophonology dị mgbagwoju anya.[23]

A kọwawo asụsụ Yeniseian dị ka ndị nwere ụda anọ ma ọ bụ enweghị ụda ọ bụla. 'Ụda' na-ejikọta na glottalization, Ogologo ụdaume, na olu na-eku ume, ọ bụghị dị iche na ọnọdụ e wughachiri maka ndị China Ochie tupu mmepe nke ezigbo ụda na Chinese. Asụsụ Yeniseian nwere ọdịdị okwu dị mgbagwoju anya.

Aha nnọchiaha

Aha nnọchiaha

	Alaka dị n'ebe ugwu		Alaka Pumpokolic	Alaka Arinic	Alaka Kottic
	Ket	Yugh	Pumpokol	Arin	Asụsụ ndị Kott	Assan
1st sg.	āˑ(t)	āt	ad	ai	ai/aj~ja	aj
Ogologo oge nke abụọ.	ūˑ	ū	ué	au	au	au
Ogologo oge nke atọ.	būˑ	bū	ádu *ida (ụmụ nwanyị)	au	~ uju hatu/xatu (masc.) uja ~ hata/xata (fem.)	bari
1st pl.	ɤ̄ˑt ~ ɤ́tn	ɤ́tn	adɨŋ	aiŋ	ajoŋ	ajuŋ
2nd pl.	ɤ́kŋ	kɤ́kŋ	ajaŋ	aŋ	auoŋ ~ aoŋ	avun
3rd pl.	būˑŋ	béìŋ	-	itaŋ	uniaŋ ~ xatien	hatin

Ọnụ ọgụgụ

Tebụl na-esonụ na-egosipụta ọnụọgụ Yeniseian ndị bụ isi yana mgbalị dị iche iche iji wughachi ụdị mmalite: [8]

Ọnụ ọgụgụ

Nkọwa	Alaka dị n'ebe ugwu		Alaka Pumpokolic	Alaka Arinic	Alaka Kottic		Ihe owuwu
	Asụsụ dị iche iche	Yugh	Pumpokol	Arin	Assan	Kott
	SK						Starostin (1982) [29]	Vajda (2024)
1	qūˑs/𐞥χɔˀk	χūs/χɔˀk	xúta	qusej	hutʃa/hau-	huːtʃa	*xu-sa	*quç, *qawg
2	ɯ̄ˑn	ɯ̄n	N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị	kina	ina	iːna	*xɨna	xʷin
3	dɔˀŋ	dɔˀŋ	dóŋa	tʲoŋa ~ tʲuːŋa	taŋa	toːŋa	*doʔŋa	*dowŋ
4	sīˑk	sīk	ciaŋ	tʃaɡa	ʃeɡa	tʃeɡa ~ ʃeːɡa	*si-	*šejg
5	qāˑk	χāk	héjlaŋ	qala	keɡa	keɡa ~ χeːɡa	*qä-	*ɢejVŋʷɬaw
6	aˀ ~ à	àː	aɡɡiaŋ ~ áɡiang	ɨɡa	ɡejlutʃa	χelutʃa	*ʔaẋV	*jak
7	ɔˀŋ	ɔˀŋ	ónʲaŋ	ɨnʲa	ɡejlina	χelina	*ʔoʔn-	*on
8	ɨ́nàm bʌ́nsàŋ qōˑ	bosʲim	hinbasiaŋ	kinamančau	gejtaŋaŋ	xeltoŋa ~ gheltoŋa
9	qúsàm bʌ́nsàŋ qōˑ	debit	xutajamos xajaŋ	qusamančau	godžibunagiaŋ	hučabunaga
10	qōˑ	χō	xaiáŋ (xajáŋ)	qau ~ hioɡa	xaha	haːɡa ~ haɡa	*ẋɔGa	*qag
20	ɛˀk	ɛˀk	hédiaŋ	kinthjuŋ	inkukn	iːntʰukŋ	*ʔeʔk ~ xeʔk
100	kiˀ	kiˀ	útamsa	jus	jus	ujaːx	*kiʔ ~ ɡiʔ / *ʔalVs-(tamsV)

Okwu ndị bụ isi

Tebụl na-esonụ na-egosipụta ihe ole na ole dị mkpa yana mgbalị dị iche iche iji wughachi ụdị mmalite: [8][29]

Okwu ndị ọzọ

Nkọwa	Alaka dị n'ebe ugwu				Alaka Pumpokolic	Alaka Arinic	Alaka Kottic		Ihe owuwu
	Asụsụ dị iche iche			Yugh	Pumpokol	Arin	Assan	Kott
	SK	NK	CK						Vajda	Starostin	Werner
Ụgbọ mmiri	N'ihi ya, ọ bụ	N'ihi ya, ọ bụ	__ibo__ Ọchịchị	N'ihi ya, ọ bụ	mkpado	čit	Okpukpe	N'ihi ya	*Ọdịdị	*seʔs	*sɛʔt / *tɛʔt
Osimiri	Ịdị n'anya	Ịdị n'anya	__ibo__ Ọdịdị	sēs	tat	Nọdụ ala	N'ihi ya	N'ihi ya	Ịkpọ anụ	*s	*setị / *tet
Nkume	__ibo__ Ọdịdị	__ibo__ Ọdịdị	__ibo__ Ọdịdị	Ọdịda Anyanwụ	Ngwá ọrụ	kes	šiš	šiš	*Chinese	*čɨʔs	*t'ɨʔs
Mkpịsị aka	__ibo__ Ọdịdị	__ibo__ Ọdịdị	__ibo__ Ọdịdị	Ọdịda Anyanwụ	tok	intoto	-	thoχ	*Anyaụ	*tǝʔq	*thǝʔq
Resin	N'ihi ya, ọ bụ	N'ihi ya, ọ bụ	N'ihi ya, ọ bụ	djīk	-	-	-	čik	*Nke a na-akpọ	__ibo__ *Xik (~-g, -Xik)	*d'ik
Anụ ọhịa wolf	[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]	__ibo____ibo__ Nkọwa	Nke a bụ na ọ dị	[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]	xótu	Ìgwè ndị ọzọ	(boru ← Turkish)		*Qwīthi	*Qɨte	*qʌthǝ
Oge oyi	Ọdịda Anyanwụ	Ọdịda Anyanwụ	Ọdịda Anyanwụ	Ọdịda Anyanwụ	Ọkpụkpụ	ọtụtụ ihe	-	keːthi	*Kweʹthi	*gǝte	*kǝte
Ìhè	N'asụsụ bekee	N'asụsụ bekee	N'asụsụ bekee	N'asụsụ bekee	-	lum	-	ndị ikwu	*Kuwa	*gǝʔn-	-
Onye	N'ihi ya	N'ihi ya	N'ihi ya	N'ihi ya	Ngwá ọrụ	Ngwá ọrụ	het	kụrụ	*Nke a na-akpọ	*keʔt	-
Abụọ	__ibo__ Nkọwa	__ibo__ Nkọwa	__ibo__ Nkọwa	ɯ̄n	hin	ndị ikwu	n'ime	n'ime	*Khinụ	*xɨna	* (k) ɨn
Mmiri	Nke a bụ	Nke a bụ	Nke a bụ	ūr	ul	kul	ul	ul	*khul	*qoʔl (~X-, -r)	-
Birch	Ọsọs	Ọ bụ naanị na ọ bụ	Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ka a na	Ọ bụ n'oge na-adịghị anya	uta	kus	uuča	uča	*khuχʂa	*xūsa	*kuʔǝt'ǝ
Igwe ojii	Sulu	Sulu	Shoul	sɔùl	tsɛl	šal	čɛgar	Egwu	*tsehwəl	*soʔol	*sogǝl (~č/t'-ʎ)

I’m Mmekọrịta a tụrụ aro ya na ezinụlọ asụsụ ndị ọzọ

Ruo afọ 2008, ọ bụ naanị mmadụ ole na ole maara asụsụ ka ha nabatara njikọ dị n'etiti Yeniseian na ezinụlọ asụsụ ọ bụla ọzọ, mana a na-atụ aro njikọ dị anya na ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị na-ezighi ezi nke Eurasia.

Dene-Yeniseian

N'afọ 2008, Edward Vajda nke Mahadum Western Washington gosipụtara ihe akaebe maka mmekọrịta ọmụmụ n'etiti asụsụ Yeniseian nke Siberia na Asụsụ Na-Dene nke North America. N'oge e bipụtara ya (2010), ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara n'asụsụ Na-Dene na Yeniseian nyochara atụmatụ Vajda nke ọma - ọ bụ ezie na mgbe ụfọdụ na nlezianya - gụnyere Michael Krauss, Jeff Leer, James Kari, na Heinrich Werner, yana ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ ndị ọzọ a na-akwanyere ùgwù, dị ka Bernard Comrie, Johanna Nichols, Victor Golla, Michael Fortescue, Eric Hamp, na Bill Poser (Kari na Potter 2010:12). Otu ihe dị ịrịba ama bụ nyocha dị oke egwu nke mpịakọta akwụkwọ ndị Lyle Campbell na nzaghachi Vajda bipụtara na ngwụcha afọ 2011 nke na-egosi n'ụzọ doro anya na atụmatụ ahụ akwụsịghị kpamkpam n'oge a. Nnyocha abụọ ọzọ na ọkwa nke mpịakọta ahụ pụtara na 2011 site n'aka Keren Rice na Jared Diamond.

Karasuk

Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta, ọkachasị A.P. Dulson na V.N. Toporov, atụwo aro echiche Karasuk, nke jikọtara Yeniseian na Burushaski. N'afọ 2001, George van Driem kwuru na Ndị Burusho so na mbata si n'Ebe Etiti Eshia, nke dugara na mmeri Indo-European nke Ndagwurugwu Indus.

Alexei Kassian atụwo aro njikọ dị n'etiti Hattic, Hurro-Urartian na Karasuk, na-atụ aro ụfọdụ nkwekọrịta okwu.

Ndị China na ndị Tibet

Dịka Tailleur[1] na Werner si kwuo,[2] ụfọdụ n'ime atụmatụ mbụ gbasara mmekọrịta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke Yeniseian, nke M.A. Castrén (1856), James Byrne (1892), na G.J. Ramstedt (1907) dere, tụrụ aro na Yeniseian bụ onye ikwu ugwu nke asụsụ Sino-Tibet. Kai Donner[3] na Karl Bouda sochiri echiche ndị a mgbe obere oge gachara.[4] Nnyocha nke afọ 2008 chọtara ihe akaebe ọzọ maka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Yeniseian na Sino-Tibet, na-ehota ọtụtụ ndị nwere ike ịbụ ndị a na-akpọ.[5] Gao Jingyi (2014) chọpụtara usoro iri na abụọ nke Sinitic na Yeniseian nke sitere na okwu ndị bụ isi, ma rụọ ụka na usoro ndị a nke Sino-Yeniseian enweghị ike ịbụ mgbazinye ego site na asụsụ ọ bụla gaa na nke ọzọ.[6]

Echiche "Sino-Caucasian" nke Sergei Starostin na-egosi na asụsụ Yeniseian na-etolite klade na Sino-Tibet, nke ọ kpọrọ Sino-Yeniseian. Ndị ọzọ agbasaala echiche Sino-Caucasian gaa na "Dene-Caucasian" iji tinye asụsụ Na-Dene nke North America, Burushaski, Basque na, mgbe ụfọdụ, Etruscan. Ezinụlọ Dene-Yeniseian dị warara ka a nabatara nke ọma n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Otú ọ dị, a na-ele izi ezi nke ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ anya dị ka ihe a na-enyo enyo ma ọ bụ jụ ya site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ akụkọ ihe mere eme niile.[1][2][3] Osisi emelitere nke Georgiy Starostin na-ejikọta Na-Dene na Sino-Tibet na Yeniseian na Burushaski (echiche Karasuk).[46]

George van Driem ekwenyeghị na Sino-Tibetan (nke ọ na-akpọ "Trans-Himalayan") na Yeniseian bụ ezinụlọ asụsụ yiri ibe ha. Otú ọ dị, ọ na-ekwu na ndị na-asụ Yeniseian bibu na North China Plain nakwa na ndị na'asụ Proto-Sinitic nabatara ha mgbe ha kwagara n'ógbè ahụ. N'ihi ya, Sinitic nwetara njirimara creoloid mgbe a bịara jiri ya mee ihe dị ka asụsụ a na-asụ n'etiti ndị mmadụ dịgasị iche iche.

Nnyocha 2023 nke David Bradley na-eji usoro ọkọlọtọ nke asụsụ tụnyere na-akwado njikọ dị anya n'etiti ezinụlọ asụsụ Sino-Tibetan, Na-Dene, na Yeniseian. Bradley na-ekwu na ihe ọ bụla yiri Sino-Tibetan na ezinụlọ asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia dị ka Hmong-Mien, Altaic (nke bụ sprachbund), Austroasiatic, Kra-Dai, na Austronesian bịara site na kọntaktị; mana ebe ọ bụ na enweghi kọntịta n'oge na-adịbeghị anya n'etiti ezinụlọ asụsụ Sino-Tipetan, Na-Dene, na Yeniseian ihe ọ bụla yie ìgwè ndị a ga-ekere òkè ga-abụrịrị ihe fọdụrụ.

Dene-Caucasus

Bouda, n'akwụkwọ dị iche iche n'afọ ndị 1930 ruo n'afọ 1950, kọwara netwọk asụsụ nke (na-abụghị Yeniseian na Sino-Tibetan) gụnyekwara Caucasian, na Burushaski, ụdị ụfọdụ nke aha Sino-Caucasian. Ọrụ nke R. Bleichsteiner na O.G. Tailleur, onye nwụrụ anwụ Sergei A. Starostin na Sergei L. Nikolayev achọtala ikwenye na njikọ ndị a. Ndị ọzọ mepụtara echiche ahụ, nke a na-agbasawanye na Dene-Caucasian, gụnyere J.D. Bengtson, V. Blažek, J.H. Greenberg (ya na M. Ruhlen), na M. Рухlen. George Starostin gara n'ihu n'ọrụ nna ya na Yeniseian, Sino-Caucasian na mpaghara ndị ọzọ.

Echiche a bụ nke a na-ese okwu ma ọ bụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ ndị ọzọ na-enyo enyo ma ọ bụ jụ ya.

Ihe edeturu

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Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

• Vajda, Edward "8 Ezinụlọ asụsụ Yeniseian". The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia: Language Families, nke Edward Vajda dezigharịrị, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2024, peeji nke 365-480. doi:10.1515/9783110556216-008  

Njikọ mpụga

• Nsonaazụ sitere na February 2008 Dene-Yeniseic Symposium
• A Siberian Link With Na-Dene Languages site na Edward Vajda, onye na-akwado njikọ Yeniseian-Na-Dene.
• Ihe edere na ndị Ket E debere Wayback Machine site n'aka Edward Vajda.
• Map nke ezinụlọ Yeniseian site na Santa Fe Institute.
• Ntụnyere nke Yeniseian na Na-Dene site na Merritt Ruhlen.
• Yenisseian Etymology site na S. A. Starostin.
• Sino-Caucasian [comparative phonology] nke S. A. Starostin. 2005.
• Sino-Caucasian [comparative glossary] nke S. A. Starostin. 2005.
• Isiokwu banyere asụsụ Yeniseian (n'asụsụ Russian)
• Multimedia Database of Ket Language, Moscow State (Lomonosov) University
• Ket Okwu asụsụ na okwu ndị a gbazitere (site na World Loanword Database)